Ukuqonda Inkqubo Efanele Ifundwe

Inkqubo elindelekileyo yesiseko somthetho-siseko waseMerika, elungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu uphathwa kakuhle kwaye akacalucalulo ngurhulumente. Kwimfundo kawonke-wonke, lo mgaqo usebenza ngqo ngenxa yokuba izikolo zisebenza njengabadlali bezolawulo, zikhangela, okanye zisenza izigqibo ezichaphazela ukufikelela komfundi ekufundeni. IMimiselo-Mimiselo yesihlanu neyeshumi elinesine iqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu oza kuhluthwa “ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.” Kubafundi, oko kuthetha ukuba ngaphambi kokuba isikolo sithathe izenzo ezifana nokuxonxa, ukugxothwa, okanye ukufakwa kwenye inkqubo, kufuneka alandele iiproces zokhuseleko ezithile. Eli nqaku lihlola umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wamalungelo abafundi, umthetho wenkundla elawula amalungelo abo, kunye neengxaki eziqhubekayo ezijongeneesikolo ngokulungelena.

Inkqubo ePhakathi

Inkqubo efunekayo kwimfundo inamacala amabini: iprocedul kunye nento encinane.

Inkqubo eQhelekileyo

Inkqubo efunekayo ibhekiselele kumsebenzi karhulumente. Ezikolweni, oku kuthetha ukuba phambi kokuba ahlube umfundi inzala ekhuselekileyo (njengeso sikolo), amagosa kufuneka anike isaziso nethuba elinentsingiselo lokuviwa. Imeko esesikweni ye Goss v. Lopez imisela isiseko sentambo: yokukhupha iintsuku ezilishumi okanye ezingaphantsi, abafundi kufuneka bafumane isaziso esidlulisiweyo okanye esibhaliweyo sezityholo kunye nenkcazelo yobungqina, kunye nethuba lokunikela uncedo.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo

Inkqubo esezantsi yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ibuza ukuba isenzo sikarhulumente ngokwaso silungile kwaye sisengqiqweni nakanjani na, nokuba ziziphi iinkqubo ezisetyenziswayo. Inrham v. Wright [177], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabambelela ekubeni isohlwayo sezikolweni asilwaphuli inkqubo encinci elindelekileyo eqhubekayo logama “ingekho siseko, esijijekezayo, okanye esingadibaniyo ngokupheleleyo nosukelo olufanelekileyo lwemeko yomthetho. Noko ke, inkundla yakutshanje ifumene ukuba isohlwayo enzima okanye iso sobuncinci iso.

Uphawu lweNkundla Ephakamileyo Oluchaza Amalungelo Abafundi

[[UMTLR: 0] IGos v. Lopez (1975]

Mhlawumbi eyona nkqubo ifanelekileyo, IGos ibandakanya abafundi eColumbus, eOhio, ababejikiwe ngaphandle kokuvalwa. INkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba ukuba umthetho weOhio wanika ilungelo kwimfundo kawonke-wonke, okokuba ilungelo leprojekthi yayiyinzala yempahla ekhuselwe yiNguqulo ye14nethi. I-Suspeon iintsuku ezilishumi zabangela ukuba “kungabikho kucwangco nako nako nako nako nako nako nako nakuphi na ukuva." phakathi komfundi kunye ne-ekhosikolo phambi kokuba isohlwaywe yaqalisa ukusebenza. Esi sigqibo sinyanzelelwa kumazwe amazwe amaninzi ukuba amkele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zomfutshane.

[[UMTL: 0] Isithili se-Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School Community (11969)

Ityala lesiseko lamalungelo omfundi okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo. Abafundi babenxiba amakhamandela amnyama ukuqhayisa imfazwe yaseVietnam kwaye bawayeka. INkundla Ephakamileyo yathi abafundi “abawasebenzisi amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko enkululeko yokuthetha okanye yokuthetha kwisango lesikolo.” Izikolo zingakhetha kuphela ukuthetha kwabafundi ukuba “ngokuphathekayo nangokunzulu kuphazamisa” imisebenzi yesikolo okanye ukuhlasela amalungelo abanye. Le meko imisele ukuba inkqubo efanelekileyo ayikhuseli nje kuphela izintlukwano ze-procracy kodwa ikwakhusela izilangazelelo zenkululeko yezezopolitiko.

New Jersey v. T.L.O. (1985)

T.L., iNkundla yathetha ngomthetho weSine soHlaziyo ongoqiqiyo kwizikolo. Isikhwakhwa semali somfundi saphendwa yinqununu, iveza imidiza kunye nobungqina bokuphatha kweziyobisi. INkundla yathi amagosa esikolo akufuni mvume, kodwa kufuneka afumane isiqinisekiso, kodwa uphengululo kufuneka luthetheleleke kwindawo yokuqala kwaye lulungelelene. “uthelekelelo olusengqiqweni” lusezantsi kunonobangela olindelekileyo ofunekayo kumapolisa, kodwa isabeka iprojekthi ekufuneka ikwigunya. Abafundi bagcina uvavanyo olufanelekileyo lwemfundo.

[[UMTL: 0] Inraham v. Wright (1977)

Eli tyala lalibandakanya abafundi baseFlorida ababebhetyeshwe ngokuqatha ngaphandle kwesaziso okanye ukuchotshelwa kwetyala. INkundla yakhaba impikiswano yokuba isohlwayo esingesososohlwayo esifunekayo phambi kolawulo, ukulawula loo rhulumente iipetroli zetort zanele emva kwesohlwayo. Noko ke, iNkundla yavuma ukuba “umthetho wesiXhosa-sibhozo ochasene nesohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga awusebenzi ekugqunyelweni kwesikolo njengendlela yokugcina ingqeqesho,” kodwa inkqubo engaphantsi kwesohlwayo efunekayo ikhusela kwisohlwayo“ esingenakuze ifunyaniswe.

IsiQulathi semfundo yeHendrick Hudson esembindini weSithili seSikolo-nkulu v. Rowley (1982)

Ngelixesha ingeyiyo inkqubo egqibeleleyo efunekayo, rowley wachaza u-Entestiki onoMthetho wemfundo okhubazekileyo (IDEA), onenkqubo efunekayo yokukhusela abafundi abakhubazekileyo. INkundla yaqinisekisa ukuba izikolo kufuneka zinikezele “imfundo kawonke-wonke ekhululekileyo" (FAPE) elungele ukunceda umntwana afumane iinzuzo zemfundo.” Abazali babafundi abaneziphene banelungelo lokuvavanya izigqibo zesikolo ngokungakhethi, ngemvo, nge-media, kunye nenkqubo yokubongoza eququlungela inkqubo efunekayo kwimigangatho ephezulu.

[[UMTL: 0] Honig v. Doe (1988)

[INkundla ePhakamileyo] ithetha nge-“template-" ilungiselelo le-IDEA, elifuna ukuba umfundi oneziphene ahlale kwimfundo yakhe yangoku ngexesha lengxubusho ngaphandle kokuba abazali nesikolo bayavuma. INkundla yathi izikolo azinakukhupha umfundi okuziphatha kwakhe okuyingozi kukubonakaliswa kwesiphene sakhe. Oku kugxininisa inkqubo efunekayo yokukhusela abafundi abakhethekileyo: naluphi na utshintsho olukhoyo ekunikezeleni ingxubeko olukhawulezileyo lweqela le IEP, kunye nemvume yabazali okanye yenkundla iyafuneka ukuze kususwe.

Igophe leSithili sengingqi seSikolo seMimandla v. B.L. (2021)

Ityala lakutshanje elikhululekileyo lokuthetha, liquka umfundi obeka ugxeko olubi lweqela lakhe lokukhuthaza abavumi basesikolweni kwi-media yoluntu xa ingekho ekholejini. INkundla yagqiba kwelokuba izikolo ziyakwazi ukulawula intetho ye-campus, ingakumbi xa ingabangeli kuphazamiseka okuninzi. Isigqibo sikhuthaza ukuba abafundi bagcine amalungelo okuHlalisa Umthetho wokuqala kude nemfundo, kwaye isikolo sithathe izenzo zokuthetha intetho kufuneka zigwetyelwe kakuhle. Esi sigqibo sichaphazela inkqubo efanelekileyo ngenxa yokuba sinyanzelela igunya lesikolo kulwazi kumazwi abafundi.

Amalungelo Abafundi Angaphaya Koqeqesho

Ukhuseleko olulinganayo nongquzulwano oluchaseneyo

I-Unimetic Protection Clause yeSinyusi seshumi elinesine yokwalela izikolo ukuba zingabahlawuli abafundi abasekelwe kuhlanga, isini, imvelaphi yesizwe, okanye ukukhubazeka. Isihloko VI soMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964, iSihlomelo se-ISHTX soMmiselo woKhuselo-mfundo ka1972, kunye neCandelo lama-504 loMthetho weRehabilitation zonke zinikeza inkxaso yomthetho wequmrhu lokuxhasa imicimbi. Abafundi abafumana ingqeqesho yolwaphulo-mthetho olusuka kubafundi abasekelwe kwi-scrinican, umzekelo, amanani aphezulu aphezulu aphezulu aphezulu awe-Blall okanye LGBTQ+ abafundi bangaba ngumngeni-onke-onke imigaqo yesikolo elinganayo kunye nemithetho enxulumene nemithetho yokukhusela kunye nemithetho-omthetho-onkene-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-onke. ISebe Lemfundo le-ofisi ye-ofisi yezentelelo-mthetho linikela ngezomthetho yezelo lilungisa-mthetho ka-mthetho ka-mthetho-

Uphando lwamalungelo abantu ayimfihlo nesikolo

Ngaphaya kwe T.L., iinkundla ziye zahlola ubumfiliba babafundi kwezinye iimeko. Ukuvavanya iziyobisi zabadlali babafundi (Vernonia School v. Acton, 1995) kunye nabafundi abakwimisebenzi ekhuphisanayo yemfundo engaphaya kwemfundo ( Board yemfundo. Earls, 2002], iNkundla ePhakamileyo ikhuthaza ukukrokrekretha kweziyobisi njengokukhatha kokunga okulula kwenzala yesikolo ekuthinteleni iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni. Noko ke, ukukhangela kwemicukuthu yemicunga yemicu. [2]

Amalungelo Abafundi Abaneziphene

I-IDEA neCandelo 504 zinika amalungelo afunekayo kubafundi abaneziphene. Naluphi na utshintsho ekungeniseni iprojekthi ngezantsi ngapha kweentsuku ezilishumi ezilandelelanayo okanye uthotho lwezigqumo ezimfutshane ezizimo eziziziindlela zokuzinzisa. Ukuba ukuziphatha kukubonakaliswa kokhubazeko, isikolo asinakukwazi ukukhupha umfundi kwaye kufuneka siqhube uhlolo lwendlela yokuziphatha kwaye siphumeze ucwangciso lokuziphatha. Abazali banelungelo lokucela inkqubo efanelekileyo yokuva, ukukhatshwa yisiluleko esisemthethweni, nokubhenxinwa yinkundla yezo eziphazamisa ezi nkqubo zinokuyalelwa ukuba zibuyiselwe kumfundi kwaye zinike iinkonzo zobugqhinga.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo kwimfundo ephezulu

Ngoxa ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo esisemthethweni kubhekisa kwi K-12, inkqubo efunekayo iyasebenza nakwiikholeji zikawonke-wonke kunye neeyunivesithi. Abafundi abajongene nokugxothwa okanye ukuthuthwa ixesha elide banelungelo lokuqaphela nokuva okunentsingiselo, kuquka ilungelo lokunika ubungqina kunye namangqina anqamlezayo. Dixon v. I-Alabama State Board of Education [1961]), iseke leNtlanga leSithi seSithili seHlathiso [Fota] [1961] [1961]), ibambelele ekubeni abafundi bemilinge ukuba “inzala elungileyo” eqhubekayo kuMbanindiswa, kwaye inkqubo efunekayo efunekayo ifuna ukuva phambi kokugxoth. Ngokukhawuleza, izihlolo ze-IX zinokuphumela ekukhupheni ingxutyu yaphantsi kwemfundo yemfundo ye-IStyX ifuna ukuvalk-ex i-biden, kodwa igxininise inkqubo ehla imo-enzisiwe kwinkqubo elungileyo elungileyo, ngaphandle kwemfundo yomthetho yomthetho kawonke

Ucelomngeni Olukhoyo Kwinkqubo Efanele Ifundwe

Iqanda + Amasiko okunyamezela

Imigaqo yokuzikhupha ezenzekelayo okanye yokugxotha kwityala elithile, njengento yokuba nezixhobo, amayeza, okanye iziganeko zokulwa.

Amagosa eziXhobo zeSikolo

Ukubakho kwamapolisa ezikolweni kungayiphazamisa indlela ephakathi koqeqesho lwesikolo kunye nobulungisa bezaphuli-mthetho. Abafundi bangabuzwa okanye bahlolwe ngaphandle kokuba abazali baziswe, kwaye amagosa angaqeqeshwa kwinkqubo efanelekileyo ekufuneka ukuba izikolo zinikezele. Amatyala amaninzi asenkundleni aye ahlola ukuba izilumkiso zeMiranda ziyafuneka kusini na xa kuncinwa isikolo; ngokubanzi, umgangatho unokuba umfundi onengqondo uya kuziva ekhululekile ukuba ashiye intlanganiso efunekayo. Ukukhusela inkqubo efunekayo, abaxhasi abaninzi bancomela ukuba i-tabranda ebhaliweyo yokuqonda phakathi kwemimandla yesikolo nakumapolisa asekuhlaleni achaza imida yegunya le-SRO.

Ukwahluka Kobuhlanga Nokwahluka

Ugcino-lwazi oluvela kwiSebe lezemfundo yaMalungelo e-U.S. olukwiZiko loLuntu loLuntu loMsebenzi lwaMazwe eeNtlanga lubonisa ukuba abafundi abaNsundu baxhonywa kwaye bagxothiwe ngamanani amaninzi aphezulu kubafundi abamhlophe, kwanangenxa yokwaphulwa kolwaphulwa okufanayo okanye okufanayo. Abafundi abaneziphene bakwakwahlulwa ngendlela engenakulinganiswa nanto. Xa izikolo zingaziniki iziqinisekiso ezifanelekileyo okanye zingazihoyi izikhuseli, zaphula zombini inkqubo efunekayo kunye nemithetho echasene nolwaphulo-mthetho. Uphando lwe-OCR luye lwakhokelela ekuguquleni inkqubo yezo nkonzo kwimimandla emininzi, kodwa iziphikele.

Ukungaphapheleli Kwabafundi Neentsapho

Abafundi abaninzi nabazali abawazi amalungelo abo afanelekileyo de kubekho ingxaki. Iincwadi zesikolo zisenokuba zixinene okanye zingcwatywe kwi-intanethi. Ngaphandle kolwazi olucacileyo nolufikelelekayo, iintsapho azikwazi ukucela ukuva, ukumela okanye ukubhena nesigqibo. Izikolo zinembopheleleko engekokunikela iinkqubo kuphela kodwa kwanokuzenza ziqondeke. Ukuhambisa iincwadi ezisekelwe kwiilwimi ezininzi, ukuqeqesha unxibelelwano lwabazali, nokunika iifomu zesaziso ezilula ezinokusetyenziswa ekulandeleni ziyindlela eziluncedo zokomeleze zifumaneke.

Indima Yabafundisi, Abalawuli Nabenzi Benkqubo

Ukuxhasa inkqubo efanelekileyo asiyombopheleleko esemthethweni kuphela esisiseko. Xa abafundi beqonda ukuba ingqeqesho yesikolo ilungile kwaye icace gca, basengozini yokuthemba abantu abadala baze bahlale bethembile. Ootitshala kufuneka bafumane uqeqesho oluqhubekayo kumalungelo omgaqo-siseko, uqheliselo oludibeneyo, kunye nolucacileyo. Abaphathi-mthetho kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba iinkqubo zolwaluko ziyasetyenziswa rhoqo kwaye bonke abafundi bafumana ulwamkelo lobuqu ngaphambi kokuba kuthatyathwe inyathelo elithile. Abaphathi-mthetho kumazwe nakumgangatho wolawulo bangaqinisa inkqubo efanelekileyo ngokulinganisela ukusetyenziswa kwe-zerobhnprecularance, ukuxhasa iinkqubo zokulungisa iinkqubo zobulungisa, nokufuna ukuba kucace ukunikezelwa kwee-data zolwaluvo. Imisebenzi yezomthetho, imibutho yoluntu, imibutho yamalungelo oluntu, kunye nokunqanda amalungelo abo banceda izikolo ukuba zihlale kunye neemigangatho zomgangatho ezikhoyo.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo efanelekileyo kwimfundo ngumgaqo onamandla nobalulekileyo okhusela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko wabafundi ngeli xesha zivumela izikolo ukuba zigcine iindawo ezikumgangatho okhuselekileyo nolungeleleneyo wokufunda. Ukusuka ekuvelweni okungacwangciswanga okufunekayo ukuze kukhutshwe imigaqo esesikweni, imigangatho emininzi ngaphantsi kwe-IEA, isiseko esisemthethweni sinika isiseko esisisiseko sobulungisa. Iimeko zokuphawula zihamba [[FLT:]] ukuya ku kuma-Mahanoy[[FLT]] kuqhubeke kulungelelanisa indlela izikolo ezimele zilungelelanise ngayo igunya nokukhululeka. Njengeenkqubo yemfundo, isikolo, iprojectivestialss, kunye nabalawuli abahlala besazi, kufuneka baqhubeke yaye baqhubeke kwiinkqubo zabo zomthetho-graligrative, apho ziqhuba khona zonke iinkqubo zabo zemihla ngemihla.

Ongezelelweyo Oovimba