Ukwazisa: IOath njengeLitye Ledemokhrasi YaseMerika

Isifungo somongameli sesikhundla simela enye yeyona mithendeleko ihlala ihleli kwaye ilandela izithethe eMelika. Yonke iminyaka emine (okanye emva kokulandelelana ngenxa yokufa, ukurhoxa, okanye ukususwa) "umongameli-wonga- mmiselo" umi phambi kwesizwe kwaye uvakalisa iseti yamagama abhalwe kwiSiqendu II se-U.S. Lo mGaqo-siseko ulula kodwa ugxininisa ukufuduselwa koxolo kwamandla kwaye ubophelela umongameli ekulandeleni umthetho wesiseko welizwe. Ngoxa esi siganeko sisoloko sibonwa ngelensi yesithethe kunye nemifanekiso ephawulekayo, iingcambutho zomGaqo-siseko zibonakalisa indlela enzulu yokuqinisekisa ukuphendula ulawulo kunomGaqo-siseko kunokuba kusenze inkcaso okanye ukunyaniseka komntu ngamnye. Ukuqonda ezi zisiseko kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela okusebenza ngayo ukufunga kwazo zombini nokuzibomfanelekelelo womthetho.

Isifungo asingomthetho nje oqhelekileyo; ngumyalelo womgaqo-siseko obangela ukuba umongameli anikwe igunya elipheleleyo kwaye umisela umsebenzi onyanzelisayo wokukhusela umGaqo-siseko. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imvelaphi engokwembali, umbhalo ongokwasemthethweni, iziqalelo ezingundoqo, indaleko, nentsingiselo ehlala ihleli yesifungo, ukuzoba kwimithombo ephambili, uhlalutyo lobuchule, kunye namathuba aphawulekayo kwimbali yokusungulwa. Ngokuhlolisisa iziseko zomgaqo-siseko zesifungo somongameli, sifumana ukuqonda kwimbono wabalawuli be-frames ukwenzela amandla olawulo oluphezulu nemigaqo ehlala ixesha eqhubeka ikhokela i-ofisi yesizwe.

Imvelaphi Engokwembali YeOath Yomongameli

Ukuzimisela kwamaFrame kunye nokudalwa kweOath Claus

Ukufakwa kwesifungo esikhethekileyo kumongameli kwakungeyosiphelo esithe ngqo ebudeni beNdibano yoMgaqo-siseko yowe-1787. Iidrafti zangaphambili zomGaqo-siseko zazingaqulathanga mfuneko yokufunga kumphathi onegunya, kwaye lo mbandela waxutyushwa njengenxalenye yengxubusho ebanzi emalunga namandla olawulo, urhulumente, kunye nolwalamano phakathi kwamasebe. Abafaki-zixhobo babekuphaphele kakuhle ukukwazi ukuba nomphathi onegunya, besuke balwa nemfazwe nokumkani ozibanga linegunya elipheleleyo. Bafuna ukwenza umlawuli omkhulu onamandla ngokwaneleyo kodwa onyanzelwa ngumthetho nowaziwayo.

Ibinzana lesifungo lavela kwiKomiti yeeNkcukacha, elalisebenza ngokusulungekisa ulwimi lomGaqo-siseko. UJames Madison, uAlexander Hamilton, kunye nabanye abathunywa baphikisa ngelithi ukufuna umongameli ukuba afunge ukuba alondoloze, akhusele, akhusele, akhusele umGaqo-siseko kuza kuba sisiqinisekiso sikawonke-wonke kunye ne-ankile esemthethweni yeofisi. Ngaphandle kwesifungo, kwakukho inkxalabo yokuba umongameli wexesha elizayo angagunyazisa ulawulo ngaphandle kwesiseko somGaqo-siseko. Ulwimi lokugqibela, olwamkelelwe ngengxoxo encinane, luquka isifungo kunye nesinye isifungo (ngenxa yabo bangafuni ukufunga konqulo), ebonisa ukuzinikela konqulo.

UGeorge Washington kunye neNqanawa yokuqala

Isifungo sokuqala somongameli senziwa kuGeorge Washington ngoAprili 30, 1789, kwiveranda yeHolo yoMasipala kwisiXeko saseNew York. Isekela uRobert R. Livingston waseNew York wanikela isifungo, kwaye iWashington yongeza ibinzana elingokwesithethe ngoku "Undincede uThixo" ekupheleni, nangona iingxelo zangoku zididane ngale nto. Ukhetho lukaWashington lokubeka isandla sakhe kwiBhayibhile nokuyincamisa emva kwesifungo esibekwe phantse phantse kwilandela le landela ngalinye. Isehlo sokuqala sokunikezelwa komsebenzi ngobuchule sasiyilelwe ukuthethelela urhulumente omtsha kwaye sibonise ukuguquka koxolo ukusuka kwixesha lemvukelo kulawulo lomgaqo-siseko.

Ingcaciso yesifungo esenziwe ekuqaleni. Kwi-Adiresi yakhe yokuqala yeInaugist, wathetha nge "umsebenzi owenziwa ngamandla am onke, ukugcina, ukukhusela, nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko we-United States," ukuphinda ngqo isifungo. Wasiphatha isifungo njengembopheleleko engcwele, kwaye izenzo zakhe zamisela umgangatho wokunyaniseka komgaqo-siseko oye walinganiswa nxamnye. Umongo wembali wesifungo sikaWashington, [1] wafika ngexesha lomGaqo-siseko xa urhulumente wayesamkelwa kwaye urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente engazange avavanywe.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko: Inqaku II, Icandelo 1, uClause 8

Amazwi Afanelekileyo Nomkhosi Wawo Osemthethweni

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sesifungo somongameli sifumaneka kwiGatya II, Icandelo 1 Clause 8 lomGaqo-siseko wase-United States. Igalelo lifundeka ngolu hlobo:

" phambi kokuba angene ekuphunyezweni kwe-Ofisi yakhe, uza kuthabatha okulandelayo okanye ukufunyaniselwa:/____Endifunga ngokunzulu (okanye ndiqinisekise) ukuba ngokuthembeka ndiza kuphumeza i-Ofisi kaMongameli wase-United States, kwaye ndiza kusebenzisa elona khono lam lilungileyo, ndigcine, ndikhusele, ndikhusele, ndikhusele umGaqo-siseko we-United States.

Olu lwimi luchanekileyo kwaye luneentsingiselo ezithile ezingokwasemthethweni. Ibinzana elithi "phambi kokuba angene ekuphumezeni i-Ofisi yakhe" lenza isifungo sibe yimfuneko efunekayo ekusebenziseni amandla obungameli. De kugqitywe isifungo, umongameli-wocango akanakukhupha imiyalelo yegunya, uyalela umkhosi, okanye abandakanye nasiphi na isenzo esisemthethweni njengomphathi-mikhosi. Olu cwangciso lwexesha lubonisa ukuba isifungo asingomthetho nje kuphela.

Igama "i-" elibonisa umbizane wosifungo, lo gama umzali "okanye eqinisekisa" enika enye indlela kwabo iinkolelo zabo zonqulo okanye zobuqu zibathintela ekufungeni. Ukusetyenziswa "ukuqinisekisa" yayiyindawo yokuhlala ngabom yamaQuaker kunye namanye amaqela onqulo aphikisana nokufunga. Umqondiso /ukubhambathisela "ukuqhuba ngokuthembeka" iofisi kunye "ukukhusela nokukhusela" umGaqo-siseko //imposo yokwamkela imisebenzi kumongameli. "Unyaka we-waka" uthetha umgangatho wokunyaniseka, ukukhuthala, nokubambelela kumthetho, ngelixa "ukhusela, kunye nokukhusela" ugqitha ekufuneni inyathelo eliqhelekileyo ngokuchasene nomgaqo-siseko.

Iingxoxo KwiNdibano YomGaqo-siseko

Ingxelo yeSivumelwano somGaqo-siseko ibonisa ukuba ibinzana lesifungo lalingaphikiswanga kakhulu, kodwa laliyinxalenye yengxoxo enkulu ephathelele izifungo jikelele. Abathunywa abanjengoGeorge Mason noElbridge Gerry baphikisa izifungo zokunyaniseka ezithe chathayo kubaphathi besizwe, ngoxa abanye babesoyika ukuba izifungo ezininzi zaziza kuphelisa intsingiselo yabo. Umbhalo wokugqibela wawukukulalanisa: isifungo esinye sikamongameli, nokuqonda ukuba amanye amagosa esizwe ayeza kubotshwa ngezifungo ezifanayo njengoko zimiselwe ngumthetho. Abafaki-fako bakwacingela ukuba isifungo simelwe ngumgwebi okanye ligosahlulele, ekugqibeleni sishiye loo nkcazelo kumthetho. Umthetho omiselweyo weNkulawula iNkundla ePhakamileyo njengolawulo, isithethe esiye sagcinwa ngokuchasana.

Ukufakwa kwegama "defend" kwakubaluleke kakhulu. Ngelo xesha, umGaqo-siseko wawuluxwebhu olutsha nolubuthathaka, yaye abalawuli babefuna ukuba umongameli abe nazo zombini iinkonzo negunya lokuxhathisa imigudu yokuwuphazamisa. Olu lungiselelo lokuzikhusela kwesifungo luchaziwe kwiingxoxo eziphezulu zamandla aphezulu kumaxesha emfazwe nakungxamiseko yesizwe, kunye noomongameli bephikisa ukuba isifungo sibanyanzela ukuba benze izenzo eziyimfuneko ukukhusela umyalelo wesiseko kwanaxa ezo zenzo zityhalela imida esemthethweni.

Isiqalelo Esiphambili Sesithungo kwinkcukacha

Ukuthembeka KumGaqo-siseko

Isibopho esingundoqo sesifungo sisemGaqo-siseko ngokwaso, hayi kuhlanga, abantu, okanye nawuphi na umbutho wezobupolitika. Lo mahluko unzima. Ngokufunga ukuphakamisa umGaqo-siseko, umongameli uyayiqaphela imigaqo emiselweyo nemigaqo emisela ubuchule bokulawula. UmGaqo-siseko uchaza isakhiwo sikarhulumente, ubala amagunya, kwaye ukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ngoko ke isifungo sidala ulwalamano olumanyumnyezi phakathi komongameli kunye nenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko. Sisithembiso sokusebenza ngaphakathi kwemidabiso emiselwe kwaye sixhathise nayiphi na iminqweno yokusebenza ngaphandle kwawo, kwanawo, ekuphumeleni usukelo oluqhelekileyo okanye ukhuseleko lohlanga.

Abaphengululi baye baphikisana ukuba isifungo simisa umsebenzi wobuqu, ophantsi okanye umgaqo womthetho. Imbono eyaziwayo, exhaswe zisigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo, njenge- United States v. Curtiss-Woright Rhweba ngaphandle. [1936], kukuba isifungo asiwanzi amandla kamongameli kodwa sigxininisa imbopheleleko yokuhlala ngaphakathi kwawo. Isifungo asingomthombo wegunya kodwa singumthombo wegunya. Ikhumbuza umongameli ukuba umGaqo-siseko ungowongaphezulu ongenakubekwa bucala ngolawulo oluphezulu.

Ukulondolozwa

Izakhono "lokhuseleko" kunye "lokhuseleko" zahlukile kodwa ziyaphelelisa. Ukugcina kuthetha ukugcina okanye ukugcina imeko entle, ngelixesha kukhuselwa kuthetha ukukhusela ekonakalisweni. Zidibene, zifuna umongameli ukuba axhase amalungiselelo akhoyo omGaqo-siseko kwaye akhusele ngokukhutheleyo ukulwa nohlaselo, enoba lungaphakathi okanye ngaphandle. Lo msebenzi ukhutshelwe ngoomongameli ukuthethelela izenzo ezinjengokucinezela ingxubeko, ukunyanzelisa umthetho karhulumente ngokuchasene noorhulumente, kwanokusebenzisa umkhosi ukukhusela umgaqo-siseko wamanye amazwe kwizisongelo.

Imizekelo yembali yale misebenzi iquka uAbraham Lincoln ukuphendula kwingxaki yeNkqutyana, awayifungisa njengomsebenzi wokulondoloza i-Union kunye nomGaqo-siseko. ULincoln waphikisa ngelithi isifungo sasifuna ukuba athathe amanyathelo angaqhelekanga, kuquka ukunqumamisa i-habeas i-corpus kunye nokuvala amazibuko asezantsi, kuba ukungaphumeleli ukwenza okuthile kuyakuvumela ukuba umGaqo-siseko utshatyalakale. Ngokufanayo, uFranklin D. Rooselt wacaphula isifungo sakhe xa ecela ukuba asebenze ngemfazwe enkulu kwiBhunga ngexesha lemfazwe yehlabathi II. Ugcino nokhuseleko lusebenza njengesiseko somthetho wesenzo solawulo lwamazibuko asezantsi ngamaxesha engxaki, ngoxa kuphinda kukhunjuliswe oomongameli ukuba izenzo zabo zimele zisebenze umGatho-siseko, hayi umntu ngamnye okanye iziphelo zobuqu.

Ukuphunyezwa KweOfisi Ngokuthembeka

Ibinzana elithi "ngokunyaniseka lenza i-Ofisi kaMongameli wase-United States" limisela umsebenzi. Ifuna ukuba umongameli aphumeze imisebenzi yeofisi ngengqibelelo, ngenkuthalo, nangokuvumelana nomthetho. Le nto ibingumbandela wetyala, ingakumbi kwimeko kaRichard Nixon, owatyholwa ngokuphazamisa isigwebo kunye nokusebenzisa kakubi amandla akhe, izinto eziphikisa isifungo sakhe sokuphumeza ngokuthembeka. UAndrew Johnson noBill Clinton nabo babejongene nento yokutyhola ukutyholwa ngokuphikiswa kwesifungo sabo, nangona izityholo ezithile zahluka.

Abaphengululi abasemthethweni bathi "ukuphumeza ngokuthembeka" kwakhona kudibanisa umongameli ukuba anyamekele ukuba imithetho iphumezwe ngokuthembeka, icandelo elifunyenwe kwiGatya II, iCandelo 3. Isifungo kunye nokukhathalelwa kusebenza kunye ukwenza umsebenzi obanzi wokunyanzelisa. Umongameli akanakuyityeshela ngokukhethayo imithetho okanye ayizalisekisi kukholo olubi ngaphandle kokwaphula isifungo. Le mbopheleleko iquka yonke imithetho yesizwe, hayi leyo ixhaswa ngumongameli, kwaye inika isiseko somgaqo-siseko sokuhlola imigaqo yezenzo zolawulo.

I-Evolution Yegama Elingunxantathu

Ukusuka Kulawulo Olulula Ukuya Kukutsho Kwindlela Engaqhelekanga

Kwiminyaka yokuqala yerepublic, umsitho wesifungo wawungumsebenzi omfutshane, othobayo. Unikezelo lokuqala lukaGeorge Washington lwathatha imizuzu embalwa kuphela, yaye isifungo sanikwa kwiqonga elilula. Njengoko uhlanga lwakhulayo kwaye umongameli waba ngomfuziselo ongakumbi, umsitho wakhula. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, ukunikezelwa kwakuquka umboniso, iibhola, kunye needilesi ezinde. Isifungo ngokwaso, noko ke, sahlala singatshintshanga, singumgaqo-siseko osisigxina phakathi kwezithethe ezijikelezayo.

Enye into ephawulekayo yaneno ngo1865 xa uAbraham Lincoln wanikela intetho yakhe yesibini emva kokuqukumbela isifungo, intetho ngoku ejongwa njengenye yezona zinkulu kwimbali yaseMelika. Indawo yemibhiyozo iye yahluka-hlukene/_ukunikezelwa kwezakhiwo kunyaka weNtshona ye-U.S. Capitol, kodwa emva komsitho we-1981 wasiwa kwiNtshona Fromment ukwenzela unikezelo olungcono lukawonke wonke. Imozulu ye- Incle iye yanyanzela ukuba umsitho uqhutywe ngaphakathi endlwini, njengangonyaka ka-1985, unikezelo lwesibini lukaRonald Obama ka-2009, xa iqhutyelwa kuqala phantsi kwe-dome eNtshona.

Iioth Mishaps Neevenkile

Umbhalo womgaqo-siseko olula maxa wambi uye wanzima ngenxa yempazamo yomntu. Ngo-2009, uMgwebi omkhulu uJohn Roberts noMongameli uBarack Obama bakhutyekiswa yile ndlela yokulaysa ngexesha lesifungo, ikhokelela kwintsebenziswano yokuphinda isetyenziswe kwiNdlu emhlophe ngemini elandelayo ukunqanda nayiphi na ithandabuzo elisemthethweni malunga nokuqalisa komongameli. Ngokunjalo, ngo1961, iNtloko yeJaji u-Earl Warren yasiqonda kakubi isifungo, nangona u-Redo yayithathwa njengeyimfuneko. Ezi ziganeko zibalaseko kumgaqo-magama ongqhinga: kuba isifungo singumyalelo womgaqo-siseko, nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na into ejikayo impikiswano ngokubhekisele kulwalamano lwaso, nangona iinkundla zibambe ukuba iimpazamo ezincinane azichaphazameli.

Ngokuphandle, kuye kwaphakama imibuzo yokuba isifungo singaphunyezwa ngomnye umntu ngaphandle kobulungisa obuyintloko. Ngelixesha isithethe sisithi iJaji Enkulu iyasisebenzisa isifungo, umGaqo-siseko awuchazi ukuba ngubani omele akwenze oko. Ngo 1963, emva kokubulawa kukaJohn F. Kennedy, uMgwebi uSarah T. Hughes weSithiligiya saseNyakatho Texas wenza isifungo kuLyndon B. Johnson eAirporand Force One, ngexesha lokuqala nelinye kuphela umfazi oye wasebenzisa isifungo somongameli. Ukunyaniseka kwesi sifungo akuzange kucelwe, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuchazwa komphathi ophetheyo akumiselwangagunyaziswanga ngokomgunyaziso.

Ukutolikwa Komongameli Nomgaqo Olawulayo

Indlela Abalawuli Abayichanaba Ngayo Ioli

Kuyo yonke imbali, oomongameli baye bacaphula isifungo sokuthethelela izenzo ezininzi, ukusuka ekusayineni umthetho ukuya ekuqaliseni imisebenzi yomkhosi. UThomas Jefferson wasebenzisa isifungo ukuze afeze intanda-bulumko yakhe engqongqo yokwakha, ephikisa ngelithi inyanzelisa ukuba alandele kuphela amagunya agunyaswe ngokuphandle kumGaqo-siseko. Woodrow Wilson wacela ukuba athethe ngokuchasene noManyano lwezizwe, esithi ukugcina umGaqo-siseko kufuna ukuqhelanisa nemeko entsha yezizwe ngezizwe. Kutshanje, oomongameli baye babhekisa isifungo kwimiyalelo yezolawulo ngokuphathelele ukufuduka, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, kunye nemigaqo yezolawulo.

Isifungo sikwasebenza njengesixhobo sokuphendula isifungo ngexesha lobunzima besizwe. Emva kohlaselo lwe-Septemba 11, uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wathetha rhoqo ukuba isifungo sakhe soku "khusela, ukukhusela nokukhusela" umGaqo-siseko wamnyanzela ukuba athathe amanyathelo aqatha nxamnye nobugrogrisi, kuquka ukujongana neenkundla zomkhosi ezingenagunya. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba ezi zenzo ziwusongela umGaqo-siseko, zityhila ukuxineka okukhoyo kulwimi olubanzi lwesifungo. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo ngomlinganiselo wamandla obungameli isoloko ibuyela kuvavanyo lwesifungo, isenza uxwebhu oluphilayo oluqhubeka lusenza indlela yokuziphatha yolawulo oluphezulu.

Isifungo Nokwahlukana Kwamandla

Ulwalamano lwesifungo sokwahlula amagunya lunzima. Kunyanzelisa umongameli ukuba ahlonele iindima zeBhunga kunye nejaji, kodwa kwakhona kunika isiseko sokuxhathisa ukungenelela kwegunya eliphezulu. Umzekelo, umongameli angaphikisa ngokuthi umthetho ocetyisiweyo uyawuphula umGaqo-siseko kwaye ngoko ke akanakuphunyezwa ngokuthembeka, nto leyo ekhokelela ekunyanzeleni okanye ekulaleni ukunyanzeliswa. Ngokufanayo, isifungo sisetyenzisiwe ukuxhasa imbono eqinileyo yelungelo eliphezulu, njengaxa oomongameli begosaphula ulwazi kwiBhunga lokukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe okanye ukwenza izigqibo.

Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ziye zabhekisela ngamanye amaxesha ekuchazeni imisebenzi yempangelo elawulayo. Clinton v. Jones [1997], iNkundla yaphawula ukuba imbopheleleko kamongameli yoku "phumeza ngokuthembeka" iofisi ayikhange inikezele ukuthintelwa ekumangalweni kwamacala ayimfihlo. [[FLTL:2] [iiiqela] leqela labasebenzi elincinane i-Stown & Lamp; i-Tube. v. Sawyer [1952], iNkumbuso wabetha phantsi uMongameli Truman wesitshelo ngethuba lemfazwe yemfazwe yase Korea, ebambe isifungo esingamnikanga gunyazo ze-mgqeqeshosho. Ezi meko zibonisa ukuba uvunelo oluluthiweyo lusebenze ngegobelo lomGoqo-siseko.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kwesifungo

Iziseko zomGaqo-siseko zesifungo somongameli sesikhundla zityhila inkqubo esetyenziswa ngabom nangenamandla yokuqinisekisa ukuba ityala lolawulo oluphezulu. Ukusuka kwiNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko ukuya kwinkcaso yayo yesithethe sale mihla, esi sifungo siye sasebenza njengesifungo esinguwonke esisigqitha kwezobupolitika ezichaseneyo nephulo lobuqu. Simanyanisa umongameli ngamnye kwimigaqo efanayo eye yakhokela uhlanga kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini: ukuphunyezwa ngokuthembeka kwemisebenzi, ukugcina izakhiwo zomGaqo-siseko, nokukhuselwa kwe-riphabliki kuzo zonke iintshaba.

Ukuqonda imvelaphi yesifungo sembali, imvelaphi esemthethweni, kunye nokutolika intsingiselo yendalo kunceda abemi baqonde ubunzulu bexesha xa umongameli omtsha ebeka isandla kwiBhayibhile kwaye ephinda amazwi enqaku II. Isifungo asiyonto ekudala kodwa singummiselo ophilayo owenziwe kwisebe elilawulayo. Njengokuba uhlanga lujongene neengxaki ezintsha . "kuguquko lwezobugcisa ukuya kungqubano lwe-Phondo" isifungo esihlala sisikhumbuza ukuba umongameli lisikhundla sokuthenjwa phantsi komthetho. Kubo bafuna ukuqonda ulawulo lwe-Melika, umongameli unika iwindow ecacileyo kwimbono yabaququququzeli kunye nomzamo oqhubekayo wokulungelelanisa amandla nemigaqo-siseko se-jiyo.

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