Inkqubo yokukhusela umGaqo-siseko waseUnited States yenye yezona mpawu zicetyiweyo ngobuchule kurhulumente waseMelika. Inqaku V lomGaqo-siseko limisela inkqubo yamabhongo, eneenyathelo ezininzi ezifuna zombini izicelo kunye noqikelelo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba naluphi na utshintsho kumthetho osisiseko wohlanga lubonakalisa ukuvumelana okubanzi kulo lonke ilizwe. Esi sikhokelo sibanzi sihlolisisa zonke iinkalo zendlela ezithi ngayo ukubuyiselwa komGaqo-siseko, ukusuka kwisicelo sokuqala ukuya kwisiqinisekiso sokugqibela.

Ukuqonda Inqaku V: Isiseko SoMthetho-wiso-nkqubo

Igunya lokulungisa umGaqo-siseko wase-United States lithathwe kwiGatya V loMgaqo-siseko. Eli lungiselelo lazenziwe ngobuchule ngabaLawuli ukubetha ulungelelwano olucekethekileyo phakathi kobubhetyebhetye nozinzo. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukubetha ulungelelwano phakathi kokuzingxama kokutshintsha okuzingisileyo nokungaguquguquki, iqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko unokuba uzenzeka ngokutshintsha amaxesha ngexa uyikhusela kutshintsho olungxamisekileyo okanye olungacingisiswanga kakuhle.

Abalawuli baqonda ukuba umGaqo-siseko uzakufuna ukuqhelanisa neemeko abangenakuzibona kusengaphambili, ukanti baqonda iingozi zokwenza iinguqu ezingundoqo lula kakhulu. Isiphumo yinkqubo yeqonga yesibini efuna izinto ezintlukwano ezingaqhelekanga kumgangatho worhulumente norhulumente worhulumente, ukwenza iingqinipho ezininzi zokuhlola apho intelekelelo kufuneka ibonise inkxaso ebanzi.

Inyathelo Lokuqala: Ukumisela IsiHlomelo

Inqaku V limisela iinkqubo zokuguqula umGaqo-siseko, noninzi lombhalo wenqaku othetha ngesindululo kunye nolungiso lwezilungiso. Iqonga lezicelo likwindawo yokuqala enzima nawuphi na umqobo kufuneka ucace, kwaye kukho iindlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo oku oku oku oku okunokwenzeka ngazo.

Indlela Yokuqala: Isindululo seKhonkxa

Indlela yokuqala ivumela iBhunga, "nanini na ii-3 ezimbini zezindlu zombini zizakukubona kuyimfuneko," ukucebisa ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko. Le yindlela eqheleke kakhulu esetyenziswa kwimbali yaseMelika. Indlela yokuqala ifuna ukuba iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu kunye neNdlela icebise ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko ngevoti yamaLungu amabini-3 ekhoyo."assumman ubukho be-quarrum/ayivoti yama-3 amabini elungu onke, akhoyo nangekhoyo.

Xa icebisa ukuba kwenziwe utshintsho, luza kwenziwa ngesigqibo esidibeneyo. IKhomishini icebisa ukuba kwenziwe ukulungisa kwesigqibo esidityanisiweyo, yaye ekubeni uMongameli engenayo indima engokomGaqo-siseko kwinkqubo yokulungisa, isigqibo esidibeneyo asiyi kwiNdlu emhlophe ukuze kutyikityelwe okanye kuvunywe. Oku kukushenxiswa okubalulekileyo kwinkqubo eqhelekileyo yemithetho-siseko, apho kufuneka ukuba umongameli avume ukuba angene kwiindleko zomthetho.

Xa sivunyiwe yiBhunga, isigqibo esidityanisiweyo sokulungisa umGaqo-siseko asifuni kuvunyelwa ngumongameli ngaphambi kokuba ithunyelwe kumazwe, njengoko iGatya V linganiki mfuneko elolo hlobo yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko ovunyiweyo yiBhunga. EHollingsworth v. Virginia (1798), iNkundla ePhakamileyo iqinisekisa ukuba akuyomfuneko ukubeka izilungiso zomgaqo-siseko phambi komongameli ukuze kuvunywe okanye kuvunywe i-veto.

Ukususela ekuFumeni, iBhunga lilandele le nkqubo ukucebisa ukutshintshwa kwamashumi amathathu anesithathu komgaqo-siseko, okwathunyelwa kumazwe ukuze kukhutshwe imigca. Noko ke, oku kumela inxalenye encinane kakhulu yezilungiso ezicetyiweyo. Izicelo ezimalunga ne-11,985 zokuphelisa umGaqo-siseko ziye zaveliswa kwiBhunga ukususela ngowe-17.89, zibonisa indlela ekunzima ngayo ukufikelela uninzi oluzii-3 ezintathu olufunekayo kuzo zombini iigumbi.

Indlela yesibini: INdibano yoMgaqo-siseko

Indlela yesibini ifuna iBhunga, "kusetyenziso lwendlu yowiso-mthetho yamaphondo amabini anesithathu" (34 njengowe-1959), "biza indibano ukwenzela ukunyuswa". Le ndlela ilandelayo yaqukwa ukunika iimeko indlela yokucebisa ukubuyiselwa kwanokuba iBhunga alizimiselenga ukwenza isenzo.

Nangona kubhaliwe kumGaqo-siseko, akukho nanye kwezingama-77 zokutshintshwa komGaqo-siseko eyacetywa yindibano yomGaqo-siseko. Le ndlela yokulungisa ayizange isetyenziswe, nangona bekukho imizamo emininzi ukukhuthaza le nkqubo kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika.

Izihlandlo ezithathu kwinkulungwane yama-20, kwenziwa imigudu edityanisiweyo ngabaxhasi beenkonzo ezithile ukuqinisekisa inani lezicelo ezifunekayo ukubiza iNdibano yeQumrhu V, kuquka iindibano zokuqwalasela izivumelwano zokulungiselela unyulo oludumileyo lwamaSenentare ase-U. Ngeli xesha le migudu isondele, akukho nanye ephumele kwimpumelelo kwindibano ebizwa.

Kusekho imibuzo emininzi emalunga nendlela indibano yeQumrhu V eya kusebenza ngayo. Abaphengululi bayaqhubeka bephikisana ngemibandela emalunga nezi ndibano zeQumrhu V, kuquka nokuba iNgqungquthela imele imeme indibano xa ifumana inani elifunekayo lezicelo zikarhulumente nokuba ingaba indibano inokuba nesiphelo. Le mibuzo ingalungiswanga iye yanegalelo ekungakuthandini ukusebenzisa le ndlela.

Inyathelo Lesibini: Ukwahlulwa NgamaMerika

Xa ingqwalaselo icetyiwe ngayiphi na indlela, kufuneka ivunywe ngamaphondo. Oku kulapho uvavanyo lokwenene lwenkxaso yenkxaso yenkxaso yenzeka khona, njengoko kufuneka ifumane imvume evela kumazwe aphezulu ukuze abe yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko.

Imfuneko Yesithathu

Ulungiso olucetyiweyo luba yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko ngokukhawuleza xa luvunywa ngabantu abathathu-sine baseUnited States (ma-38 kuma-50). Lo mqobo uphezulu uqinisekisa ukuba iinguqu zixhase ngenene kulo lonke uhlanga, hayi kummandla omnye okanye phakathi kweqela elinye lezobupolitika.

Ukuvota kwesizwe ngasinye (ukuguqula okanye ukugatya ulungiso olucetyiswayo) kuthwala ubunzima obulinganayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bani na besizwe okanye ubude bexesha kwi-Union. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweminxeba yeWyoming kulingana neyaseKhalifoniya, ibonakalisa imeko yesizwe yomGaqo-siseko kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba amaphondo amancinane anelizwi elilinganayo kwinkqubo yokulungisa.

Iindlela Ezimbini Zokutsalwa

Inqaku V limisela iindlela ezimbini zokulungisa intelekelelo kuMgaqo-siseko: ngeeMithetho yesithathu kwezine zamaZwe aliqela, okanye ngeeNdibano ezintathu kwezine. IKhomishini imisela ukuba yeyiphi indlela amaphondo amele ayilandele ukuze kucetyiswe iinguqu ziphumelele, ngokukhetha inkqubo yokuqhatha elele kwisigqibo soBhunga.

Ukwandiswa koMthetho weRhulumente

Imithetho yesithathu-sine yamazwe ingasivumela isilungiso, kwaye le yeyona ndlela iqhelekileyo esetyenziswayo. Phantsi kwale ndlela, ivoti yendlu yowiso-mthetho nganye enyuliweyo yesizwe ukuba ingaluvumela na ulungiso olucetyiswayo. Le ndlela isetyenziswe kwi 26 kwezingama-77 zokulungisa ezivunyiweyo.

Ukhuthazo lweNdibano yeRhulumente

Ukulungisa kungavunywa ziindibano eziqhutyelwe kwiindibano ezintathu-ne zamaphondo. Le ndlela isetyenziswe kanye ukuqinisa uHlaziyo lwePhondo lama-21, oluye lwabuyiselwa kwakhona. Okukuphela kwenguquko ekufuneka ivunywe ngale ndlela kude kube kukuHlaziywa koMphetho-mbo wokuqala ngo-1933.

Le ndlela yendibano yakhethwa ukuze isetyenziswe kuMphetho wama - 21 kuba iNgqungquthela yayikholelwa ukuba iindibano zikarhulumente zaziya kubonakalisa ngokuchanileyo imbono kawonke wonke ngokubuyiselwa kweNkqutyana yoKwahlulelwa kunezindlu zowiso - mthetho zikarhulumente, ezinokuphenjelelwa zizinto ezikhethekileyo okanye ziqwalaselwe kwezobupolitika.

Inyathelo Lesithathu: Inkqubo yolawulo kunye nokuqinisekisa

Xa inani elifunekayo lamazwe livumile ukuhlaziywa, inkqubo yolawulo iyalandela ukuvuma ngokusemthethweni ukuhlaziywa njengenxalenye yomGaqo-siseko.

Indima Yetshingizi

Emva kokuba iBhunga licebise ukulungiswa, iArchivicist yaseUnited States, ekhokela iRhuluneli yoBushibo-Mali kunye noLawulo lweeRecords Administra (NARA), inikwe imbopheleleko yokuphatha inkqubo yokwahlula phantsi kolungiselelo lweyoku-1.S.C. 106b. i-archist iyawagunyazisa ngokusemthethweni amaphondo, ngokubhalisa ileta ebhaliswe kwiRhuluneli nganye, ukuba intengiso icetyiswe, kwaye iRhuluneli nganye ibeka ngokusesikweni intengiso kwindlu yowiso-mthetho (okanye indibano ekhuthaza).

Uxwebhu lokuqala luthunyelwa ngqo kwi-Ofisi ye-NARA ye-Federal Register (OFR) ukuze luqhubeke kwaye lushicilelwe, kwaye i-OR yongeza imbali yowiso-mthetho kwisigqibo samalungu kwaye ipapashe ifomati yomthetho otyibilikayo.

Uhlaziyo Luba Nemiphumo Nini?

Umgaqo-siseko obalulekileyo ngowokuba utshintsho lube yinxalenye esebenzayo yomGaqo-siseko xa luvunywa linani elifunekayo lamazwe, kunokuba lube ngumhla wamva xa ukwenziwa kwemiqathango kuqinisekisiwe, kwaye akukho sinyathelo sinye esifunekayo yiBhunga okanye nabani na.

Noko ke, kusekho inkqubo yokuqinisekisa esemthethweni. Xa i-OR iqinisekisa ukuba ifumene inani elifunekayo lamaxwebhu okuqinisekisa aqinisekisiweyo, ilungisa isibhengezo esisemthethweni se Archivist ukuqinisekisa ukuba inguquko iyasebenza kwaye iye yaba yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko, kwaye esi siqinisekiso sipapashwa kwiFederal Register nase U.S. iMithetho esemthethweni kwiSibonelelo soMbutho nakulo lonke uhlanga ukuba inkqubo yokupheliswa kweNkquluko igqityiwe.

Izihlandlo ezithathu, emva kokuba iBhunga lithe laxelelwa ukuba iinguqu zifikelele kumda wokupheliswa, lamkela isigqibo sokuchaza le nkqubo ngokunempumelelo, nangona mhlawumbi ibalulekile ngenxa yezizathu zobupolitika, ngokutsho komgaqo - siseko, asiyomfuneko.

Umlinganiselo Wempumelelo Nexesha

Kuye kwakho iinguquko ezingama-77 kumGaqo-siseko, ziqala ngeBhili yamaLungelo, izilungiso zokuqala ezili-10, zagunyaziswa ngoDisemba 15, 1791. Izivumelwano ezingamashumi amathathu anesithathu zomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States ziye zacetywa yiKhomishini yeUnited States kwaye zathunyelwa kumazwe ukwenzela ukudityaniswa komGaqo-siseko ukususela oko uMgaqo-siseko wamiselwa ngoMatshi 4, 1789, kunye namashumi amabini anesixhenxe ezo zinto, ekubeni zivunyiwe ngamanani afunekayo, ngoku ziyinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko.

Oku kuthetha ukuba kwizindululo ezingama-33 ezasusa umqobo ophezulu wemvume yombutho, ezintandathu zasilela ukufumana ukudityaniswa ngamaphondo. Xa sicinga ukuba kucetyiswe iinguqu ezingaphezu kwe 11 000 kumGaqo-siseko wase-United States, kodwa ngu 27 kuphela oye wavunywa, ubunzima obungaqhelekanga bokulungisa umGaqo-siseko buyacaca.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo

NgoSeptemba 25, 1789, iKhomishini yokuqala yaseUnited States yacebisa ukuba kulungiswe ishumi elinesibini lezigqibo zoMgaqo-siseko, kwaye iSigqibo soMbutho esiManyeneyo soMbutho esimisela iNcedo sibonisiwe kwiRotunda kwiMyuziyam yoBuvimba beSizwe. Ishumi lemimiselo e-12 eyacetywayo yavunywa ziintlawulo ezintathu ezinesine zesizwe ngoDisemba 15, 1791, kwaye iMimiselo egunyazisiweyo yenza iziphelo zokuqala ezili-10 zomGaqo-siseko, okanye uLungiso lwamalungelo e-U.S.

Owona Mphetho Mde: UMthetho wama - 27 Ohlaziyiweyo

ISihlaziyi se-27 sigcina ingxelo yexesha elide lokukhutshwa kwamatyala embalini yaseMerika. Ngowe-1992, kwiminyaka engama-203 emva kokuba kucetyiwe, Inqaku lesi-2 lavunywa njengoMgaqo-siseko wama-77. Le ngxelo, enxulumene nomrhumo wombutho wequmrhu, yacetyiswa ekuqaleni njengenxalenye yeBhili yamaLungelo kodwa ayizange igunyaziswe ngamazwe aneleyo ngelo xesha. Yahlala ihleli ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini ngaphambi kokuba ifikelele ekuhlaziyweni.

Eyona Ndlela Ikhawulezayo Yokuzihlaziya: UMthetho wama - 26

Ukuphendula ku-Oregon v.Mitchell, iKhomishini yacebisa ukuba kubekho uHlaziyo lwama-26, yaye ngoMatshi 1971, amaphondo avuma ukubuyiselwa kwemali (*. Ezi nyanga zingaphantsi kwezine emva kokuba ithunyelwe kumaphondo ukuze ikhuthazwe, eyona nkqubo incinane yokulungisa indalo. Le nkqubo yokuthoba i-antemplo, eyanciphisa ukuvota yafikelela kwiminyaka eli-18 ubudala, yavunywa ngesantya esiphawulekayo ngenxa yenkxaso kawonke-wonke eyayiqhutywa yimfazwe yaseVietnam.

Ukuqwalasela Okukhethekileyo Nemibuzo Engaconjululwanga

Ixesha Elilinganiselweyo Lokukhupha Iindledlana

Igunya leBhunga lokumisela ixesha lokuququzelela laqinisekiswa ngo1939 yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States kwiColeman v. Miller. Ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, iBhunga liye laquka imida yexesha elisisixhenxe kwimiqathango yeminyaka esixhenxe ecetyiweyo, nangona oku akufuneki ngumGaqo-siseko ngokwawo.

Xa kungekho xesha elimisiweyo, utshintsho lungahlala luhleli ngokungenasiphelo, njengokuba zinjalo izilungisi ezine zangaphambili ezisebuntwini ezithi zinyuselwe, kwaye imilinganiselo enjalo ingabuyiselwa kwaye ekugqibeleni ivunyiswe emva kwexesha elide (iminyaka engamakhulu emva) icetyiswe kumaphondo.

Ngaba Amazwe Anokuphinda Afumane Umlinganiselo Wokusela?

Inqaku V lithi ulungiso olucetyiweyo kumazwe luza kuba yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko ukuba iikota ezintathu zamazwe ziyayilungisa, kodwa kuphakama imibuzo ngoko kwenzekayo ukuba urhulumente utsale ngokukhawuleza kodwa phambi kwamanye amazwe amaninzi atsale, atshintsha ingqondo yakhe aze azame ukuphinda amise ukuthandeka kwayo.

Abanye abahlalutyi bangathi hayi (kanye imeko ivunyiwe, ejongene neekota ezintathu ezifunekayo, nokuba yintoni na eyenziwa ngurhulumente kamva, kodwa abanye abahlalutyi banokuthi urhulumente angaphinda akhutshwe ulwakhiwo lwakhe lo gama nje isenza njalo ngaphambi kokuba inkqubo yokulungisa igqitywe, kwaye akukho mpendulo iqinisekileyo kulo mbuzo.

Kwiimeko ezimbalwa, ama-United States aye athumela amaxwebhu asemthethweni kwiNARA ukuze abhale ukuchaswa kokulungisa okanye ukubuyiselwa komngxuma ophambili, nangona iArchivist ingakwenzi naluphi na ukuzimisela okuncinane ngokuphathelele ukufaneleka kwezenzo zokwahlulwa kukaRhulumente.

Ukuhlaziywa Okungavakaliyo

Ukuqonda inkqubo yokulungisa kukwathetha ukuqaphela ukuba utshintsho oluninzi olucetyiweyo luye lwasilela ukufikelela ekupheliseni, kwanasemva kokususa umqobo wombutho.

UMthetho Othe Tye

I-ERA yamiselwa izihlandlo ezininzi kwiKhonklamente kunayo nayiphi na enye into ecetyisiweyo, uMmiselo Wamalungelo Alinganayo (ERA) wawuya kulungiselela ukulingana ngokwezomthetho ngokwesini ukuba ibivunywe ngamaphondo phambi kommiselo omiselwe yingqungquthela ngowe-1982. I-ERA yavunywa yiKhonkqele yowe-1972 yaza yakhawuleza yanconywa ngamazwe amaninzi, kodwa ekugqibeleni yasilela kumazwe angama-38 afunekayo ukuze kukhutshwe i-transferment.

Amaxesha amane okuHlolwa koMgaqo-siseko

Sithe, sagunyazisa ukutshintshwa kwama-77 komgaqo-siseko kwimbali yaseMerika, yaye singahlula-hlula ezi ziguqulo zibe ngamaxesha amane ahlukeneyo okuhlaziywa komgaqo-siseko: Ixesha Lokusungulwa kowe - 1791-1804 lasinika iinguquko zokuqala ezili-12, kuquka iBhili yamaLungelo.

Ixesha lesibini yayiyiXesha lokuvuselelwa kwakhona emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya, eyavelisa iziHlaliso ze-13, ze-14 neze-15. Utshintsho lwe-13, lwe-14, lwe-15 luqhubana nobukhoboka, ukhuseleko olulinganayo kunye namalungelo athile omgaqo-siseko; zizonke ezi zinto zibizwa ngokuba ziMimiselo yoQokelela-mthetho.

Ixesha lesithathu yayilixesha leNkqubela-phambili. Phakathi ko1870 (nokwenziwa kwemiqathango ye15 yoHlaziyo, ukuvalwa kocalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni) kunye no1913, abantu baseMerika abazange bawuguqule umGaqo-siseko kangangexesha elinye, kodwa phakathi ko1913 no1920, abantu baseMerika bawuguqula umGaqo-siseko izihlandlo ezine.

Ithuba lesine lisusela phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20 ukuya kule mihla, kuquka utshintsho olunxulumene namalungelo okuvota, ukulandelelana komongameli, kunye nomvuzo wombutho wequmrhu. Le nto ingaphezulu kwamashumi amathathu eminyaka ukususela ekuphelisweni komGaqo-siseko wokugqibela, ngokugunyaziswa koMgaqo-siseko wama-72 owenziwe ngo-192 ukuba yeyona itsha nje yongezwano kumGaqo-siseko.

Isizathu Sokuba Le Ndlela Inzima Kangaka

Abaxhasi benza ngabom inkqubo yokulungisa yalucelomngeni ngezizathu ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Le nkqubo ifuna utshintsho ukuze ixhaswe yisivumelwano, kwaye kukho izizathu ezinamandla zokufuna inkxaso enjalo, njengokuthintela imiqathango echase ngamandla yinginginya yelizwe ukuba ingenziwa, nto leyo enokuthi ithobe ukuzinikela kohlanga kumGaqo-siseko.

Kuthatha ixesha elide yaye kunyuswa umlinganiselo omkhulu wesivumelwano soluntu ukuze kulungiswe umgaqo-siseko. Le ntsimbi iphakamileyo iqinisekisa ukuba lutshintsho olunenkxaso ebanzi nehlala ihleli kuphela oluyinxalenye yomthetho osisiseko welizwe.

Imfuno ze-oyile enkulu kakhulu kwizicelo nakumanqanaba okwandisa kuthetha ukuba ulungiso alunakudluliselwa ngemisebenzi emikhulu elula okanye ngexesha lexeshana lokutshintsha uluvo lukawonke-wonke. Endaweni yoko, zifuna inkxaso eqhubekayo kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo, amaqela ezobupolitika, namaqela amanani abantu.

Indima Yemithetho Karhulumente

Inkqubo yokwandiswa kwemiqathango yesizwe iqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho lubonakalisa ukuvumelana okubanzi, kwaye urhulumente uthatha inxaxheba kumsebenzi wokulungisa umGaqo-siseko. Imfuneko yokuba ii-arhente ezintathu-ne zamazwe kufuneka zivumele ukubuyiselwa kufuneka zinike uhlolo olunamandla kumandla orhulumente kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko luxhase hayi eWashington, D.C., kodwa kumazwe ahlukeneyo aseMerika.

Esi sakhiwo solawulo sorhulumente sibonakalisa ulawulo olubini oluphawula urhulumente waseMelika. Ngoxa urhulumente wesizwe ecebisa utshintsho oluninzi, ekugqibeleni amaphondo agqiba ekubeni ezo zindululo zibe yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko. Eli candelo legunya liqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente okanye urhulumente akanakuwuguqula ngokungenasizathu nawuphi na umthetho osisiseko.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Kwinkqubo Yale Mihla Yokuhlaziywa Kohlaziywa

Kumsebenzi wangoku, inkqubo yokulungisa ilandela la manyathelo:

  • Ilungu leBhunga lichaza isigqibo esidityanisiweyo esichaza ukubuyiselwa
  • Esi sigqibo sibhekiswa kwikomiti efanelekileyo kwiNdlu okanye kwiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso
  • Ukuba ikomiti iyavuma, isigqibo siya kwigumbi elipheleleyo lengxoxo nokuvota
  • Isigqibo kufuneka sidlule kwindlu nakwiBhunga elinamalungu amaninzi akhoyo
  • Isigqibo selungu elivunyiweyo sithunyelwa kuZibonelelo zeSizwe
  • IArchist ichaza zonke iirhuluneli ezingama-50 zephondo zesi sicelo
  • Irhuluneli nganye inikela ulungiso kwindlu yowiso-mthetho (okanye idinga indibano ehlaziywayo)
  • Ingxoxo yendlu yowiso-mthetho nevoti yokwenziwa
  • Njengoko amatyala e-rafy, athumela isaziso esisemthethweni kuBalamli beSizwe
  • Xa urhulumente wama-38 ehla, utshintsho luba yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko
  • I-Archivist ikhupha isiqinisekiso esisemthethweni kwaye ipapashe isaziso kwiBhayibhile yoManyano

Imiqathango YomGaqo-siseko Ekuhlaziyweni

Izivakalisi ezibini ekupheleni kwenqaku V zenza ezinye izihloko zingaguquguquki, zinika ukuba akukho Rhulumente, ngaphandle kwesivumelwano sayo, iza kuhluthwa iSaffage elinganayo kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Oku kuthetha ukuba umelo olulinganayo lwamazwe kwiNdlu yeeNtlanga-macamathelane . ngokunjalo urhulumente ngamnye onee-senameta ezimbini nangaphi na abemi .=Ayinako ukutshintshwa ngaphandle kwemvume yombuso ngamnye onokuthi uchaphazele.

Eli lungiselelo libonisa ulwahlulo olusisiseko phakathi koorhulumente abakhulu nabancinane ababangela ukuba umGaqo-siseko ube nokwenzeka kwindawo yokuqala. Iqinisekisa ukuba amazwe amancinane asoloko enelungelo eliqinisekisiweyo kwiBhunga leNtsimbi, ukukhusela ubume benkqubo yorhulumente waseMerika.

Inkqubo Yohlaziyo Ngokwembono Ethelekisayo

UmGaqo-siseko waseUnited States ngomnye weyona miqathango inzima ehlabathini ukupheliswa. Ezinye idemokhrasi ezininzi zivumela utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko ukuba luhambe ngoorhulumente abaphezulu abalula okanye abalawuli besizwe. Imfuneko yenkqubo yemiqathango emikhulu yaseMerika kumgangatho womabini karhulumente nowaseburhulumenteni yenza imilinganiselo emininzi apho ukulungisa okucetyiswayo kungasilela khona.

Obu bunzima bunazo zombini iinzuzo kunye nezingemngeni. Kwelinye icala, bukhusela umGaqo-siseko kwienguqu ezikhawulezileyo eziqhutywa ziintshukumisa zezopolitiko zokwexeshana. Kwelinye icala, bunokwenza umGaqo-siseko ucothe ukuqhelanisa neemeko ezitshintshayo kunye nemilinganiselo yentlalo. Ukulungelelana phakathi kozinzo nokubhetyebhetyebhetye kusoloko kusoloko kungumcimbi wengxoxo phakathi kwabaphengululi bomGaqo-siseko kunye nabemi ngokufanayo.

Oovimba Bokufunda Okungakumbi

Abo bafuna ukuphanda ngokubhekele phaya ngokulungisa umGaqo-siseko, kukho izinto ezininzi ezigunyazisiweyo ezifumaneka kwi - Internet:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ugcino-lwazi lwelizwe lugcina ulwazi olubanzi malunga nenkqubo yokulungisa kwaye luhlala amaxwebhu akuqala
  • I- ISibonelelo somGaqo-siseko weBhunga siqwalaselwe inika uhlalutyo olungokwasemthethweni oluneenkcukacha lweGatya V
  • Iziko lomGaqo-siseko wohlanga linikela ngobuncwane bemfundo kunye neenkcazelo zophando
  • IKhomishini yeNkcubeko.gov inika ukufikelela kuzo zonke iinguquko ezicetyisiweyo nembali yowiso-mthetho
  • [[UMTHETHO:0] U.S. Caten igcina uluhlu lwawo onke amanyathelo acetyisiweyo ukuphelisa umGaqo-siseko

Isiphelo: UmGaqo-siseko Ophilayo Ngomgaqo-nkqubo

Inkqubo yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko emiselwe kwiGatya-siseko V imela enye yezona mpawu zibalulekileyo zikarhulumente waseMerika. Inika inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo yotshintsho lomgaqo-siseko ngeli xesha iqinisekisa ukuba olo tshintsho lubonisa ukuvumelana okubanzi nokuhlala njalo. Le nkqubo ifuna izinto eziziinkalo ezibalaseleyo kumgangatho omninzi karhulumente, ukwenza izilungiso zibe nzima kodwa zingenzeki ukufikelela.

Iziphumo ezingama-77 ezivunyiweyo zibonisa ukuba le nkqubo ingasebenza xa kukho inkxaso eyaneleyo yokutshintsha. Ukusuka kwiBhili yamaLungelo ukuya kwintlawulo yakutshanje, ukubuyiselwa okunempumelelo ngakunye kufune iminyaka yokufumana imvumelwano, ingxoxo, kunye nokwakhiwa kombutho wezopolitiko. Amawaka ezicelo ezingaphumelelanga asikhumbuza ukuba ibhari yotshintsho lwesiseko iphezulu ngemposiso.

Ukuqonda indlela izilungiso eziba yinxalenye yomGaqo-siseko kubalulekile kubemi abanolwazi. Ityhila ulungelelwano olululo lwezibonelelo ezibethwa phakathi kozinzo notshintsho, phakathi kolawulo lorhulumente norhulumente, naphakathi kolawulo oluninzi namalungelo amancinane. Njengoko amaMerika eqhubeka ephikisana ngeenguqu ezinokwenzeka zomgaqo-siseko, inkqubo yeGatya-siseko V ihlala iyindlela esesikweni abantu abanokutshintsha ngayo umthetho wabo osisiseko.

Nokuba ngesicelo sombutho okanye indibano yamaphondo, nokuba ivunywe ziindlu zowiso-mthetho okanye ziindibano, inkqubo yokulungisa iqinisekisa ukuba iinguqu kumGaqo-siseko kufuneka zibe nenkxaso exhasiweyo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zaseMelika. Lo mqobo ukhusela ubume bomGaqo-siseko njengomthetho ongundoqo ngexa ukuvumela ukuba iguqulelwe kuhlanga olulawulayo.