Ukwakhiwa Kolawulo Lwedemocratic Guidement Relations

Unyulo lomongameli lumela enye yezona ndlela zilandelayo zokulawula kwedemokhrasi. Ezi asizizo iziganeko ezinye kodwa zizinto ezicacisiweyo, ezintlukwano ezininzi ezityhilwa kwiinyanga ezininzi, ngamanye amaxesha iminyaka, kwaye zibandakanya umgudu olungelelanisiweyo wezigidi zabemi, amawaka abalawuli, kunye namaziko amaninzi. Ukuqonda indlela olunyulo olulungelelanisiweyo nokuqhutywa ngayo kufuna uxabiso ngemiqathango esemthethweni, imingeni engokwezimo siseko, kunye nobuchule bokwenza kubekho.

Ngeli xesha iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zahluka ngokuphawulekayo ukusuka kwelinye ilizwe ukuya kwelinye, ukwakhiwa komphambili konyulo lomongameli kulandela ulandelelwano oluqhelekileyo olungqinelanayo: imfanelo kunye nokunyulwa komvoti, ukubhalisa kunye nemfundo, ukukhuphiswa, ukuvota, ukubala, ukuvota, ukuqinisekisa, ukugqithiswa okusesikweni. Eli nqaku linika uhlolo olunenkcukacha, inyathelo-mva lomhla, ukuzoba kwizenzo ezisunguliweyo ukusuka ehlabathini jikelele ukubonakalisa indlela unyulo olufikelela ngayo ngokufanelekileyo ngayo ngokukhanya, ngokhuseleko, nangokuthembeka.

Isiseko soKhetho lwangaphambili: ISiseko soMgaqo-siseko

Amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko nommiselo

Lunke unyulo lomongameli lusebenza kwisiseko somthetho-siseko wesizwe kunye nemithetho yonyulo. Le mithetho ichaza ukuba ngubani ofanele ukuqhutyelwa umongameli, ubude bexesha lephulo, umhla wonyulo, nemithetho yokufumana inkxaso yezemali kunye nezosasazo. Isiseko somthetho simisela kwakhona ugunyaziso oluzimeleyo okanye ubulungu obufanayo obujongene nokulawula unyulo. Kuninzi lweziko lezixhobo zolawulo-moya, la malungiselelo afakwe kumgaqo-siseko kunye nolwandiswa yimithetho yonyulo echaza yonke inyathelo lezentengiso, ukusuka ekubhalisweni kwesivumelwano sombutho wolawulo-mthetho-siseko, ukusuka kwisigqibo somvotivelo-mthetho-siseko socalu.

Amazwe anjengeBrazil, iIndiya, neMzantsi Afrika agcina imithetho ebanzi yonyulo ephuculwe kangangamashumi eminyaka enkqubo yedemokhrasi. Isiseko somthetho kufuneka siphendule imibuzo emininzi enzima: Liyintoni ixesha, ubumi, kunye nemfuno yokuhlala abaza kubhaptizwa? Ingaba kukho imida yexesha? Ngaba abaza kubhaptizwa abazimeleyo bangasebenza, okanye mabaququzeleke neqela lezobupolitika? Ziziphi iindlela ezikhoyo ukwenzela iziphumo zonyulo ezicelw'umngeni? Le mithetho yesiseko idala isakhiwo esiqhubeka kuyo yonke imisebenzi elandelayo.

Ukumisela Iqumrhu Lolawulo Lokhetho

Unyulo oluthembekileyo lufuna iqumrhu elizimeleyo nelifanelekileyo lolawulo. Amazwe amaninzi aseka ikomishini yonyulo okanye iqumrhu labalawuli bonyulo elisebenza ngokwalo kwisebe eliphetheyo. Eli qumrhu linembopheleleko:

  • Ukuphuhlisa nokugcina irejista
  • I-EXPM
  • Ukuyila nokushicilela amavote
  • Ukuvavanya nokuvavanya izixhobo zokuvota
  • Abasebenzi bokhetho lokuvota
  • Ukuseka iindawo zesikhululo sovolo
  • Ukulawula inkqubo yokubala kwevoti
  • Isalathisi sengxelo

Uzimeleyo lwekhomishini yonyulo lubalulekile ekuthembeni uluntu ngokubanzi. Amazwe amaninzi amisela amalungu omsebenzi ngenkqubo yokuhlola ebandakanya amasebe amaninzi karhulumente okanye afuna ukuvunywa kwemithetho ephakamileyo. Umzekelo, iKhomishini yoPhuhliso-Mgaqo-nkqubo ye-Afghanistan yenzelwe ukuquka amalungu aneemvelaphi ezahlukeneyo kunye namalungu ezobupolitika. EUnited States, ulawulo lonyulo lubekelwe isidima, namagosa orhulumente kunye nokhetho lwasekuhlaleni asebenza phantsi kwemithetho yorhulumente, nangona iKhomishini ye-Ecommental Implation inikela imigaqo nenkxaso.

Ukusetyenziswa

Iintlawulo zolwaphulo-mthetho

Inkqubo yokukhetha abatsha abathathi-nxaxheba iqala ngokuqhelekileyo phakathi kwamaqela ezobupolitika phambi konyulo oluqhelekileyo. Kumazwe amaninzi kusetyenziswa unyulo oluphambili, apho amalungu eqela avota ukukhetha i-offiney yawo. I-United States inothotho lweziprinsi kunye nee-kaucs eziqala ngoFebruwari wonyaka wonyulo kwaye ezifikelela kwincopho yephondo lesizwe eqhutyelwe ngexesha lehlobo. Kumanye amazwe, amaqela angenamalungu akhethwa kwiindibano zangaphakathi, ukuvota, okanye ukukhokela. Umzekelo, iBrazil, ibamba iindibano zeqela apho abathunywa bevangeli bavota abakhoyo, ngoxa amaqela amakhulu eIndiya esebenzisa umxube wokhuthulo lwangaphakathi kunye nolawulo oluphezulu.

Inkqubo yokuqala inokuba ngukhuphiswano kakhulu kwaye isoloko ibumba isandi sephulo lonyulo jikelele. Abavoti kufuneka bakhe imiqolo, baphakamise izimali, baze babonise amandla abo okuphumelela amavoti ngaphambi kokuba banikwe imvume esemthethweni. Imithetho elawula amaprimmicari ayahluka ngokubanzi. Amanye amazwe afuna amalungu abhaliswe kusengaphambili, ngoxa amanye evumela nawuphi na umvoti ukuba abe nenxaxheba kwiqela eliphambili. Ukuvula amaqumrhu kuvumela abavoti bawo ukuba bavote kwiqela eliphambili, ngexa abalawuli abavalele ukubhalisa amalungu eqela abhaliswe.

ICandidentives ezizimeleyo kunye nokufumaneka kwecandelo lesithathu

Asingabo bonke abaza kubalawuli abaza ngamaqela ezobupolitika. Iinkqubo ezininzi zedemokhrasi zivumela abatshayeli abazimeleyo ukuba bavele kwivoti, ukuba bahlangabezane neemfuno ezithile. Ezi ziquka ukuqokelela inani elincinane leemtsayithi ezivela kubavoti ababhalisiweyo, ukuhlawula umrhumo, nokubonisa umyinge wenkxaso kawonke-wonke. ERashiya, abazimeleyo kufuneka baqokelele ubuncinane utyikityo olumalunga nama-300 000, ngoxa e-Philippines bafuna utyikityo olumalunga nama-10 000 abavoti ababhalisiweyo. I-United States ifaka imfuno zosayino oluninzi oluzinzileyo ngorhulumente, ngokufuthi ifuna amawaka amaninzi ababhali-mngeni wokungena kurhulumente ukuze bafumane unikezelo lwezimgunya.

Inkqubo elungileyo yabafuni abazimeleyo ikhona ukuqinisekisa ukuba ngabaphikisi abanzulu kuphela abavela kwivoti ngeli xesha besagcina ukufumaneka kwabo baxhaswa nguwonke-wonke. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi imfuneko yokutyikitya ispeyin zenza imiqobo engayimfuneko, ngoxa abaxhasi begcina ukuthi banqanda ukulahlwa kwezixhobo zokufaka imbumbulu kwaye baqinisekise ukuba abaza kuba ngabatshayo banomgangatho osisiseko wenkxaso.

Ukubhaliswa nokujoliswa

Xa betyunjwe okanye bevakalisiwe, abatshabhisi kufuneka babhalise ngokusemthethweni kwikhomishini yonyulo. Oku kufuna uxwebhu olunika uxwebhu olubabonisa ukuba bahlangabezana neemfuno zomGaqo-siseko zesikhundla. Amagosa okhetho aqinisekisa ubudala bomntu ngamnye, ubumi, kunye nokuhlala kwakhe. Bangahlola iingxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukutyhilwa kwemali, kunye nengquzulwano yomdla. Kumazwe amaninzi, abatshateli kufuneka banikezele uvavanyo lwesiqalo okanye baphumele kwiinkonzo zokhuseleko ukuqinisekisa ukuba abanyanzelekanga phantsi kwemithetho esebenzayo.

Le nkqubo yokuziphindezela ibalulekile ekulondolozeni ingqibelelo yonyulo. Ithintela abantu abangamkelekanga okanye ababeka ukhuseleko kwingozi yokuvela kwivoti. Kwakhona inika uluntu isiqinisekiso sokuba abatshati bafikelela kwimigaqo esemthethweni yesikhundla. Inkqubo yokuzilolonga inokuba nempikiswano, ingakumbi xa ibonakala iqhutywa kwezobupolitika okanye ingqongqo kakhulu. Noko ke, iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yokhetho.

Ubhaliso olugunyazisiweyo

Ukumisela Incwadi Yobhaliso YeVoter

Ubhaliso oluchanekileyo nolubanzi lwevoti lusisiseko salo naluphi na unyulo olusemthethweni. Amazwe asebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokwakha nokugcina ezi ziko. Amanye amazwe, anjengeKhanada neJamani, axhomekeke kwii-database zikarhulumente ukubhalisa ngokuzenzekelayo abemi abafanelekileyo. Amanye, njenge-United States, afuna ukuba abantu babhalise. Amazwe amaninzi aqhuba iidrafti zokuvota, ngokufuthi ngokunxulumene nogcino-lwazi lwamanani, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubhaliso lusaqhubeka ngoku.

Kufuneka irejista ihlaziywe rhoqo ukuze kushenxiswe abantu abafileyo, abo baye bafuduka, nabo baye badityaniswa ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho okanye ukungoneliseki kwengqondo. Kufuneka iquke nabavoti abatsha abafikelele kwixesha lokuvota. Kumazwe amaninzi, abavoti bangahlola ukuma kwabo kwi-intanethi okanye kumaziko asemthethweni. Iikhomishini zokhetho zidla ngokupapasha uluhlu lwabavoti ukwenzela uhlolo lukawonke-wonke, zivumele abemi ukuba baqonde iimpazamo okanye iimpazamo okanye izithintelo.

I-ID yoMkhosi kunye noqinisekiso

Ngosuku lonyulo, abavoti kufuneka babonise ukuba baziyo phambi kokuba bafumane ibhola yokuvota. Indlela yoqinisekiso iyahlukahluka. Amazwe amaninzi afuna ikhadi lokwalatha lolawulo lorhulumente. Amanye asebenzisa ikhadi lobhaliso lovoti okanye umdibaniso wamaxwebhu. Kwezinye iindawo, iinkqubo zoqinisekiso lwebhayoloji ziyaqeshwa, zisebenzisa iminwe okanye ubuchule bobuso ukufanisa abavoti nobhaliso. Umzekelo, iIndiya iye yasebenzisa amakhadi e-biometricial stator ID adityaniswe kwinkqubo ye-Aadhaar ukunciphisa ubuqhetseba.

Imfuno ze-Voter ID ziphikisana kwamanye amazwe, ingakumbi i-United States, apho abagxeki bephikisa ngokuthi bachaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto iqatsela iqaqobana kunye nabavoti abafumana imali ephantsi. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi bathintele ukuqhatha kwaye baqinisekise ukuba kuphela abavoti abafanelekileyo abathabatha inxaxheba. Umlinganiselo phakathi kokhuseleko nokufumaneka lucelomngeni oluqhubekayo kubalawuli bonyulo.

Ixesha Lephulo

Imali neNkxaso yeCandelo

Iphulo lomongameli langoku lifuna imali eninzi. Abasebenzi kufuneka baphakamise imali yokubhengeza, imivuzo yabasebenzi, ukuthatha iitraki, ukuvota nezinye iindleko. Amazwe alawula inkxaso-mali ngemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Amanye anikela ngenkxaso kawonke-wonke kubantu abafikelela kwimiqobo ethile, ngoxa amanye ebeka imiqathango kwiminikelo yabantu ngabanye nakwimibutho engaphandle. I-United States inenkqubo entsonkothile equka ukuxhasa iminikelo yasekuhlaleni kunye neyobuqu, kunye neemfuno ezingqongqo zeminikelo engaphezulu kwemali ethile. Amazwe amaninzi ayayithintela iminikelo yenkampani okanye ayithintele iminikelo yemali yamazwe angaphandle.

Imithetho yezemali yephulo ijolise ekuthinteleni urhwaphilizo, inciphisa impembelelo yabanikeli bezityebi, kwaye iqinisekisa umgangatho wokudlala. Noko ke, ukunyanzelisa le mithetho kunokuba lucelomngeni. Imingxuma esetyenziswayo, efana nokusetyenziswa ngokungenamda ziikomiti zezopolitiko ezizimeleyo e-U.S., isenokuyinciphisa injongo yokuguqula. Ukuphumelela kwemigaqo yezemali kuxhomekeke ekunyanzelweni komthetho onamandla, ekucaceni, nasekufikeleleni ekufumaneni koluntu ulwazi malunga nabaphi na abaza kungenelwayo ngemali.

Ukufumaneka kwamajelo eendaba nezibhengezo

Amajelo eendaba adlala indima ephambili kunyulo lomongameli, esebenza njengejelo eliphambili abathathi-nxaxheba abanxibelelana nabo. Kumazwe amaninzi, abathathi-nxaxheba baqinisekiswa ukuba bafumana ixesha elikhululekileyo lokusebenza ngenqwelo-moya kubasasazi-moya bakawonke-wonke. Iingxoxo zilungiselelwa, ngokufuthi ngamakhomishini onyulo okanye amajelo eendaba, ukuvumela abaza kuba bangenisi-mfono ngqo omnye komnye nakuluntu. Amajelo-the asekuhlaleni aye anika abathathi-nxaxheba indlela yokufikelela abavoti ngaphandle kwesihluzi samajelo eendaba.

Ukusetyenziswa kwentengiso zobupolitika kuyahluka-hluka. Amanye amazwe ayalela ukuhlawulwa kwezibhengezo zezobupolitika kumabonwakude nakunomathotholo, endaweni yoko anike abo baza kubhaptizwa ixesha elikhululekileyo. Ezinye zivumela ukwenziwa kwezibhengezo okungenasiphelo ukuba kuchazwe imithetho. Ukungachazi nokurhoxiwa kubangela iingxaki ezibalulekileyo kwimeko-bume yezosasazo zale mihla, kwaye amasebe amaninzi onyulo avelise iindlela zokuphendula ngokukhawuleza ukulwa kwemiba echaphazamiso yonyulo okanye abanyuli. Amaqonga eenkqubo ezentlalo nawobucukubhede nawo aye asungula imigaqo yokuchaza okanye ukususa oko kuthethwayo okuchasene nemigaqo yawo yenkonzo ephathelelene nengqibelelo yonyulo.

Iingxoxo Neengxoxo Zoluntu

Iingxoxo zomongameli ziphakathi kwezona zijongiweyo ngexesha lonyulo. Zinika abavoti ithuba lokuthelekisa abatshayi ngqo kwiinkqubo zabo, isimo, kunye namandla okusebenza phantsi kwengcinezelo. Iingxoxo zidla ngokulungelelwaniswa ziikhomishini ezizimeleyo okanye imibutho yamajelo eendaba. Le nkqubo iyahluka, kodwa iquka iintetho zokuvula, imibuzo ephakathi, kunye namagqabaza okuqukumbela. Kwamanye amazwe, abathathi-nxaxheba kumanani aphantsi eengxoxo njengemeko yokufumana inkxaso kawonke-wonke.

Iingxubusho zisebenza imisebenzi emininzi: ziyabazisa abavoti, zivumela abatshabhileyo ukuba basabele ekugxekweni, kwaye zivavanya amandla abo okucinga ngeenyawo zabo. Zikwayila amaxesha angenakulibaleka anokususa iphulo lephulo. Noko ke, iingxoxo azinampikiswano. Amalungu asenokuxhathisa ukuba nenxaxheba, ukoyika ukuba iingxoxo ziphakamise abagxeki bawo. Iingxoxo, njengokusetyenziswa kwe podiums ngokumelene neholo yedolophu, zingaba ziindawo zokuphikisana. Noko ke, iingxoxo zihlala zisekho kwisiseko sovotetho lwedemokhkh.

Ubuchule bokhetho lwangaphambili kunye nolungiselelo

Uyilo lomculo webhola kunye noshicilelo

Uyilo nokwenziwa kwebhola ngumsebenzi onobuchule omele uqinisekise ukucaca, ukhuseleko, kunye nokuchana. Iibhola kufuneka ziquke amagama abo bonke abatsha abanconyelweyo, ngokuqhelekileyo adweliswe ngolungelelwano olumiselwe kwangaphambili, ngokufuthi olumiselwa ngelottery okanye ulandelelwano loonobumba. Kufuneka zishicilelwe kwiphepha elikhuselekileyo, ngokufuthi ngemiboniso yamanzi okanye ezinye iimpawu ezichasene nokujika. Kumazwe asebenzisa i-elektroniki, ibhola iboniswe kwikhusi, kwaye i-software kufuneka ivavanywe ngocoselelo nokhuseleko.

Uyilo lwebhola yebhola lubaluleke kakhulu kunokuba abantu abaninzi beqonda. Abavoti abayilwe ngamahlwempu bangadida abavoti, bakhokelela kwimivoti ebolileyo okanye iivoti zengozi kubavoti abangakhange bajongwe. Impikiswano edumileyo "yomkhaphelo webhola" kunyulo lomongameli wase Florida ngowama 2000. Ibhola zale mihla zisoloko ziquka imiyalelo ecacileyo, iifonti ezinkulu, kunye nemibala ephezulu ekhankanyiweyo ukuqinisekisa ukufumaneka kwabo bonke abavoti, kuquka nabo banezinto ezibonakalayo.

Ummiselo wesitishi esingcolisayo

Iikhomishini zokhetho kufuneka zikhethe kwaye zilungiselele amawaka ezikhululo zokuvota kulo lonke ilizwe. Izitishi zokurhoxisa zibekwe kwizakhiwo zikawonke-wonke ezinjengezikolo, amaziko oluntu, nee-ofisi zikarhulumente. Kufuneka zifikeleleke kubavoti abaneziphene, zinikezele amathuba aneleyo okuvota, zibonelele ukuba zizimele zodwa ngokwaneleyo ukuze zifumane indawo yokuvota. Isitishi ngasinye sokuvota sixhotyiswe ngeebhekile zokuvota, iibhokisi zovota (ezimele zivalwe kwaye zikhuseleke), iingxelo zophawulo, kunye nezinto zokufundisa.

Ukumiswa kwesikhululo sokuvota kwenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuhamba okugudileyo kwabavoti ekuvoteni ukuya ekurhoxeni. Abasebenzi abasebenza ngemingcipheko baqeqeshelwa ukunceda abavoti, ukuqinisekisa ukuba banyanisekile, ukusingatha iimeko ezikhethekileyo (njengezivoti ezingakwaziyo ukufunda okanye ezifuna uncedo), kunye nokugcina ucwangco. Kumazwe amaninzi, izitishi zokuvota nazo zisebenza ngabameli beqela okanye ababukeli abazimeleyo abajonge inkqubo yezenzo ezingaqhelekanga.

Ukuvavanya kunye nokuqinisekisa ngezixhobo zokunika

Ukuba kusetyenziswa oomatshini bokuvota okanye abavavanya iimboni, kufuneka bavavanywe ngokungqongqo phambi kosuku lonyulo. Iikhomishini zokhetho zifuna isatifiketi ngokuzimela ngovavanyo oluzimeleyo oluqinisekisa ukusebenza koomatshini ngokuchanekileyo kwaye lukhuselekile ekuphathweni kwenkqubo yophando. Oku kuvavanya kubandakanya ubuchule kunye novavanyo locoselelo, apho iibhola zisetyenziswa ngomatshini ukuqinisekisa ukuba amavoti abhalwe ngokuchanekileyo. Kwezinye iindawo, ikhowudi yemvelaphi ye-software yokuvota yenziwa ukuba ifumaneke ukuze kuhlolisiswe uwonke-wonke okanye kuhlolwe iingcali ezizimeleyo.

Ukhuseleko lwezixhobo zokuvota luyinkxalabo ekhulayo. Abaphandi baye babonakalisa ubuchule obugqithisileyo kwezinye imatshini zokuvota ze-elektroniki, nto leyo ekhokelela ekugxininisweni kweerekhodi ezisekelwe kwiphepha. Amazwe amaninzi ngoku afuna ukuba zonke iinkqubo ze-elektroniki zivelise umkhondo wephepha elivotayo, ukuvumela ukuba unxibelelwano lwezandla lucholo ukuba luyimfuneko. Iikhomishini zokhetho zikwaphumeza iinkqubo ezingqongqo zokukhusela i-ekhonteneti kunye ne-software ekufikeleleni okungagunyaziswangagunyaziswanga phambi, phakathi, nasemva konyulo.

Iinkqubo zosuku lokhetho

Imisebenzi yesikhululo sokungcolisa

Ngosuku lonyulo, izitishi zokuvota zivuleka ekuseni kwaye zivalekile ngokuhlwa, ngokufuthi ngefestile yokusebenza esisigxina yeeyure ezili-12 ukuya kwezili-15. Abasebenzi abagcothayo bafika ngaphambi kokuba bavule izixhobo, baqinisekise ukuba iibhokisi zebholothi azinanto, kwaye zigqibelele iinkqubo zokuvula. IiVoter ziqala ukufika, kwaye inkqubo ityhileka ngokwemithetho engqongqo. Kwitheminali esemthethweni, kwigumbi lokuvota, umvoti unika uphawulo, kwaye umvoti uqinisekisa ukuba igama lomvoti livele kwireji okanye liphawula irekhonki. Kwinkqubo ezininzi, umvoti uyaqhubeka kwisakhiwo sokuchola ibhola yabo, iibhola eziqeshiweyo.

Kuyo yonke imini, abachopheli bonyulo kunye nabameli beqela bajonge inkqubo. Bangakucel ’ umngeni ukufaneleka kwabavoti ngabanye okanye okungangqinelaniyo okubhaliweyo. Kumazwe amaninzi, intelekelelo yentengiso yokuphuma komjelo-ndaba, ebandakanya ukucela abavoti njengoko beshiya isitishi sokuvota indlela abavota ngayo, benika imiqondiso yokuqala yesiphumo. Uhlolisiso lwangaphandle asiyoziphumo ezisemthethweni kodwa lunganika ugcino-lwazi olubalulekileyo lokuhlalutyo nokufumana ubuqhetseba.

Amalungiselelo okudlulisela iintetho akhethekileyo

Asingabo bonke abavoti abanokuvota umntu ngosuku lonyulo. Amazwe amaninzi anikela ezinye iindlela zokuvota, kuquka ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, ukuvota, nokuvota kwabemi abahlala kwelinye ilizwe. Uvotelo lwangaphambili luvumela abavoti ukuba baphose amavoti abo kwimimandla emiselweyo phambi kosuku lonyulo. Uvotelo lweposi, olubizwa ngokuba luvotelo lwamaposi, lusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumazwe anjengeSwitzerland, apho phantse bonke abavoti baphoswa ngeposi, nakuUnited States, apho ii-posi zonyuso zithandwa kakhulu khona.

Ukuthembeka kokuvota iposi kuxhomekeke kwimveliso ekhuselekileyo yebhola, ukuhanjiswa kweposi ethembekileyo, kunye nokuqinisekiswa okungqongqo kochazo lovoti kunye notyikityo. Iikhomishini zokhetho kufuneka ziqinisekise ukuba iibhola zomsonto zithunyelwa kuphela kubavoti ababhalisiweyo, ukuba iibhola ezibuyisiweyo zibalwa kuphela ukuba zifunyenwe ngexesha elimisiweyo, kwaye ukuba ibhola nganye iqinisekiswe njengenyani. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa iinkqubo zokuvota eziqinisekisa ezithelekisa utyikityo kwimvulophu yebhola notyikityo kwifayile. Abanye bafuna amangqina okanye ukungagunyaziswa ukuze baqinisekise ii-i-indola.

Ufikelelo kunye noXhaso

Amagosa okhetho kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba bonke abavoti abafanelekileyo bangathabatha inxaxheba. Oku kuquka ukunikezela ngeendawo zokuhlala kubavoti abaneziphene, njengezitishi zokuvota ezifumaneka ngabasebenzi abanamavili abanamavili, izicatshulwa-zincwadi ezinkulu okanye iibholoti zebrolathi, kunye noomatshini bokuvota abanokusetyenziswa ngabavoti abanengxaki yemoto. Uncedo lwelwimi lubalulekile nakuluntu oluthetha iilwimi ezininzi. Amanye amazwe anika abavoti abasebenzi bokhetho ngeelwimi ezininzi, ngoxa abanye bevumela abaphandi beelwimi ezimbini-ilwimi ezimbini ukuba bancede abathetha iilwimi ezimbalwa.

Amaphulo okufundisa abantu abalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba abavoti bayakwazi ukubhalisa, ukuba banokuvota phi, nendlela yokuphawula ngokuchanekileyo. Iikhomishini zokhetho zisoloko zisebenzisa amaphulo okulumkisa uluntu ngomabonwakude, unomathotholo, kunye namajelo okugcina ulwazi, kunye nokusasaza izinto ezishicilelweyo. Le migudu ibaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kumazwe anamanani aphezulu abantu abangafundilenga okanye apho unyulo lungaqalanga. Injongo kukuhlisa iibhola eziphangaleleyo nokuqinisekisa ukuba yonke imivoti ibalulekile.

Ubalo kunye nojikelezo

Ukuhamba ngombane kobuchule

Inkqubo yokubala amavoti iqala ngokukhawuleza xa izitishi zokuvota zikufuphi. Kumazwe amaninzi, iibhola ezikhatywa ngesandla ngabasebenzi bovolo kwiqonga ngalinye. Le nkqubo iqwalaselwa ngabameli beqela nababukeli abazimeleyo. Ukubala ngezandla kucace gca kodwa kusenokucotha, ingakumbi kwiingingqi ezinkulu. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa izivavanyi ezibala iibhola ngokuzenzekelayo, zinika iziphumo ngokukhawuleza, nangona zifuna uqinisekiso kunye nogcino ngeerekhodi zephepha.

Ukhetho phakathi kobalo lwezandla nolwezi elektroniki lubandakanya ubalo lwendlela edityanisiweyo phakathi kwesantya, ukuchanabeka, kunye nokubonakala. Ubalo lwezandla lunciphisa ubungozi bempazamo ze-software okanye ukuqhekeza kodwa lungathotywa yimpazamo yomntu kwaye lungacotha. Ubalo lwe-electronic lukhawulezile kwaye lusebenza kakuhle kodwa luzisa inkxalabo ngokuthembeka kwe-software. Ii-grafiki ezininzi zisebenzisa indlela edityanisiweyo, apho iibhola ezinxinwa nge-injini kodwa isampula engaqhelekanga okanye ubalo lwezandla olupheleleyo luqhutywa ukuqinisekisa iziphumo. Kumazwe afana neUnited States, ubalo olukhulu lwemishini esetyenziswa rhoqo ngezixhobo ze-elektroniki ngexa zinokusetyenziswa ngesandla.

Ubungcwangu Bokugcina Umntwana Nonqabiseko

Ukugcina ukhuseleko lwebhola zokhuseleko kuyo yonke inkqubo yokubala kubalulekileyo. Iibhola kufuneka zigcinwe phantsi kwesitshixo kunye nesitshixo, ngokugqithiselwa komntwana okubhaliweyo kwitsheyina lokulinganisa isantya somthetho. Iinqanawa zolwandle ezikwibhokisi zokhuseleko kufuneka ziqinisekiswe njengezingadityaniswanga ngaphambi kokuba kuqalise ukubala. Kwinkqubo ze-elektroniki, iirekhodi zamanani kufuneka zikhuselwe ekuphakameni, kwaye ukufikelela kwiikhompyutha ezilawulayo makube kumiselwe abasebenzi abagunyazisiweyo.

Iikhomishini zokhetho ziphumeza imithetho engqongqo yokuthintela ukuphakanyiswa. Ezi ziquka amanyathelo okhuseleko aphathekayo, anjengeegumbi lokugcina kunye nolawulo, kunye neemilinganiselo yeprocedtural, njengokufuna utyikityo olusuka kumagosa amaninzi kwisigaba ngasinye senkqubo. Abahloli abazimeleyo baqwalasela inkqubo yokubala ukuchaza naziphi na izinto ezingaguquguqukiyo. Nakuphi na ukungqubana phakathi kwenani labavoti, okanye nabuphi na ubungqina bokwenza uphando, kubangela uphando.

Uxolelwano Nokuqinisekiswa

Phambi kokuba kuvakaliswe iziphumo, amagosa onyulo kufuneka alungelelanise inani leevoti ezilayishwe nenani labavoti abarekhodiweyo. Olu manyano luqinisekisa ukuba akukho voti zongezelelweyo okanye zishenxisiwe. Amagosa akwathelekisa iziphumo kwicandelo ngalinye kwimilinganiselo yembali kunye nezinye imimandla kwisithili esinye ukuchaza ii-omany esenokubonakalisa ubuqhetseba okanye imposiso. Ukuba ukungavumelani kufunyenwe, ikhomishini ingayalela ukuba ingxelo okanye uphando.

Uqinisekiso lungaquka uphicotho-manani lweziphumo zonyulo. Amazwe amaninzi aqhuba uphicotho-zincwadi lwasemva kokhetho, apho isampuli engakhethiyo yamacandelo ikhethelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuchana kwengxelo yesandla yophando lwe-elektroniki. Olu xwebhu lunika uvavanyo oluzimeleyo kwiziphumo ezisemthethweni kwaye lunceda ukwakha ukuthemba uluntu. Ukuba uphicotho-zincwadi lutyhila iimpazamo ezingamkelekanga, ingxelo epheleleyo ingaqhutywa.

Ukuqinisekisa kunye neziphumo eziqhelekileyo

Isaziso Esisemthethweni Nopapasho

Xa ukubala kwevoti kugqityiwe kwaye yonke imibaliso isombululwe, ikhomishini yonyulo yenza iziphumo zibe zezisemthethweni zicombululeke. Iziphumo zipapashwa, ngokwesiko kwiwebhsayithi yomakhomishini nangeziqhagamshelanisi zolawulo ezisemthethweni. Kumazwe amaninzi, iziphumo zisuswa ngokukhutshwa sisikhululo sokuvota, ukuvumela abatshayeli kunye nababukeli ukuba baziqinisekise ngokwabo. Iziphumo ezisemthethweni ziquka inani elipheleleyo leevoti zomvoteli ngamnye, inani leebhola zomvoti, kunye novoti-voti.

Isibhengezo seziphumo yinkqubo ecwangcisiweyo esoloko ibandakanya umsitho kawonke-wonke. Kwamanye amazwe, iziphumo zikwathunyelwa kwiqumrhu lowiso-mthetho okanye kwinkundla yomGaqo-siseko ukuze kukhutshwe ityala. Eli nyathelo lisemthethweni libalulekile ukuze kufunyanwe iziphumo, njengoko ibonisa ukuba unyulo luye lwenziwa ngokuvisisana nomthetho nokuba iziphumo zigqibele.

Amabali Neengxaki Ezingokwasemthethweni

Kunyulo olusondeleyo, abo bangaphumeleliyo bangacela ukuba baxele, okanye ukuba kuthenjiwe, bangafaka ucelomngeni lomthetho. Imithetho yokhetho ichaza iziphumo zokucela ubalo, ezifana nomda omxinwa woloyiso okanye ubungqina obumxinwa bobuphazamiso kubalo. Iingxelo zinokuba yincwadi yesandla okanye ye-elektroniki, kuxhomekeke kwindlela ebekwe ngayo isityholo. Ukuba ubalo luqinisekisa iziphumo, iziphumo zikhona. Ukuba iziphumo zityhila iimpazamo, iziphumo zingalungiswa.

Imingeni esemthethweni kwiziphumo zonyulo iqhelekile kunyulo oluphikiswayo. Abamangalelwa-mthetho bangafaka uxwebhu olugunyazisa ukukhotyokiswa, ukucinezelwa kwevoti, okanye iimpazamo zolawulo. La matyala aviwa ziinkundla zonyulo okanye iinkundla ezithe rhoqo, ezinamandla okuyalela unyulo olutsha, ukulungisa iziphumo, okanye ukuxhasa iziphumo zantlalo yantlalo. Kwamanye amazwe, inkundla yomgaqo-siseko ithetha okokugqibelela kwiimbambano zonyulo. Isigqibo semingeni esemthethweni singathabatha iiveki okanye kwaneenyanga, silibazisa ukunikezelwa komongameli. U. U. Umzekelo, unyulo lomongameli wase- 2000. U. unyulo lonyulo lwagwebo lwagwetyelwa ngokunempumelelo yiNkuNkulwa kweNkulwa ePhakamileyo kwityala [[FLT:] BB] v [FLD], i-Gov.[FLD: 1]

Ukuqwalasela nokuqinisekiswa kwehlabathi lonke

Amazwe amaninzi amema abachopheli bonyulo lwezizwe ngezizwe ukuba baqwalasele inkqubo yonyulo baze banike uqikelelo oluzimeleyo lobulungisa balo. Iingxelo zabo zinceda ukuqinisekisa iziphumo zonyulo nokuNcediselwa koMbutho eYurophu (OSCE), iEuropean Union, i-Afrikaan Union, kunye neSiko le Carter sithumelela abaqwalaseli ukuvavanya isiseko esisemthethweni, imeko-bume yephulo, ihambo yokuvota, kunye nenkqubo yokubala. Iingxelo zabo zinceda ekuqinisekiseni iziphumo zonyulo nokunika iingcebiso zenkqubela kwixesha elizayo.

Uluvo lwehlabathi lubaluleke kakhulu kumazwe anembali yogonyamelo lonyulo, amaziko abuthathaka, okanye ukuguqulwa kwakutshanje kwidemokhrasi. Abaqwalaseli banikela imbono yobundilele enokuthintela ubuqhetseba kwaye ibangele ukuthembana kwabantu. Noko ke, uluvo lwabo lulungile kuphela ngokufikelela kwabo nobuchule babo. Kwezinye iimeko, oorhulumente baye bathintela ukufikelela okanye ukukhathazwa kwabo, behlisa ukuthembeka kwenkqubo yokuqwalasela.

IElectoral College eUnited States

I-United States isebenzisa inkqubo engangqalanga yokunyula umongameli owaziwayo njengeElectoral College. Phantsi kwale nkqubo, abavoti baphosa abavoti abathembise ukuxhasa umvotelwa othile. Urhulumente ngamnye wabelwa inani labanyuli elilingana nomelo lwalo olupheleleyo kwiBhunga (abaphathi ababini kunye nenani labo bameli). ISithilishi saseColumbia sifumana abavoti abathathu. Kukho abavoti abangama-58 bebonke, kwaye umvotisi ufuna uninzi lwabachongi abangama-270 ukuze baphumelele.

I-Electoral College idibana ngoDisemba emva konyulo, kwaye iziphumo ziqinisekiswe yiKhonkla yeQumrhu ngoJanuwari. Indlu yabameli ingabizwa ukuba igqibele ukuba akukho mvoteki ufumana unyulo oluninzi. Le ngxelo, eyaziwa ngokuba lunyulo oluxhomekeke kunyulo, yenzeke kabini kwimbali yase-U.S., kutshanje ngo1824. Inkqubo yeElectoral College igxekwe ngokuvumela umvoti ukuba aphumelele kwivoti eyaziwayo ngexesha lokuphulukana novoti, njengoko kwenzeka ngo 2000 nango2016. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ikhusela izilangazelelo zamazwe amancinane kwaye ikhuthaza ukuba kukhuthulwe isiseko somhlaba obanzi.

Indima Yobugcisa Kukhetho Lwanamhlanje

Ubugcisa buguqule phantse zonke iinkalo zonyulo lomongameli, ukusuka kubhaliso lovoti kunye nenkxaso-mali yephulo lokukhupha igalelo lomthetho kwaye iziphumo zibangele ukuba kubekho ukhupho. Iinkqubo zokuvota ngekhompyutha, umbhali we-intanethi, kunye nokubhaliswa kwe-intanethi ye-intanethi, ngoku zisasazeke kakhulu. Noko ke, ukwenziwa kobugcisa obusetyenziswayo kubangela ukuba kubekho ubungozi, ukuqhekeza ngekhompyutha, ukurhoxisa, kunye nokusasazwa kwenkcazelo engeyonyaniso. Ikhomishini yokhetho kufuneka ilungelelanise inzuzo yobugcisa kunye nokufuna ukhuseleko nokubonakala.

I-Cybersecurity ibaluleke kakhulu kubalawuli bonyulo. Amanye amazwe aseke iziqu ezilinganayo ukuze aqhube uhlolo, anikeze uqeqesho lokhuseleko, kunye neziphumo zemeko. Ukusetyenziswa kweblokochain nezinye iteknoloji ezikhokelayo zokhuseleko ezisetyenziswayo ekugcineni unyulo lwerekhodi ziyahlolwa kwizicelo zonyulo, nangona ukunyuswa kokhetho kusekude.

Imilinganiselo Yamazwe Ngamazwe Nokuthelekiswa

Iinkqubo zonyulo lomongameli ziyahluka-hluka ehlabathini lonke. Ngokomzekelo, ulonyulo lwama-United Kingdom nolwamaIndiya, lusebenzisa iinkqubo zepalamente apho intloko yorhulumente ingumphathiswa, kungekhona umongameli onyuliweyo ngqo. Noko ke, kwiinkqubo ezininzi zomongameli, njengaleyo yaseBrazil, eMexico, naseNigeria, inkqubo yonyulo ilandela inkqubo efana neyokuba chazwe ngasentla. Umahluko ongundoqo uquka ubukho bonyulo olubalekayo, apho umvotelelwa kufuneka afikelele uninzi ukuphepha umjikelo wesibini, nokusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yokuvota engangqalanga.

Ulawulo-melo oluninzi luye lwamkela uqheliselo olulunge ngakumbi kulawulo lonyulo, kuquka ukusetyenziswa kookhomishini abazimeleyo bonyulo, ukubala okucacileyo, kunye nobuchule bokucombulula impikiswano. Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe, enjenge [[FLT: 0] ye-Eulan Democracy Union Democracy Observations kwi-Evolutions neZizwe ezimanyeneyo], zinika izikhokelo kunye noncedo lobugcisa kumazwe afuna ukuphucula iinkqubo zawo zokukhetha. Le milinganiselo igxininisa ukubaluleka kokungakhethi buso, ukurhoxanduva, nokuphendula.

Umzekelo ophawulekayo yinkqubo yovolo oluninzi olukwiqonga eBrazil, equka ukuvota kwezembane, ukuchola kwe-biometric, kunye neqondo eliphezulu lomatshini wokukhetha. Inkqubo yokhetho lwaseBrazil inconywe ngesantya sayo kunye nocoselelo, neziphumo ezikhoyo kwiyure zokuvala. Igunya lelizwe elilawula uvotelo, iNkundla ye-Electoral, ijonge zonke iinkalo zenkqubo, ukusuka kwivoti ukuya kwiziphumo. Ngokufanayo, iKhomishini yoMphathi-mikhosi ye-Ecomputer ilawula ukuqheliswa kwedemokhrasi enkulu ehlabathini, ngokubhalisa, ngokuvota, ngokuvota, ukucwangcisa izitishi, nokuvota okuqhutywa ngobuchule obungaqhelekanga. Ukuze ubone iinkcukacha ezininzi, [FT: 0] i-ekhomishini ye-burhulumente ye-Indiya.[1]

Ucelomngeni Nokuqwalasela Utshintsho

Phezu kwako nje ukomelela kweenkqubo zonyulo ezimisiweyo, imingeni emininzi iyaqhubekeka. Ukucinezelwa kweVoter, ukurhoxiswa kwenkcazelo, kunye nokuphazanyiswa kwamanye amazwe kuyaqhubeka kusongela ingqibelelo yonyulo lwemali kumazwe amaninzi. Utshintsho lwezenkcitho, ukuphucula ukufikelela kwi-computer, kunye nemilinganiselo enamandla yokungakhuselwa kwekhompyutha ziinkalo zokuqhubeka zingxoxo. Iingcali ezininzi ziphikisa ngelithi ukuvota okuzenzekelayo, ukuvota okuzimeleyo, kunye nemijelo yemithetho esemthethweni yoomatshini bokuvota ziinguqulo eziyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba unyulo luhlala lulungile yaye luthembekile.

Isikhokelo sonyulo lomongameli sisenzo esiqhubekayo sokuphucula, nomjikelo ngamnye obonisa ubuchule obutsha kunye namathuba okusungula. Ukuthemba uluntu kwinkqubo yokunyulwa kuyimfuneko kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi, kwaye intembelo ixhomekeke ekucaceni, kumsebenzi womsebenzi, nasekungakhethini koomlawuli bonyulo kulo lonke ixesha. Njengoko unyulo lusiba luntsokothile, ukuzinikela kwiinkqubo ezingqongqo, ulawulo oluzimeleyo, kunye nomthetho uya kuhlala usisiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi. Imbono enegunya yezizwe ngezizwe ngeendawo ezikhethiweyo, i-OSCOSCE ofisi yeDExposttions and Rights Human Rights (ODIHR)[FOLD:1] inikela ubhaqo lokhetho kunye neengxelo ezibanzi.