Table of Contents

Isebe lowiso-mthetho limi njengenye yezona zigalelo zinamandla nezibalulekileyo zikarhulumente wedemokhrasi, lisebenza njengelizwi labantu nelungu eliyintloko lokwenza umthetho eUnited States. Kubavoti abafuna ukuba nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwidemokhrasi, ukuqonda indlela isebe lemithetho elawulayo esebenza ngayo, isakhiwo, amagunya, kunye nolwalamano lwalo namanye amasebe karhulumente lubalulekile. Olu khokelo lunentsingiselo luhlolisisa yonke into ofuna ukuyazi ngesebe le-wiscligis, nendlela elibuchaphazela ngayo ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla.

Liyintoni Isebe Elilawulayo?

Isebe lowiso-mthetho limiselwe liQhinga I lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. yaye liyilwe yiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Njengelinye lamasebe orhulumente amathathu alinganayo asecaleni kwamasebe alawulayo nagweba, isebe lemithetho linembopheleleko engundoqo yokuyila, ukuphikisana, ukuthelekisa, nokudlulisa imithetho elawula uhlanga.

Abaseki abaFundi Bezibonelelo bayila ngabom isebe lowiso-mthetho ukuba libe lisebe lokuqala elichazwe kumGaqo-siseko, bebonakalisa inkolelo yabo yokuba amandla okwenza imithetho afanele ahlale abameli abanyulwe ngokuthe ngqo ngabantu. Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uhlala enoxanduva kubemi bakhe kwaye imithetho ibonisa ukuthanda neemfuno zabemi.

Isakhiwo Sebhimeral: Amacandelo Amabini Asebenza Kunye

Ukuqonda Ukungathathi Ntweni

UBadameral uthetha ukuba iBhunga linezindlu ezimbini: Indlu yoMmeli neNdlu yeeNtsimbi. Le nkqubo yemiqolo emibini ayizange ikhethwe ngokusemthethweni kodwa yabangelwa kukucinga nokulalanisa ngononophelo ngexesha leNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko yowe-1787.

Abaseki bagqiba kwelokuba indlu yowiso-mthetho enezicatshulwa ezimbini iza kuba yingenelo, njengoko amagumbi amabini eza kunika umaleko owongezelelekileyo woxilongo nolungelelwano phakathi kweKhonkxa. UJames Madison waphawula ukuba ububhinamenal buza kudala izidumbu ezibini "zahlukeneyo zamadoda anokubukelana aze ajongene.

Ukulalanisa Okukhulu

Sinezindlu ezimbini zeBhunga ngenxa yoxokelelwano olwenziwa ngabaSeki Abasunguli ngexesha leMbutho yoMgaqo-siseko. Ingxoxo isekelwe kwindlela amaphondo afanele amelwe ngayo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho entsha. Amazwe amakhulu ayefuna ukumela okusekelwe kubemi, ngoxa amazwe amancinane ayesoyika ukoyiswa nokufunwa komelo olulinganayo.

Isisombululo, esaziwa ngokuba yiNkululatho okanye iConnecticut, sadala indlu yowiso-mthetho ekwakheni i-bidaral apho abameli besebe lemithetho ye-bimeral banikela khona abameli besebe lemithetho elinomelo olulinganayo kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zeMalanga kunye nomelo olulungelelanisiweyo olusekelwe kubemi bakarhulumente kwiNdlu. Eli lungiselelo lalungelelanisa izilangazelelo zamazwe amakhulu namancinane xa kusenziwa inkqubo yokuhlola ngaphakathi kwisebe lemithetho-mthetho ngokwalo.

Indlu Yabameli

Indlu yabameli liqumrhu elikhulu elinamalungu asekelwe kubemi belizwe ngalinye. Ngamalungu alikhulu, iNdlu yeQela lingumanyano olusondele ngakumbi, olungekho semthethweni kuneNdlu yowiso-mthetho, enamalungu angama-435 anyulwe kwisithili aphantse alingana nabemi.

Inkqubo yethu ngoku inika igama elithatha iminyaka emibini leofisi yamalungu eNdlu ukusuka kwisithili esisekelwe kubemi abangama-435. Olu luhlu lufutshane lwayilwa ngabom, lulungiselelwe ukugcina abameli abanxulumene ngokusondeleyo nabantu ababakhonzayo kwaye basabela kwimbono yoluntu eguqukileyo. Indlu yayibonwa njengegumbi "lemi," inyulwe ngqo ngabemi kwaye ibonakaliswa ngokobuqu nezilangazelelo zoluntu lwasekuhlaleni.

Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo nobuninzi bonyulo, iNdlu idla ngokusabela ngakumbi kwiingcamango zangoku zezobupolitika kunye neemvakalelo zikawonke-wonke. Ngokuqhelekileyo, imithetho nezenzo zendlu zivumela uninzi lwamanani ukuba luqhube umthetho ngokukhawuleza. Oku kusebenza kakuhle kuvumela iNdlu ukuba isebenze ngokukhawuleza kwimibandela ecinezelweyo, nangona isenokukhokelela kwiimo zovotelo oluninzi.

INdlu Yezigwebo YaseUnited States

KwiCathen, abavoti bephondo ngalinye becacileyo ababini abanyuliweyo, abasebenza amagama aneminyaka emithandathu adibanisa (athi igumbi elinye lesithathu kuphela linyulelwe unyulo nakweliphi na umjikelo wonyulo). Esi sakhiwo sinika uzinzo nokuqhubekeka kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, siqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga ligcina ulwazi olusemthethweni kunye namava njengoko amanye amalungu eguquka.

IBhunga leNtsimbi layilwa ukuba libe liqumrhu eliziphetheyo, linika impembelelo epholileyo kwindlu enokuba nentshukumisa engakumbi. Imithetho yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNqila kunye neenkqubo, kwelinye icala, ukucetyiswa kwesenzo esikhawulezileyo, njengoko linika abaLawuli-mthetho ababalulekileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba kwanabaququzeleli ngabanye banokuba nempembelelo eqinileyo kwinkqubo yomthetho ngenkqubo efana ne-nfacillbuster kwaye babambe impembelelo encinane.

Yindlu kuphela enokuthi ivelise umthetho wengeniso, kwaye kuphela yiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zeeNtlanganiso eziqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli kunye nezivumelwano ezivunyiweyo, kodwa ukumiswa komthetho kusoloko kufuna ukuba omabini amagumbi avumelane ngokwahlukeneyo kwisivumelwano esifanayo phambi kokuba anikwe uMongameli. La mandla akhethekileyo abonakalisa iindima ezahlukeneyo zegumbi ngalinye elidlala kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente.

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo Inkqubo Yomthetho

Ukusuka Kwingcamango Ukuya Kwintshayelelo

Imithetho iqala njengeengcamango. Okokuqala, ummeli uxhasa umthetho. Naliphi na ilungu leKhonkxa - elisuka kwiNdlu yeeNdlu okanye kwiNdlu yeNdlu okanye kwiNdlu okanye abameli – abanoluvo lomthetho angayila umthetho. Ezi ngcamango zivela kumalungu eBhunga-ntle ngokwayo okanye kubemi bemihla ngemihla nakumaqela olawulo.

Inkqubo yomthetho wokuyila intsonkothileyo kwaye kufuneka unikele ingqalelo enzulu kulwimi olusemthethweni nakwimimiselo ekhoyo. Amalungu eKhomishini asebenza ngokuqhelekileyo nabasebenzi bowiso-mthetho kunye neengcali zomthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuba amatyala acetyiswa kakuhle kwaye aqikelelwa ngokusemthethweni. Xa sele ebhalisiwe, xa ityala livezwe, ukuba uMmeli ungumxhasi, ityala liziswa eNdlungwini. Ukuba iSenator uxhasa, ityala liveliswa kwiNdlu yeeNdlu.

ICandelo neNjongo yeKomiti

Ityala landule ukunikwa ikomiti yokufundisisa. IiKomiti ngamahashe asebenzayo eBhunga, apho kuhlolwa nokucocwa komthetho okuneenkcukacha. Kuwo omabini amagumbi, ubuchule obuninzi benkqubo obuhlala kwiikomiti ezimileyo – amacandelo aphuma kuwo omabini adla ngokukhokela ekuphuhliseni nasekuhloleni umthetho. Ngokuqhelekileyo amalungu asebenza kwinani elincinane leekomiti, ngokufuthi kangangeminyaka emininzi, evumela ukuba abe nolwazi oluphezulu kwimimandla ethile yemithetho.

Xa ityala lisezandleni zekomiti, lihlolisiswa ngenyameko kwaye amathuba ayo okudlula yiBhunga lonke agqitywa. Ikomiti isenokude ikhethe ukuba iphendule ityala ukuze iqonde iziphumo zelo tyala. Ukuvakala kuvumela iimbono zesebe eliphetheyo, iingcali, abanye amagosa karhulumente nabaxhasi, kunye nabachasi bomthetho ukuba babhalwe phantsi.

Iinjongo ezininzi zekomiti zisebenza. Zilungiselela iprojekthi yokuhlanganisa ulwazi, zivumela abachaphazeli ukuba bavakalise iimbono zabo, benze ingxelo yobungqina nobungqina, kwaye bancede amalungu ekomiti enze izigqibo ezithe ngqo malunga nokuba ingaba ikho okanye iqhubeke njani na nomthetho. Ukuba ikomiti ayithathi nyathelo kwityala, ityala lithathwa njengelithi "de".

Ingxoxo yeNkcubeko noLuvo

Ukuba ikhutshwe yikomiti, ityala libekwa kwikhalenda ukuze livotelwe, lixoxwe okanye lilungiswe. Inkqubo yengxoxo yomgangatho iyahluka ngokuphawulekayo phakathi kwendlu neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, ibonisa ubukhulu bazo ezahlukeneyo nemithetho yemveli.

Kwindlu, impikiswano idla ngokucwangciswe kakhulu kwaye ibekwe umda wexesha, neKomiti yeMimiselo isoloko imisela imida ekhethekileyo yexesha impikiswano eza kuhlala ixesha elide kunye noko kunokuthi kulungiswe. KwiBhunga leNtlanganiso, idla ngokuba nengxoxo evulekileyo, kwaye abaququzeleli banenkululeko engakumbi yokunikezela ngokulungisa nokuthetha ixesha elide ngemibandela.

Ukuba ityala lidlula ngobuninzi obuqhelekileyo (218 kwi- 435), irejista isiya kwiBhunga leNtlanganiso. Noko ke, uhambo lowiso-mthetho lukude kakhulu kule meko. Igumbi lesibini kufuneka lidlule kwinkqubo yalo epheleleyo yokuhlola ikomiti, ingxoxo, kunye nokuvota.

Ukulungisa Umahluko Phakathi Kwamagumbi

Xa izibini ezivotelweyo zifuna ukwamkela ityala, kufuneka zicombulule naluphi na umahluko phakathi kweenguqulelo ezimbini. Xa iNdlu kunye neNdlu yeQela idlulisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho omnye, kufuneka zixolelanise ezi ngxabano phambi kokuba umthetho uqhubeke kuMongameli.

IKhomishini yeNgqungquthela yaseUnited States ineekomiti zenkomfa zokucombulula ukungavisisani phakathi kweNdlu yeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlalo-ntle, ezifana ne "IConferences" kwiipalamente zaseWestminster. Iikomiti zeNgqungquthela ziyimibutho yexeshana ekhiwe ngamalungu asuka kuzo zombini iigumbi asebenzela ukuyila inguqulelo enye, emanyanisiweyo yomthetho onokuthi womanyeneyo zombini izindlu zamkele.

Isenzo soMongameli

Emva kokuba la magumbi omabini evumele iinguqulelo ezifanayo zemali, iya kuMongameli ukuze iqwalaselwe. Ukuba uMongameli uyawuvumela umthetho, uyatyikitywa kwaye ube ngumthetho. Ukuba uMongameli akathathi nyathelo iintsuku ezilishumi xa iBhunga lisekho, lo mthetho uzenzekela ukuba ube ngumthetho.

Ukuba umongameli ukhetha ukukhupha umthetho, kwiimeko ezininzi iBhunga lingavota ukukhupha loo ndawo kwaye ityala libe ngumthetho. Ukuba iCathenal neNdlu idlulisa ityala ngobuninzi obubini obuyisithathu, iveto iqeshiwe, kwaye ityala liba ngumthetho. Noko ke, ukuhlawulwa kwetyala linqabile, lifuna inkxaso ye-bipartan engundoqo.

Kodwa ukuba umongameli akasayisayi kutyikitya ityala kwaye uhlala engenaphawu xa iKhoqonga ingekho kwintlanganiso, ityala liza kupheliswa ngokungagqibekanga. Eli nyathelo libizwa ngokuba yiveto epokothweni, kwaye ayinakungahoywa yiBhunga.

Inkqubo YeKomiti: Apho Umsebenzi Wokwenene Wenzeka Khona

IiKomiti zidla ngokuchazwa njengeenjini zeBhunga, yaye ngesizathu esifanelekileyo. Umsebenzi omninzi ozinzileyo wokwenza, ukuhlalutya, nokucombulula umthetho wekomiti kunokuba usetyenziswe kumgangatho weNdlu okanye weNdlu yeNdlu. Ukuqonda indlela iikomiti ezisebenza ngayo kuyimfuneko kuye nabani na ofuna ukuphembelela inkqubo yowiso-mthetho okanye oqonda nje indlela ekwenziwa ngayo imithetho.

Iikomiti Ezimileyo

Iikomiti ezikhoyo ziikomiti ezisisigxina ezigxininisa kwimimandla ethile yezolimo, iinkonzo zezixhobo, imfundo, inkxaso-mali, okanye ulwalamano lwamanye amazwe. Ezi komiti zikho ukusuka kwenye iNkomfa ukuya kwenye ilandelayo kwaye zisingatha umsebenzi omkhulu wezowiso-mthetho. Ikomiti nganye emileyo inegunya kwiintlobo ezithile zomthetho, kwaye amatyala abelwa kwiikomiti ezisekelwe kumbandela wayo.

Zonke iikomiti zibekwe lilungu leqela elininzi, nangona izihlalo zisebenza ngokusondeleyo nelungu eliphezulu lekomiti, elona likhulu leqela elincinane kwikomiti. Esi sakhiwo sivumela ulawulo oluninzi negalelo elincinci kwinkqubo yekomiti.

Khetha kunye neeKomiti ezizodwa

Iikomiti ezikhethiweyo okanye ezikhethekileyo ziikomiti zexeshana ezenziwe ngenjongo ethile, ngokufuthi ziphanda ngeenkupho ezithile okanye ziqhube izifundo ezikhethekileyo. Ngokungafaniyo neekomiti ezimileyo, ngokungafaniyo neekomiti ezikhoyo, khethani ngokuqhelekileyo aninalo igunya lokuchaza umthetho phantsi, nangona kukho iikomiti ezihlukeneyo. Ezi komiti zidla ngokudityaniswa xa zigqiba imisebenzi yazo.

IiKomiti ezidityanisiweyo

Iikomiti ezidityanisiweyo ziquka amalungu endlu neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso yaye ngokuqhelekileyo zijolise ingqalelo kwimicimbi yolawulo okanye yokugcinwa kwezindlu endaweni yomthetho. Imizekelo iquka iKomiti eManyeneyo ekuDala kunye neKomiti eManyeneyo kwiThala leeNcwadi. Ezi komiti zinceda ekulungelelaniseni imisebenzi phakathi kwamagumbi amabini kunye nemibandela yentetho echaphazela iBhunga liphela.

IiKomiti zeNgqungquthela

Njengoko kukhankanywe ngaphambili, iikomiti zenkomfa ziikomiti zexeshana eziyilwe ukuxolelanisa umahluko phakathi kweNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso yesivumelwano enye. Ezi komiti zinendima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokugqibela yowiso-mthetho, zisebenzela ukuseka umthetho oyekelelayo onokuthi womabini amagumbi amkele.

Amagunya Neembopheleleko Zesebe Lomthetho

Ukuqonda la magunya kunceda abavoti baqonde ukubaluleka konyulo oluqulu-qeqeshiweyo kunye nempembelelo abanayo abaququzeleli bemithetho kubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Ukumisela Igunya

Awona mandla angundoqo nasisiseko esebe lowiso-mthetho ligunya lokwenza imithetho. IGatya I lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. linika onke amagunya owiso-mthetho kwiBhunga lowiso-mthetho: iNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeQela elingumphumo "Enkulu Ukuyekelela" ukuzama ukulungelelanisa iziphumo zolwazi oluphambili oluqhelekileyo kunye nezilangazelelo zoorhulumente.

La mandla omthetho abanzi, aquka yonke into ukususela kwirhafu kunye nokuchitha imali ukuya kumgaqo wezorhwebo, inkqubo yokufuduka, umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, nezinye iinkalo ezingenakubalwa zomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente. Umthetho ngamnye wephondo, ukusuka kutshintsho olungundoqo ukuya kuhlengahlengiso oluncinane lobugcisa, kufuneka udlule kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho kwiNgqungquthela.

Amandla Okuthenga

Elinye lawona magunya abalulekileyo eBhunga kukulawula imali karhulumente. UmGaqo-siseko unika iKhomishini igunya elipheleleyo kwimali efanelekileyo, okuthetha ukuba akukho mali inokuchithwa kubuncwane bemali obusemgaqweni ngaphandle kwemvume yombutho. Eli gunya "lamandla esingxobo" linika ikhonkcotha enkulu kakhulu phezu kwesebe eliphetheyo namaziko orhulumente.

nyaka ngamnye, iKhomishini kufuneka idlulise amatyala enkqenkqeza phambili ukuze ixhase imisebenzi karhulumente. Ngale nkqubo, abalawuli bemithetho banokuphembelela inkqubo ngokugqiba ukuba ziziphi iinkqubo ezifumana inkxaso-mali, zifumana mali engakanani, kwaye ziziphi iimeko ezidityaniswe kule nkxaso-mali. Eli gunya lenza uqingqo-mali lwemali lube yenye yezona misebenzi zibalulekileyo nezinengxabano kwiBhunga.

Ukulawula Nophando

Ngaphandle kokumisela imithetho, iBhunga linembopheleleko yokulawula ukuphunyezwa nokugcinwa kwaloo mithetho. Ukujongana nesebe kuqinisekisa ukuba amasebe aphetheyo aphumeza iimbopheleleko zawo ngokufanelekileyo, asebenzisa imali njengeBhunga elicetyiweyo, yaye asebenzisana nemithetho yawo esemthethweni.

IiKomiti ziqhuba ulawulo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kuquka iinkundla apho amagosa esebe engqina khona, ziphanda ngemibandela ethile okanye izityholo zokungalungisi kobubi, kunye neengxelo ezithe rhoqo ezifunwa ngabasemagunyeni abalawulayo. Lo msebenzi wobuveleli usebenza njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokuhlola igunya eliphetheyo kwaye unceda urhulumente aqinisekise ukuba uya kuphendula.

Icebiso Nemvume

IBhunga linembopheleleko ekhethekileyo yomgaqo-siseko ukulungiselela "umsebenzi kunye nokuvuma" kwizivumelwano zomongameli. Oku kuthetha ukuba iNdlu yeeNgwevu kufuneka iqinisekise ukumiswa koomongameli kwizikhundla eziphambili, kuquka onobhala beeKhabhinethi, abagwebi borhulumente, oothunywashe, neentloko zamasebe amakhulu.

Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa ivumela abaququzeleli ukuba bahlolisise ii-ammine, bahlolisise iimfaneleko zabo, kwaye baqinisekise ukuba balungele izikhundla zabo. Ngokufanayo, iNdlu yeQela kufuneka ivume izivumelwano ezixoxwe nguMongameli namazwe asemzini, ezifuna ii-3 ezimbini zovotelo lokuqhathwa. Eli gunya linika impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwiBhunga lemithetho yamazwe angaphandle kunye nokwenziwa korhulumente wezwe.

Inkcitho

IBhunga libamba amandla okususa amagosa karhulumente, kuquka uMongameli, ngenkqubo yokungagunyaziswa. Indlu yabameli inamandla okuphela (ukuphatha) amagosa angoo-"olwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nabasebenzi abangalunganga," ngelixa iBhunga linamandla okuzama amatyala okungaququki nokususa amagosa eofisini ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu.

Nangona ukunganconywa kunqabile yaye kugcinelwe ukuziphatha okubi okunzulu, kungumbandela obalulekileyo kumandla olawulo nasematyaleni, uqinisekisa ukuba akukho magosa angaphezulu kumthetho.

Amandla Emfazwe

UmGaqo-siseko unika iNgqungquthela amandla okuvakalisa imfazwe, ukuphakamisa nokuxhasa imikhosi, ukugcina umkhosi wamanzi, nokumisela imithetho yolawulo lwemikhosi exhobileyo. Ngoxa uMongameli esebenza njengoMthetheli kwiNtloko yomkhosi, iBhunga linegunya elibalulekileyo kumgaqo-nkqubo womkhosi nokusetyenziswa kwamandla.

Le ntlantlukwano yamagunya emfazwe iye yaba ngumthombo woxanduva phakathi kwamasebe owiso-mthetho nawolawulo lwawo kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, ingakumbi kwixesha langoku xa ungquzulwano lomkhosi lusoloko lubakho ngaphandle kokumiselwa okusesikweni kwemfazwe.

Iingqikelelo nolungelelwano: Isebe loMthetho

Isebe lowiso-mthetho alisebenzi ngokwalo. Liyinxalenye yenkqubo ye-checks nezikali ezicwangcisiweyo ezithintela naliphi na isebe likarhulumente ukuba libe namandla kakhulu.

Ukukhangela Isebe Elinolawulo Oluphezulu

IBhunga lihlola igunya eliphezulu ngeendlela ezininzi. Ngaphezu kwenkqubo yokubekwa komthetho ngokwayo, ethintela oko uMongameli anokukwenza, iBhunga lilawula ukuxhaswa kwemali yemisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo, liqinisekisa ukumiselwa koomongameli, linokuwugatya umongameli, lize lilawule amasebe aphetheyo.

Isivumelwano seNdlu yeeNtsimi zeSivumelwano samandla okuqhatha kunye namandla omabini amagumbi okuhluza nokususa uMongameli anika ii-checks ezongezelelekileyo. IBhunga lingakwakhupha umthetho phezu kweveto engumongameli kwaye linamandla okuphanda imisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo.

Ukukhangela Isebe Eligwebayo

Ngoxa isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho, iKhomishini imisela loo mithetho yaye inokuyiguqula okanye iyilungise xa ingavumelani neenkcazelo ezigwebayo. INdlu yeeNkundla iqinisekisa ukuba abagwebi bequmrhu bagunyazisa, kuquka abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, inikela impembelelo kuqulunqe icandelo lejaji.

IBhunga likwanamandla okumisela iinkundla ezisezantsi, limisele igunya lalo, limise nenani lamatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo. Kwiimeko ezimandundu, iKhomishini ingasilela kwaye isuse iijaji zesizwe. Ngaphezu koko, iBhunga linokucebisa izindululo zomgaqo-siseko zokuphelisa izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ezisekelwe kutoliko lomgaqo-siseko.

Indlela Amanye Amasebe Ayijonga Ngayo Ingqungquthela

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela isebenza kumacala amaninzi. UMongameli angawubeka umthetho odluliswe yiBhunga, enyanzela abamisi-mthetho ukuba balungise indlela abayisebenzisayo okanye bahlanganise abaninzi ababhidileyo abakwisithathu ukutshintsha i-veto. Mhlawumbi okubaluleke kakhulu, amandla okulawula umthetho angachaphazela okuqulathwe yimali edlulisiweyo yiBhungane. Ekubeni kungaqhelekanga ukuba umthetho umiselwe phezu komongameli iveto, iBhunga ngokuqhelekileyo limele lihlawulise isikhundla sikamongameli kwimigaqo ecetyisiweyo.

Isebe eligwebayo lingavakalisa imithetho edluliswe yiKhomishini engekho mgaqweni, ephumelel ’ impumelelo. Eli gunya lokuhlola okugweba, elimiselwe kwimeko yenkcazo ekwimeko ephawulekayo yeMarbury v. Madison, lisebenza njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla owiso-mthetho kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga lisebenza ngaphakathi kwemida yesiseko.

Isizathu Sokuba Amasebe Asemthethweni Abe Yimibandela Kwabasebenzi Bemali

Ukuqonda isebe lowiso-mthetho asiyonto nje efundiswayo. izigqibo ezenziwa yiKhonkxa-ntekoste zichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMerika, ukususela kwizoqoqosho, ukunyamekela impilo ukuya kwimfundo, izibonelelo, ukhuseleko lwesizwe namalungelo abantu.

Impembelelo Engqalileyo Kubomi Bemihla Ngemihla

Izigqibo zeBhunga zimisela irhafu ekufuneka uyithabathe kwi-aces yerhafu yakho, echaphazela imali oyihlawulayo kunye nemali oyihlawulayo xa uthengelwa izinto. Abameli bamisela imigangatho yemali yezikolo, iindlela, iibhulorho, kunye nezithuthi zikawonke-wonke. Benza baze balungise iinkqubo ezifana ne-Social Security, iMedicare, neMedicaid ezixhomekeke kwizigidi zabantu baseMedo.

IBhunga limisela imithetho elawula ukhuseleko emsebenzini, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, izinto ezithengiswayo, ukhuseleko lokutya, nezinye iinkalo ezininzi ezichaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Xa usebenzisa i-intanethi, uqhuba imoto, usebenzisa amayeza, okanye uthumela abantwana bakho esikolweni, unxulumana neenkqubo ezibunjwe ngumthetho we-comnion.

Umelo nelizwi

Amalungu eBhunga anenjongo yokumela izilangazelelo namaxhala abo kurhulumente wesizwe. Abameli bakho kunye nabameli-mbutho wakho bafanele babe lilizwi lakho eWashington, bekhuthaza imigaqo eyingenelo kuluntu lwenu kwaye bechasa abo banokulonakalisa.

Lo mmeli usebenza kuphela xa abavoti behlala benolwazi kwaye bethembisene. Abameli baphendula uxinzelelo lweziko, kwaye abavoti abakhutheleyo, abanempembelelo enkulu kunabo bahlala bethulile okanye bengadibani.

Ukuphendula Ngokhetho

Eyona ndlela ingqalileyo yabavoti baphembelela isebe lowiso-mthetho ngonyulo. Kwiminyaka emibini yonke, zonke izihlalo zendlu ezingama- 435 nezihlalo ezimalunga nesithathu zeNdlu yeNtlanganiso ziphezulu ukwenzela unyulo. Olu nnyulo luthe rhoqo luqinisekisa ukuba abamisi-mthetho bahlala benoxanduva kubantu abameleyo.

Ngokuvota kunyulo oluqulunqwe ngamaqumrhu, abemi bangavuza abameli abakhonza izilangazelelo zabo kakuhle baze bathabathe indawo yabo bangazifuniyo. Oku kuphendula konyulo kungundoqo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi kwaye kunika abemi abaqhelekileyo amandla okwenyaniso kurhulumente wabo.

Indlela Abasebenzi Bezakhono Abanokuncedisana Ngayo Nesebe Lomthetho

Kubalulekile ukuvota, kodwa asiyondlela yodwa abemi abanokubandakanyeka ngayo nabamisi-mthetho babo baze baphembelele inkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kuluntu olusebenzayo phakathi konyulo kusenokuba baluleke ngokufanayo.

Ukunxibelelana Nabameli Bakho

Enye yezona ndlela zingqalileyo zokuliva ilizwi lakho kukuqhagamshelana nabameli bakho kunye nee-arhente. Ii-ofisi zomjelo woqhagamshelwano lwe-Congregation zize zithathe nzulu, ingakumbi xa zifumana imiyalezo emininzi ngomxholo ofanayo.

Ungaqhagamshelana nabamisi-mthetho bakho ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo eziquka iminxeba, ii-imeyili, iileta, kunye ne-media yamaqumrhu. Amalungu amaninzi eKhomishini akwaba neentlanganiso zeholo yedolophu nezinye iziganeko zikawonke-wonke apho abaququzeleli banokubuza imibuzo baze bachaze iimbono zabo ngqo. Xa uqhagamshelana nabameli bakho, yiba ngokucacileyo le mbambano othetha nayo, chaza indlela ekuchaphazela ngayo wena okanye abantu abakuwo, kwaye uchaze ngokungqalileyo oko ufuna bakwenze.

Emva Komsebenzi Womthetho

Ukuhlala wazi kakuhle ngoko kwenziwa yiBhunga kukunceda ukuba ungenelele ngokunempumelelo. I-website esemthethweni yeKhomishini inikela iinkcukacha ezibanzi malunga namatyala, iirekhodi zokuvota, imisebenzi yeekomiti, kunye nekhalenda yowiso-mthetho. Ungabhala phantsi iindleko ezithile, ubone indlela abameli bakho abavota ngayo, ufunde iingxelo zekomiti kunye neerekhodi ezivakalayo.

Imibutho emininzi yeendaba namaqela agunyazisayo anika uhlalutyo nohlaziyo ngomsebenzi wobubutho, anceda abemi balapho baqonde umthetho ontsonkothileyo kunye neempembelelo zawo. Ukulandela abameli bakho kumajelo eendaba nokufaka irekhodi kumaphetshana abo kungakugcina wazi ngemisebenzi yabo nangezikhundla zabo.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Ekufundiseni

Ukuthelela okanye ukuxhasa imibutho yokuzibandakanya nokuphatha i-arhente kukuvumela ukuba uvakalise ilizwi lakho kwimibandela onomdla kuyo. La maqela alungiselela amaphulo okuphembelela umthetho, anikele inkcazelo yokunceda abemi babe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo, yaye ngokufuthi amisele ulwalamano nee-ofisi zombutho ezinokwenza ukuphumelela ngakumbi.

Ukuququzelela izicelo zotyikityo nokuthatha inxaxheba kumaphulo okubhala iileta ukuya kwintlanganiso, ukudibana nabasebenzi bombutho, okanye ukunikela ubungqina ekuchotshelweni kwabantu. Ukuqokelela ngezixhobo ezicwangcisiweyo kudla ngokuba nempembelelo enkulu kunemigudu yomntu ngamnye.

Ukuqonda Ikhalenda Yomthetho

IKhathelela yeNkcubeko elawula ixesha elichaphazela ixesha nendlela onokubandakanyeka ngayo ngokunempumelelo. Ikhalenda yowiso-mthetho iquka amaxesha xa iKhomishini isebuqulungwini kwaye isebenza kumthetho, kwanamaxesha okunqumama xa amalungu ebuyela kumazwe nakumazwe asekhaya.

Amaxesha okuphinda uphicothwa anokuba ngamaxesha alungileyo kakhulu ukudibana nabameli bakho kwiziganeko zasekuhlaleni okanye kwiiofisi zabo zesithili. Ukuqonda ikhalenda yowiso-mthetho kukwakunceda ukulungelelanisa imigudu yakho yolawulo oluphezulu, njengokuqhagamshelana nabamisi-mthetho phambi kwevoti enkulu okanye ngexesha lokuqwalasela iindleko ozikhathaleleyo.

Iimbono Eziqhelekileyo Eziphosakeleyo Ngesebe Elisemthethweni

Iimbono eziliqela eziphosakeleyo ngeKhonkxamente kunye nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho zingakhokelela ekudidekeni okanye ekulindeleni okungekho ngqiqweni. Ukuphelisa oku kungaqondani kunceda abavoti bangene ngokuphumelelayo.

Uluvo Oluphosakeleyo: UMongameli Wenza Imithetho

Ngoxa uMongameli enendima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngamandla okutyobela okanye ukukhupha amatyala, kwaye angamisela umthetho aze amisele ezona zinto ziphambili kwinkqubo, uMongameli akafaki imithetho. Phela kaNkqulu yeNkqutyana yezomGaqo-siseko kuphela enegunya lokumisela umthetho. UMongameli angaphembelela inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, kodwa akanakwenza imithetho.

Umbono Ophosakeleyo: Zonke Iibhiliyo Ziba Yimithetho

Enyanisweni, amawaka eendleko aziswa kwintlanganiso nganye yengqungquthela, kodwa lipesenti elincinane kuphela elikwenza oko kwinkqubo yonke yowiso-mthetho. Amatyala amaninzi afa kwiikomiti, awafumani mavoti aphantsi, okanye awakwazi ukudlula emagumbini omabini ngendlela efanayo.

Esi singalo siphezulu sokungaphumeleli asisiso isiphene kwinkqubo. Ubunzima bokudlulisa umthetho buqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ifumana uhlalutyo olucokisekileyo kwaye zizicelo kuphela ngenkxaso ebanzi ezingumthetho. Ikwabonisa ukudalelwa kohlobo lwenkqubo yowiso-mthetho kunye neengxilo ezininzi ezakhelwe kwinkqubo.

Uluvo oluphosakeleyo: Ingqungquthela isoloko iqatshelwe

Ngoxa abahlaseli kunye namaqabane angenaziphene afumana ingqalelo ebalaseleyo kumajelo eendaba, iNgqungquthela iyaqhubeka iwisa umthetho kwanangexesha lokwahlulwa korhulumente. Amatyala amaninzi, ingakumbi lawo ajongene nemibandela engaphikiswaniyo okanye imisebenzi karhulumente eqhelekileyo, adlula ngenkxaso ye-bipartisan kunye ne-farfari encinane.

Ukuva iqhina elizinzileyo kusoloko kuvela ekusileleni kweprofile ephezulu ukudlulisa umthetho omkhulu, kodwa oku kumela kuphela inxalenye yomsebenzi wombutho. Ukuqonda oku kunceda abavoti bagcine ulindelo olusengqiqweni ngeli lixa besabeka abalawuli bemithetho abaza kuphendula ngokucombulula imicimbi ebalulekileyo.

Indaleko Yesebe Lomthetho

Isebe lowiso-mthetho liye laguquka ngokuphawulekayo ukususela oko umGaqo-siseko wagunyaziswayo, ulungelelanisa iimeko eziguqukayo ngoxa ligcina isiseko salo nenjongo.

Ukwanda Komlinganiselo Nobuntsonkothileyo

IBhunga lokuqala lamalungu endlu angama-65 kunye namaqumrhu angama-26 amele amazwe ali-13. Ingqungquthela yanamhlanje iquka abameli abangama-435 kunye nekhulu lama-100 lama-arhente amele amazwe angama-50 kunye nabantu abangaphezu kwe-330 lezigidi. Inani labantu abamelwe lilungu elinye liye landa ukusuka kuma-210 583 ku1910 ukuya kuma-646,947 ngowama- 2000,710,7676 ngo-2010.

Olu lwando lufuna utshintsho kwindlela iCongress esebenza ngayo, kuquka iinkqubo zeekomiti ezineenkcukacha, abasebenzi abakhulu, neminye imithetho entsonkothileyo. IBhunga langoku lingumzimba olungelelanisiweyo nocetyisiweyo kakhulu kunendlu yowiso-mthetho ejongwa ngabaDalwayo.

Ulwando Lwamandla Omanyano

Umlinganiselo womthetho wesizwe uye wakhula ngokuphawulekayo ekuhambeni kwexesha. IiKhomishini zokuqala zasebenza ngokuyintloko ngemisebenzi esisiseko karhulumente, ulwalamano lwamanye amazwe, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo elinganiselweyo yamakhaya. IiKhomishini zale mihla zichaza imibandela emininzi, ukususela ekunyamekeleni impilo nemfundo ukuya kukhuseleko lwemekobume kunye nolawulo lobugcisa.

Olu lwando lubonisa iinguqu ezibanzi kwibutho lamaMelika, kuquka ukuphuhliswa kwemizi-mveliso, ukuhlaziywa kwedolophu, ukuphuhliswa kobugcisa, nokuphuculwa kolwazi lweziqu zamandla karhulumente. Ngelixesha iingxoxo ziqhubeka ngomqathango ofanelekileyo wamandla karhulumente, akukho mathandabuzo wokuba iBhunga lanamhlanje licombulule imibandela emininzi kunaleyo lenzayo kwiriphabliki yamandulo.

Iinguqulelo Endleleni Amalungu Abhetyebhetye Ngayo

UMgaqo-siseko wawulungiselelwe ekuqaleni ukuba abaququzeleli bendlu yowiso-mthetho bakhethelwe kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho kunokuba banyulwe ngokungqalileyo ngabavoti. UHlaliso lweMimiselo yeSeventeenth, olwagunyaziswa ngowe - 1913, wakuguqula oku ukunyulwa ngokungqalileyo kwamaqumrhu eethameli, oku kwenza iNdlu yeeNtsimbi ziphendule ngokuthe ngqo ebantwini.

Ezinye iinguqu ziye zachaphazela unyulo lombutho kunye, kuquka ukwanda kwamalungelo okuvota kumaqela akhutshwe ngaphandle ngaphambili, imimiselo yezemali, nokusetyenziswa konyulo oluphambili ekukhetheni abalawuli beqela. Olu tshintsho luye lwaguqula unxulumano phakathi kwabalawuli bemithetho kunye nabo basebenza nabo.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Nesebe Lanamhlanje Elilawula Asemthethweni

IBhunga lanamhlanje lijamelene nocelomngeni oluninzi oluchaphazela amandla alo okusebenza ngokunempumelelo nokugcina abantu bethembekile.

Name

Ukwanda kokuthatyathwa kwamacandelo angaphandle kwenza intsebenziswano ye-bipartisan ibe nzima kakhulu kwaye inegalelo kwiqhina lemithetho kwimiba emikhulu. Amalungu eKhonkxa akhethwe kakhulu ngokweengcamango ngamaqela kunakwixesha elingaphambili, namalungu alungele ukunqumla imida yamaqela.

Oku kwahluka-hlukana kubonisa ukwahlukana okunzulu kwibutho lamaMelika kodwa kukwakwenza kube nzima ngeKhonkcothane ukucombulula iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo ezifuna ukulalanisa nentsebenziswano. Ukufumana iindlela zokwahlula ibhulorho ngokwahlukana ngeli lixa ukulondoloza iindawo ezingokomgaqo kuhlala kulucelomngeni oluqhubekayo.

Ukuthenjwa Nokunconywa Nguwonke Wonke

Imilinganiselo evumela izivumelwano iye yancipha kangangeminyaka, ibonisa ukudandatheka koluntu ngenxa yokungalungelelani okucingwayo, ukuxabana kwentlalo-ntle, nokusilela ukucombulula iingxaki ezicinezelayo. Ukungathembani kwabantu kwiBhunga kungenza ukufaneleka kwenkqubo yowiso-mthetho kungabi luncedo kwaye kukwenze kube nzima ukuba abamisi-mthetho baqinise imigaqo eyimfuneko kodwa enzima.

Ukwakha kwakhona ukuthembana kukawonke-wonke akufuni nje kuphela ukusebenza kakuhle kweBhunga kodwa kukwafuna uluvo olungcono loluntu ngendlela inkqubo yowiso-mthetho esebenza ngayo kwaye kutheni yenzelwe ukuba ingabi nazintloni.

Imali Kwezobupolitika

Indima yemali kumaphulo okuququzelela nokukhuthaza inkxalabo yokuba ngabasemaqulwini abasebenzi bemithetho basabela ngakumbi kusini na kwizibonelelo ezizizityebi nezilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo kunakwiingingqi eziqhelekileyo. Utshintsho lwezemali yeCandelo lusasoloko luyimbambano esukuzwana, nokungavisisani ngendlela yokulungelelanisa amalungelo okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo nemfuneko yokuthintela ukonakala nokuqinisekisa ukuba impembelelo elinganayo kwezobupolitika.

Ulwazi

Ukusingqongileyo kwenkcazelo yale mihla kunika amathuba nocelomngeni kwisebe lowiso-mthetho. Ngoxa ubugcisa benza kube lula ngabemi ukufumana inkcazelo emalunga nomsebenzi wombutho, kwakhona kubangela ukuba kusasazwe ulwazi oluphosakeleyo kwaye kukwenza kube nzima ngabavoti ukwahlula inkcazelo enokuthenjwa kwiingcamango ezigqwethekileyo okanye iinkohliso.

Abaququzeleli bomthetho kufuneka bahambe ngeliso elibukhali kule ndawo inzima ngeli xesha bezama ukunxibelelana ngokunempumelelo nabantu abaneziqu baze benze izigqibo ezisekelwe kwinkcazelo echanileyo.

Iimbopheleleko ezingundoqo zabaLawuli: Ukujonga Okunenkcukacha

Amalungu eBhunga aneembopheleleko ezininzi ngaphandle kokuvota nje kuphela kumthetho. Ukuqonda le misebenzi ihlukeneyo kuyanceda abavoti bahlolisise umsebenzi wabameli babo ngokunzulu ngakumbi.

IiBhili zokuDala nokuBeka

Abaphathi-mthetho bachaza iingxaki ezifuna izicombululo zemithetho baze basebenzele ukucombulula iindleko zengqesho ezihlaziywayo. Oku kufuna ukuqonda imibandela enzima yenkqubo, ukudibana neengcali, ukuqwalasela indlela umthetho ocetyisiweyo oya kuqhubana ngayo nemithetho ekhoyo, kunye nokuxhasana phakathi kwabantu abasebenza nabo.

Abamisi-mthetho abaphumeleliyo abacebisi nje kuphela amatyala; basebenza ngobuchule ukuhambisela phambili umthetho onethuba elisengqiqweni lokudlula ngoxa besebenzisa izingeniso zemali ukubeka ingqalelo kwimibandela ebalulekileyo.

Umthetho oncitshisiweyo

Ingxoxo yeBhunga ifeza iinjongo ezininzi. Ivumela amalungu ukuba achaze iimbono zawo, acenge abo asebenza nabo, afundise uluntu, aze abhale imbali yenjongo yowiso-mthetho enokuthi kamva inkundla idibane nayo xa kutolikwa imithetho.

Ingxoxo ephambili ifuna ukuba abamisi-mthetho bayiqonde ngokunzulu imiba, bathethe ngokucacileyo, baze babandakanye iimbono eziphikisanayo. Ngoxa ingxubusho emininzi yale mihla iphumeza kwaye ijoliswe ekunxibeleleni amajelo eendaba, ukuqiqa okunzulu kusaqhubeka, ingakumbi kwiinkqubo zeekomiti.

Ukunikela Imiyalelo

Mhlawumbi ukuvota yiyona mbopheleleko yowiso-mthetho ebonakalayo. ivoti nganye imele isigqibo malunga nomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke onokuba neziphumo ezifikelela kude. Abameli kufuneka balungelelanise iingqwalasela ezininzi xa kuvota, kuquka umgwebo wabo, izikhethelo ezidityanisiweyo, iindawo zeqela, kunye nomdla woluntu ngokubanzi.

Iingxelo zoncwadi zinikela inkcazelo ecacileyo ngendlela abavoti abasebenza ngayo abameli babo kwimibandela ebalulekileyo, nto leyo eyenza ezi ngxelo zibe balulekileyo ukuze ziphendulelwe kukhetho.

Ukukhangela Phambili Kwezongxamiseko zikarhulumente

Ulawulo lweBhunga luqinisekisa ukuba amasebe aphetheyo amisela imithetho njengeeKhomishini ezicetyiweyo nezisebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ngokusemthethweni. Lo msebenzi wobuveleli uquka ukuvalwa kwetyala, ukuqhuba uphando, ukuhlola iingxelo zeziko, nokusebenzisa amandla okuphembelela imigaqo-nkqubo.

Ulawulo olusebenzayo lufuna ingqalelo eqinileyo nobuchule, njengoko abamisi-mthetho kufuneka baqonde yomibini imithetho abayidlulisileyo kunye nemisebenzi entsonkothileyo yamasebe karhulumente. Lo msebenzi usoloko ufumana ingqalelo encinane kumthetho ophezulu weprofile kodwa ubalulekile ukuze kulawuleke kakuhle.

Iinkonzo ezi-Ofisi

Ngaphandle kwemisebenzi yabo yowiso-mthetho, amalungu eKhomishini anceda amaqumrhu ajonge inkqubo yesebe, acombulule iingxaki nabameli bakarhulumente, kunye nokufikelela kwiinkonzo zikarhulumente. Ii-ofisi zeKhontekoste zisingatha amawaka ezicelo zenkonzo, ezinceda ngemibandela esukela kwiingenelo zoKhuselo loNtlalo-ntle, ukuya kwiinkonzo zamagqala kwimicimbi yokufuduka.

Lo msebenzi wokulungisa ityala awuyifaki mixholo kodwa umela indlela ebalulekileyo abasebenzi bemithetho abasebenza ngayo abasebenzi babo ngokuthe ngqo kwaye bagcine unxulumano nabantu abamele bona.

Ukumela Izilangazelelo Ezibangel ’ Ingqondo

Abaququzeleli-mthetho kufuneka balungelelane ekumeleni izilangazelelo zabo ezizizo ngokusebenzisa ugwebo lwabo malunga nemithetho elunge ngakumbi enceda uluntu. Olu xinezeleko luphakathi kokuba ngumthunywa obonakalisa nje ukhetho olukhethekileyo kunye nomntu othembekileyo osebenzisa ugwebo oluzimeleyo ubekho ukutyhubela imbali yombutho.

Ukufuzisela okusebenzayo kufuna ukuba uhlale unxibelelane nabantu abanxulumeneyo, uqonde izinto ezibaxhalabisayo nezinto eziza kuqala kubo, kwaye ukhuthaze imigaqo eyingenelo kwisithili okanye kwiphondo ngoxa ucinga ngezilangazelelo zesizwe.

Isebe Elisemthethweni Nomanyano

Ukuqonda isebe lowiso-mthetho kudinga ukuqonda indima yalo kwinkqubo yorhulumente waseMelika, apho amandla ahlulwe phakathi koorhulumente besizwe norhulumente.

Amagunya eRhulumente

Lo mgaqo-siseko unika iNkomfa ekhethekileyo edweliswe ngelinye ixesha isithi icandelo legunya lithetha ukuba iindawo ezininzi zomgaqo-nkqubo zibandakanya umthetho worhulumente nowesizwe, kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho norhulumente ngamnye odlala iindima ezibalulekileyo.

Ukuqonda ukuba liliphi iqondo likarhulumente elinegunya kwimibandela eyahlukahlukeneyo kunceda abavoti babalaselise ngokufanelekileyo imigudu yabo yokuzimela izinto yaye bagcine amagosa afanelekileyo ephendulile ngemiphumo yezo migaqo.

Indlela Iingqungquthela Ezimela Ngayo Iimfuno ZikaRhulumente

Isakhiwo seBhunga elibizwa ngokuba yibhimeral sibonisa uburhulumente, iNdlu yeQeqesho inika umelo olulinganayo kwiphondo ngalinye kungakhathaliseki ubungakanani balo, ngelixa iNdlu inika umelo olusekelwe kubemi. Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuba izilangazelelo zikarhulumente kunye nodumo ziya kuphembelela umthetho wesizwe.

Abaququzeleli badla ngokuzibona bemela izilangazelelo zikarhulumente wabo kurhulumente wesizwe, ngeli xesha amalungu eNdlu yeNdlu ejolise ingqalelo engakumbi kwisithili sabo esikhethekileyo. Oku kumelo lubini kunceda ukulungelelanisa iimbono zengingqi, zelizwe, kunye nezomthetho kwinkqubo.

Oovimba Bokufunda Okungakumbi

Abasebenzi abaninzi banokunceda abavoti baphucule ukuqonda kwabo isebe lowiso - mthetho baze bahlale benolwazi ngomsebenzi wobungqungquthela.

Imithombo karhulumente esemthethweni

IKhomishini yeNkcubeko. inikela iinkcukacha ezibanzi malunga namatyala, iirekhodi zokuvota, imisebenzi yeekomiti, kunye nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Iiwebhsayithi zendlu nezeNdlu yeNdlu yeNtshona Koloni zinikela inkcazelo ngamalungu, iikomiti, neenkqubo zegumbi. INkonzo yoPhicotho-zincwadi ivelisa iingxelo ezineenkcukacha ngemibandela yemigaqo-nkqubo nangemibandela yemithetho, ezininzi kuzo ezifumaneka esidlangalaleni.

I-ofisi yoRhulumente yoLuntu inika ungenelelo kumaxwebhu asemthethweni abandakanya amaxwebhu asemthethweni, kuquka amatyala, iingxelo, kunye neengxelo zokuva.

Imibutho Yemfundo Nemfundo

Imibutho efana noManyano lwaManyano lwaMasipala, Izizathu Eziqhelekileyo, kunye namaqela ajolise kwimigaqo-nkqubo ahlukeneyo anika ubuncwane bokufundisa malunga neNgqungquthela kunye nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Iiyunivesithi ezininzi kunye namatanki acingayo apapasha uphando nohlalutyo ngomsebenzi wombutho kunye norhulumente waseMerika.

Imibutho yamaphephandaba eneziqu ezinikezelweyo zeentatheli inikela ingxubusho eqhubekayo nohlalutyo lomsebenzi wemithetho. Ukulandela imithombo emininzi eneembono ezahlukeneyo kunokukunceda uhlakulele ukuqonda okulungelelanisiweyo kwemibandela yengqungquthela neengxoxo.

Oovimba bobuGcisa

Abo banomdla kwizifundo ezinzulu, iincwadi ezininzi namanqaku emfundo ahlola iiKhonkxa-mbutho, inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, kunye norhulumente waseMerika. Iizifundo zeYunivesithi ezingezorhulumente waseMerika nezobupolitika zidla ngokujolisa ingqalelo kumasebe owiso-mthetho. Iizifundo ze-intanethi neevidiyo zemfundo zinganikela izindululo ezifikelelekayo kwimibutho yowiso-mthetho kunye nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho.

Ukuthabatha Inyathelo: Ukuba Ngumntu Ofundileyo Nongafundanga

Ulwazi ngesebe lowiso-mthetho luxabisekile kuphela xa ludityaniswe nokuzibophelela kwequmrhu. Nanga amanyathelo acacileyo onokuwathatha ukuze ube nenxaxheba engakumbi kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Bazi Abameli Bakho

Funda ngemvelaphi, izabelo zeekomiti, iirekhodi zokuvota, nezinto eziphambili ezichazweyo. Funda ngonxibelelwano lwabo olusemthethweni kunye namajelo abo entlalo ukuze uhlale waziwa ngemisebenzi yabo nangezikhundla zabo.

Ukuqonda ukuba ngubani okumelayo noko bakwenzayo kwiBhunga kusisiseko sokuthembisana nokuziphendulela.

Lumkela Kukhetho Lonke

Unyulo lweKhonkxamenti luyenzeka rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini, kwaye umvoti usuka anyuke kancinci phakathi kwexesha lonyulo xa kungekho hlanga lwamongameli. Noko ke, olu nyulo lubaluleke ngendlela efanayo yokugqiba ukuba ngubani omele wena kwiBhunga kwaye liliphi iqela elilawula igumbi ngalinye.

Abafuna uphando phambi konyulo, uqwalasela ukuma kwabo kwimiba onomdla kuyo, iimfaneleko zabo namava, kunye neengxelo zabo ukuba ngaba bangabameli. Bophelela kunyulo lokuqala kwakunye nonyulo oluqhelekileyo ukuze ube nempembelelo enkulu kumntu okumeleyo.

Hlala Uzazi Izinto Ozibuzayo

Landela iindaba ezingemisebenzi yobubutho kwimibandela ebaluleke kuwe. Ukuqonda hayi nje into eyenzekayo kodwa isizathu sokuba ibaluleke kwaye ingakuchaphazela njani wena nengingqi yakho. Funa imithombo eyahlukeneyo yenkcazelo ukuze ufumane iimbono ezininzi kwimicimbi entsonkothileyo.

Ukwazi izinto kukunceda ukwazi ukubandakanyeka ngokunempumelelo kubameli bakho uze wenze izigqibo ezibhetele xa uvota.

Thetha Nabameli Bakho

Musa ukulinda de ube nomsindo ngento yokuqhagamshelana nabameli bakho. Zama ukuchaza inkxaso xa bethatha izikhundla ovumelana ngazo, buza imibuzo ngemibandela oxhalabele yona, kwaye wabelane ngembono yakho ngomthetho osele ukho.

Chaza indlela izinto ezikuchaphazela ngayo wena ngokobuqu nezenzo ofuna abameli bakho bazisebenzise. Amabali obuqu neempembelelo zasekuhlaleni zidla ngokuvakala ngaphezu kwengongoma ethethayo.

Yiba Nolwalamano Noluntu Oluhlala Kulo

Ukuganana nge-pic akungomntu ngamnye. Dibanisa nabanye abantu abahlala kunye nawe abanokuthetha nawe. Yiya kwiiholo zedolophu kunye nee-ofisi zikawonke-wonke. Yiba nenxaxheba kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni esebenza kwimiba oyikhathaleleyo. Ukuqokelela amalizwi omntu ngamnye kwaye kunokwenziwa kakuhle ngakumbi ekuphembeleleni inkqubo.

Ukwakha ulwalamano nabanye abemi abathembiseneyo kukwanceda uhlale unolwazi yaye kukwenza uhlale ubandakanyekile ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Cinga Ixesha elide

Ukuganana okunempumelelo kwezentlalo ngumgama ophezulu, hayi ukukhutshwa. Utshintsho olukhulu lwenkqubo ludla ngokuthatha iminyaka yomgudu oqinileyo. Musa ukudimazeka xa iziphumo ozithandayo zinganzeki ngoko nangoko. Hlala uthembile, qhubeka ufunda, kwaye ugcine ukuzinikela kwakho ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi.

Khumbula ukuba idemokhrasi ifuna ukuba nenxaxheba ngokuqhubekayo kubemi abanolwazi.

Isiphelo: Isebe Elilawulayo noLawulo lweDemocratic

Isebe lowiso-mthetho limi kwinqanaba elisembindini ledemokhrasi yaseMerika, liguqulela ukuthanda kwabantu emthethweni lize linikezele ii-checks ezibalulekileyo kugunya elilawulayo nelokugweba. Ukuqonda indlela iBhunga elisebenza ngayo/isakhiwo, amagunya, iinkqubo, kunye neengxaki, /amandla okuvota ukuze bathathe inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Ukusuka kwisakhiwo se-bidamaral esilungiselelwe ukulungelelanisa intsebenziswano ekhuphisanayo nenkqubo yeekomiti entsonkothileyo apho kuvela khona umsebenzi wezomthetho ontsonkothileyo, ukususela kwinkqubo echaphazelekayo yokuba amatyala abe yimithetho ebaluleke kakhulu ukuya kumsebenzi wolawulo oya kuphendula urhulumente, isebe lowiso-mthetho limisela umgaqo wokuba urhulumente makabe ngowawo, afanele, awenze, awenze nabantu.

Isebe lowiso-mthetho lijamelene nocelomngeni lokwenene kwixesha langoku, ukusuka ekuncitshisweni kwentsebenziswano ekhoyo ukuya ekuncitshisweni kwentlawulo yoluntu. Ukulungisa ezi ngxaki akufuneki nje ukuba kwenziwe ngcono ngabamisi-mthetho kodwa kukwafuneka ukuba abemi abanolwazi olungakumbi nabafuna ukuqonda indlela inkqubo esebenza ngayo baze babe nenxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Umvoti ngamnye unamandla okuphembelela isebe lowiso-mthetho ngonyulo, ngomgunyaziso, nangokuqhubeka ethembisana nabameli. Ngokuhlala esazi ngomsebenzi woburhulumente, ngokuqonda inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, nangokusenza sive ilizwi lakho, unokubanceda baqinisekise ukuba isebe lowiso-mthetho liyizalisekise indima yalo kwaye lincede umdla woluntu.

Impilo yedemokhrasi yaseMerika ixhomekeke kwisebe lowiso-mthetho eliphumelelayo kunye nesivumelwano esithenjiweyo esiya kuphendula. Njengoko uqhubeka nohambo lwakho njengomvoti onolwazi, khumbula ukuba imicimbi yakho yokuthabatha inxaxheba. Isebe lowiso-mthetho lisebenza kakuhle xa abemi beli dinga, bebandakanye nalo, baze bafune ukuba liphile ngokweembopheleleko zalo zomGaqo-siseko.

Nokuba ngaba uqhagamshelana nabameli bakho ngomthetho othile, ukuvota kunyulo lwequmrhu, ukulandela iindlebe zekomiti kwimibandela oyikhathaleleyo, okanye ukufunda okungakumbi ngendlela iBhunga elisebenza ngayo, ufak' isandla kwiprojekthi eqhubekayo yokuzilawula kwedemokhrasi. Lo mnikelo, wanda kakhulu kwizigidi zabemi abathenjiweyo, yiyo eyenza umsebenzi wolawulo-demokhrasi.

Ukwazi ulwazi olungakumbi malunga neNgqungquthela yase-U.S. kunye nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho, tyelela .Gov, iwebsite esemthethweni yolwazi lwemithetho-mthetho. Ukufunda ngokunxibelelana nabameli bakho nokubandakanyeka kwi-advocacy, uhlola ubuncwane USUSA.gov's iphepha elinyuliweyo [.