Ukuqonda Isebe Elilawulayo: Injini Yomthetho Enyanzelwayo

Isebe Elilawulayo limi njengenye yeentsika ezintathu ezilinganayo zikarhulumente worhulumente wesizwe saseUnited States, libekwe ityala elibalulekileyo lokumisa imithetho emiselwe yiBhunga. Eli sebe lilawulwa nguMongameli weUnited States, liguqulela iinjongo zowiso-mthetho emsebenzini, lilawule imisebenzi yemini-mini-mini karhulumente karhulumente, lize lilawule inkqubo yamazwe angaphandle. Ukuyiqonda kakuhle indlela esebenzayo yokulawula kweMelika, umntu kufuneka aqonde isakhiwo, amandla, kunye nemicimbi yehlabathi lokwenene yeSebe eliphetheyo. Oku kuqwalasela oku kwandisiwe kunika ukujonga okunzulu kwicandelo lalo, igunya, kunye nendima yalo ehlala ihleliyo kwiRiphabliki.

Isiseko sesebe eliphetheyo

Isebe eliLawulayo asiloqumrhu lomntu omnye; liyintlangano entsonkothileyo, egqunywe ngomaleko, elungiselelwe ukuphumeza uludwe oluninzi lweembopheleleko. Isiseko salo sidweliswe kwiGatya II lomGaqo-siseko wase-United States, kodwa indlela elisebenza ngayo ngoku ngokuphawulekayo ivela ngomthetho, ngesenzo solawulo oluphezulu, nangenkqubo yembali. Amalungu angundoqo aquka uMongameli, uMongameli, uMongameli weSigqeba, kunye nothungelwano oluthe kratya lwemibutho kunye namasebe esizwe.

UMongameli: Ulawulo oluPhezulu neNtloko kaRhulumente

UMongameli we-United States usebenza njengentloko yorhulumente kunye nentloko yorhulumente, indima ephindwe kabini edibanisa imisebenzi yezomthetho kunye namandla olawulo angaphantsi. UMgaqo-siseko unika igunya eliphakamileyo kuMongameli, ufuna umphathi ukuba “anyamekele ukuba iMithetho iphumelwe ngokuthembekileyo.” Le mithetho isisiseko somgaqo-siseko somsebenzi womthetho wokunyanzelisa isebe. Lo mlawuli unegunya lokulawula ityala elidluliswe yiNgqungquthela, umisela abagwebi bephondo (kuquka abagwebi abaPhathi abaPhathi-mthetho abaphezulu) kunye namagosa aphezulu, anika izindululo zetyala, amagosa axolela amatyala angoorhulumente, asebenza njengesiseko soMlawuli-Chempetho wemikhosi yezomkhosi. La mazwe avumela uMongameli ukuba alungise imicimbi yesizwe kunye nezenzo zokuhlola imicimbi yesizwe, ngexesha lokumisela amagosa eeofisini eeofisini amashumi eminyaka kunye nezolawulo lwe-Uni ye-Uni ye-U.

Umongameli OnguMongameli OnguMongameli: Iqabane Elibalulekayo

Umongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli ongumongameli ophezulu wesibini, onomsebenzi ophambili wokulandela uMongameli ukuba iofisi ingabikho. Ukongeza kule ndima ilandelelwayo, uMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli weCala, ofaka amavoti xa kuyimfuneko. Oomongameli bale mihla baye bathatha iimbopheleleko ezandisiweyo, ngokufuthi bacebisa uMongameli kwimimandla engundoqo yezomgaqo-nkqubo, emela ulawulo kwiinkonzo zezentlalo-zwelonke, kwaye bakhokela amanyathelo akhethekileyo. Umzekelo, oomongameli bebameli baye bathatha iindima eziphambili kwiindawo ezinjengenkqubo zesithuba, amandla oqoqosho, kunye nentsabelo sembutho.

IKhabhinethi namaSebe aphetheyo

IKhabhinethi sisakhiwo sesithethe ```ilungu eliyintloko loMgaqo-siseko''' onezintloko zamasebe alawulayo ali-15. Aba babhali (naba basebenzi jikelele njengentloko yeSebe loBululami) bamiselwa nguMongameli kwaye baqinisekiswa yiBhunga. Basebenza njengabameli abaphambili bemicimbi kwimida yabo ehlukeneyo. Isebe leKhabhinethi liyiyunithi ephambili yokusebenza karhulumente:

  • Isebe lelizwe – Ilawula ulwalamano lwamanye amazwe kunye nolawulo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isebe leNgxelo yeMali – Ijonga inkqubo yezoqoqosho, imali, kunye nokuqokelelwa kwengeniso.
  • IMvume yoKhuselo – Inika umkhosi ofunekayo ukunqanda imfazwe nokukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe.
  • ISindululo soMphathiswa we- – i-Enkforss mithetho karhulumente, imele i-U.S. kwimicimbi engokwasemthethweni, kwaye iqhuba iFBI.
  • [[UMTL:0] Indawo yeMbindi – Ilawula amazwe olawulo, ubuncwane bendalo, kunye nemicimbi yendabuko yeMelika.
  • Isebe lezolimo[[FLT] – Inkxaso yabalimi, iqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokutya, kwaye ilawula ukukhula kwasemaphandleni.
  • Isebe lorhwebo[[FLT:] – ukhuthaza uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho, urhwebo, kunye nophuhliso lobugcisa.
  • Isebe lemisebenzi – inyanzela imithetho yomsebenzi, imigangatho, neengenelo.
  • Isebe lezempilo kunye neeNkonzo zoluntu – ikhusela impilo kawonke-wonke kwaye inika iinkqubo ezifana neMedicare kunye neMedicaid.
  • Isebe lezindlu nophuhliso lwe-Urban – idilesi zezindlu ezifunekayo kunye nophuhliso loluntu.
  • Isebe lezothutho – iqinisekisa inkqubo ekhuselekileyo, esebenzayo yezothutho.
  • Isebe lamandla ` – ilawula unikezelo lwamandla lwelizwe, izixhobo zenyukliya, kunye nophando lwenzululwazi.
  • Isebe lemfundo[[FLT:] – iququzelela uncedo lwezwe kwimfundo kwaye inyanzelisa amalungelo asekuhlaleni ezikolo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isebe leMicimbi yeVeterans – linikezela ngeengenelo kunye nonyango kumagqala asemkhosini.
  • Indawe yoKhuseleko lwasekhaya – ikhusela ubugrogrisi kunye nokusabela kwintlekele zendalo.

Ngaphaya kweKhabhinethi, kukho amakhulu amasebe azimeleyo, amaqumrhu olawulo, kunye neenkampani zikarhulumente − njenge-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA), i-Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), i-Social Security Administration, kunye ne-United States Postal Service nkonzo ekhethekileyo. La maqumrhu asebenza ngamaqondo ahlukeneyo okuzimela ngokwahlukeneyo ekulawuleni okungqalileyo, ngokufuthi asekwa yiBhunga-ngqungquthela ukugquma izigqibo ezithile kwimpembelelo yezobupolitika.

Amandla esebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu: Izixhobo zoLawulo

Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu lisebenzisa uludwe olunamandla anamandla abangela ukuba likwazi ukunyanzelisa imithetho, inkqubo yokubumba, lize lisabele kwiziganeko zesizwe nezezizwe ngezizwe. La mandla asuka kumGaqo-siseko, abathunywa abangomthetho abasuka kwiBhunga, kunye nokuqhelisela ixesha elide.

Ukunyanzeliswa kweMithetho yoMbutho

Elona gunya lisisiseko leSebe Elilawulayo kukumiswa kwemithetho emiselwe ngokwesivumelwano. Oku kufezwa ngokudalwa kwemithetho, uphando lokwaphulwa kwemithetho, nokutshutshiswa kwabenzi bolwaphulo-mthetho. Amasebe omthetho omanyano.

Ukulungelelaniswa kwemigaqo nemiyalelo yegunya

UMongameli unegunya lokukhupha imiyalelo yabalawuli, imemoridia, kunye nezibhengezo ezilathisa imisebenzi karhulumente worhulumente. Ngoxa imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ingeyomithetho kwingqiqo yequmrhu, iphethe umthetho wamaqumrhu karhulumente kwaye inokuba neziphumo ezitshayelelayo. Umzekelo, uMongameli uHarry Truman wasebenzisa umyalelo olawulayo ukuphelisa amajoni axhobileyo, kunye noMongameli uFrank Franklin D. Imiyalelo ye-Roselvelt egunyaziweyo egunyaziswe i-Japan ngolungelelwano lwegunya lolawulo lwesizwe. Le miyalelo imele ibekwe kwiBhunga loMgaqo-siseko okanye igunya elikhoyo, kwaye isenokuphenjelwa nguMphathiswa yiBhunga (ngemthetho) okanye yinkundla (ukuba ifunyenwe ingalawulwangamiselwangagunyanga). Imiyalelo ye-osomaqhinga i-mthetho ingulo-ofisi yezomthetho ingunjalelo yakutshanje, ingumzekelo wokulawula i-agrogrisi, kunye nokutshintsha-mo-mo-mo-modus.

Ukuqhuba imicimbi yamazwe angaphandle neSivumelwano soLawulo

UMongameli ungoyena myili wezolawulo wamazwe angaphandle e-U.S. njengentloko yelizwe. NjengoMongameli umele ilizwe kwizivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, uthethana (ofuna iNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso yesithathu), kwaye angene kwizivumelwano zegunya (ongafuni iNdlu yeNdlu yeKhonthi). UMongameli ufumana amanxusa asemzini kwaye uyabazi oorhulumente bamanye amazwe. Amandla okuqaphela amazwe . Ngomzekelo, asebenzisa ulawulo lwamazwe, umkhosi, ngokomzekelo, ukuqaphela uRhulumente wakwaSirayeli okanye ukutshintsha kobuhlobo nomkhosi waseCubani. Ngaphezu koko, uMongameli usebenza njengeNkulungeleko-i-i-Siphetho semikhosi exhobileyo, ithetha ityala lomyalelo wolawulo lwe-Oval. Ngexesha lomthetho wesizwe, oomongameli be-Romist orgicentine.[0]

Amandla Okumisa Nokutshitshisa Icudiary

UMongameli umisela abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, kuquka abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, inkundla yezibheno, kunye nabagwebi benkundla yesithili, bephantsi kwesiqinisekiso seNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Oku kumiselwa kobomi bonke kunika uMongameli impembelelo ehlala ihleli kwisebe lezahluleli, iphembelela indlela imithetho echazwa ngayo izizukulwana. Ngokufanayo, uMongameli umisela oopostile, oonobhala beKhabhinethi, kunye namanye amawaka amagosa aphezulu. Eli gunya livumela uMongameli ukuba asebenze norhulumente nabantu abanombono wenkqubo yolawulo, kodwa kwakhona lifuna ubuchule bezobupolitika ekuqhubeni inkqubo yokuqinisekisa, nto enokuba yingxabano.

Imisebenzi Eqhubekayo: Oko Isebe eliphethe kakuhle Lenza Yonk ’ Imihla

Ngaphaya kwamandla omgangatho ophezulu, iSebe eliphetheyo liphumeza iseti yemisebenzi eqhubekayo echaphazela phantse yonke inkalo yobomi baseMelika. Le mbopheleleko yokusebenza ifezwa ngumsebenzi omkhulu worhulumente.

Ukusebenzisa Imithetho

Xa iBhunga lidlulisa umthetho, isoloko ikhokela umbutho olawulayo ukwenza imithetho enkcubeko yokuzalisekisa. Inkqubo ye yokwenza umthetho ilawulwa nguMthetho wolawulo, ofuna isaziso sikawonke-wonke, amaxesha okuphendula, kunye nohlalutyo lwamaxabiso neengenelo. Umzekelo, u-Deac Moyer Act othunywe igunya kwi-EPA ukuseka imigangatho yokukhupha ungcoliseko. Lo mthetho uyinxenye engundoqo yomthetho wokunyanzelisa i-Projini.[1]it iguqulela izindululo ezibanzi zemithetho-mthetho kwimfuno ezithe ngqo, ezinyanzelelwayo. Udidi lwe-Federal Registernstals amaphepha amawaka emimiselo emitsha nyaka ngamnye.

Ulawulo lweenkqubo zomanyano

ISebe leSebe lezemfundo elinoLawulo oluPhezulu lilawula iinkqubo ezithe zasasazwa kwizigidi zabantu baseMerika. ULawulo loKhuseleko loNyaka luhambisa umhlala-phantsi neenzuzo zokukhubazeka. Le nkqubo ifuna ulawulo olukhulu, iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yokulawula, ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yemiqathango yezemfundo isebenza kakuhle kwezemali isebenza kakuhle. ISebe lezeMpilo nezoSebe leNkonzo zoLuntu lijongene neMedicaid, kunye ne-Afford Carecure Act Act. Ezi nkqubo zifuna ukuba kubekho ulawulo oluphezulu (*) ukuqinisekisa imithetho efuna ukusetyenziswa kolawulo, ukuqinisekisa imithetho efuna ukusetyenziswa kwemali eluncedo ngokwemali, nokuqinisekisa ukuphumelela kweenkonzo zoluntu kuchaphazela ukuthembeka kwabantu kurhulumente.

Ukukhusela Isizwe Nelizwe

Ukukhusela ilizwe kwisongelo sangaphandle nangaphakathi kungumsebenzi ophambili. ISebe lokhuselo ligcina owona mkhosi unamandla ehlabathini, unamasebe asebenzayo akwihlabathi lonke. ISebe Lokhuseleko Lomzi, eladalwa emva kohlaselo lwe-Septemba 11, lilungelelanisa ukhuseleko lomda, ukhuseleko lwezimilo zokufuduka, ukhuseleko lwekhompyutha, kunye nentsabelo yentlekele. Amaqumrhu obugcisa anjenge-CIA, i-NSA, kunye ne-FBI aqokelela kwaye ahlabeze ulwazi lokuzifihla izisongelo. UMongameli ufumana ulwazi olufutshane lwemihla ngemihla kwaye wenza izigqibo ezigxekayo malunga nemikhosi yemikhosi, imisebenzi elwayo, ubundlongondlongo, kunye nezibhengezo. Ngexesha lentlekele. Ngeengozi, iinkqhwithi, okanye iinkqele zezobugrobi (EFMA) ulungele ulungele urhulumente norhulumente basekuhlaleni.

Ulawulo lwezoqoqosho kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo

Ngoxa iBhunga leSikhwakhwa semali lilawula izibophelelo zemali, iSebe elilawulayo linendima ephambili ekulawuleni uqoqosho. UMongameli ucebisa ukuba kwenziwe uqingqo-mali lwaminyaka le, olumisela ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziza kuqala kunye namaxhoba emali. ISebe leBhodi lemali liqokelela iirhafu, lilawula amatyala esizwe, lize liphumeze liphumeze liphumeze izivumelwano zemali. Isebe eliphethe ityala lemali liyakwazi ukuchaphazela iimeko zezoqoqosho, njengemisebenzi ephezulu kwimpahla ephuma kwamanye amazwe okanye i-oyile ephuma kwamanye amazwe. [[FLTPF:0] US].A.

Indaleko Neengxubusho ZomGaqo-siseko

Isebe Elilawulayo lanamhlanje alifani nelo lincinane, elisikelwe umda elalibonwa ngabaseki. Ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, liye lakhula ngokuphawulekayo ngobukhulu, ubungakanani, namandla. Amaxesha angundoqo okukhula aquka iNtsha yexesha loBudoli phantsi koFranklin D. Roosevelt, eyadala amaqumrhu amatsha neenkqubo; imfazwe yoMdabi, eyakha izixhobo zokhuseleko zesizwe ezisisigxina; kwaye iNkundla yexesha lasemva kwe-9/11, eyaseka iSebe loKhuselo lweSebe loKhuselo lwaseHouseland kunye nenkqubo yoosomashishini. IMigaqo-siseko inikela iingqi zobugosa-mali kumandla alawulayo: iBhunga-ntle, ingavumi ukuqinisekisa ii-omine, ukuxhasa, ukuxhasa, nokuphatha amasebe angongomayo. Inkundla yezongamela-onqanda-mthetho-mthetho-okrand, i-Androne, i-Alln, kunye namanye amasebe aqinisekisa ukuba anyanisiweyo anyanisiweyo anyaniswe ngokungekho mngeni.

Iingxaki Zangoku Ezijamelene Nesebe Elilawulayo

Nangona kukho ubuncwane obuninzi, iSebe eliphetheyo lijongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo enokuthintela ukusebenza kwalo. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kubalulekile ekuhloleni ubunjani bolawulo.

Ukwenziwa Kwenkcazelo Yezobupolitika Nokuxinana

Ukwahlulwa okubukhali kwemithetho ye-Roucetation kuye kwenza kwaba nzima kuBangameli ukuzalisekisa amacebo abo, ingakumbi xa iBhunga lilawulwa liqela eliphikisanayo. Umthetho we-gradising uyakwazi ukunyanzela uMongameli ukuba axhomekeke kakhulu kwimiyalelo yegunya kunye nezenzo zolawulo, ezidla ngokucelw'elwa enkundlaniswe ngomnye umntu oza kungena ezihlangwini. Lo mjikelezo unciphisa uzinzo lwenkqubo kunye noncedo lobugcincinanisi babantu. Umzekelo, inkqubo yokufuduka ijijeke ngokuphawulekayo phakathi kolawulo ngenxa yokusilela ukuphumelela kokuguqula.

Ukuhlolwa kwezeejaji kunye nokungavunyelwani okungokwasemthethweni

Iinkundla ziye zaba luhlolo olusebenzayo kumandla olawulo oluphezulu. Imithetho ivavanya imiyalelo yegunya eliphakamileyo, imimiselo, kunye nezenzo zomaziko ziqhelekile. Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kwiimeko ezifana ulutsha olusemown Sheep & Tube Co. v. Sawyer [1952] kunye [[FLT]] Trump v. Hawaii[[[FLT]] [[FLT]] [2017]) imisela imidaba yegunya likamongameli. Ukunyuka kwemimiselo yephondo kuvumela umgwebi omnye ukuba athintele inkqubo yomthetho kwilizwe lonke, ebangela ukungaqiniseki. Kulo lwesebe, ukuqhuba lomthetho kufuneka uhlaluko oluqhelekileyo nolucotiso oluthekileyo.

Uluvo Lwabantu Bonke Nokuphendula

UMongameli kunye nesebe elilawulayo basoloko bephantsi kwemikroskopu yoluvo lukawonke-wonke. Ukunconywa kuphembelela amandla okukhuthaza inkxaso yeenkqubo, ukunxibelelana neKhontrakthi, nokugcina imigaqo-siseko phakathi kwabasebenzi borhulumente. Ukusingqongileyo okugabadeleyo kudla ngokujongwa njengeelensi eziphezulu. Ukunganeliseki koluntu kungenza inkqubela yezopolitiko ekhokelela ekoyiseni ekhethekileyo kwiqela loMongameli, ngokunempumelelo ilahle ikhondo lolawulo. Ngaphezu koko, urhulumente maxa wambi ujongene nezityholo zokungalwa nolawulo lwezopolitiko, into eyaziwa ngokuba “yimeko enzulu”. Nangona abasebenzi bemisebenzi besebenza ngokusemthethweni basebenza phakathi komthetho.

Uqeqesho lukavimba kunye nobuchule bolawulo

Urhulumente wengingqi usoloko ecelwa ukuba enze okungakumbi ngobuncwane obufanayo okanye obumbalwa. Uqingqo-mali, ukuqesha ingqele, nokuntsonkotha kweengxaki zale mihla. Umzekelo, iSebe loKhuseleko loLuntu lijamelene nokunqongophala okukhokelela ekulindeni ixesha elide ukuze kungenelwe izigqibo. Izisongelo zenkcitho zifuna ukukhuselwa ngokuqhubekayo, kodwa inkxaso-mali ikhuphisana nezinye izinto eziphambili. Isifo se-COVOVID-19 esibhenxileyo kwimibutho yempilo yoluntu kunye nemixokelelwano, ibonisa ukuba kwanesebe eliphetheyo elinamandla linokoyiswa ziziganeko ezingalindelekilengabonwanga.

Isiphelo: Intsika Ehlala Ihleli Yolawulo

ISebe eliLawulayo lingaphezulu kakhulu kunoMongameli kunye neKhabinethi. Lisixhobo esikhulu, esintsonkothileyo, nesibalulekileyo esiqinisekisa ukuba imithetho igcinwa, inikela iinkonzo, ikhusela uhlanga, kwaye ilawula uqoqosho. Isakhiwo salo siye saguquka ukusuka kwingqokelela encinane yamasebe ukuya kuthungelwano oluntsonkothileyo olunemisebenzi ekhethekileyo. Amandla aso (asuka ekuphumezeni imiyalelo yesebe elilawulayo) yokuyalela umkhosi.