Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya ngumgaqo osisiseko wolawulo-demokhrasi. Yiplani yokwakha ethintela naliphi na igunya likarhulumente ukuba lifumane igunya elingathintelwayo. Kubemi abahlala kwidemokhrasi, ukuqonda lo mgaqo asiyomfuneko yemfundo ephambili, kwaye yimfuno yesizwe. Xa abemi beqonda indlela igunya elahlulwe ngayo kwaye lilungelelaniswe ngayo, baxhotyiswe bhetele ukuba bagcine urhulumente wabo ephendulile, bekhusela amalungelo abo, yaye benenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwinkqubo yezobupolitika. Kwixesha elandayo yempatho-mpatho-mandla, izikhulu zemithetho ephakamileyo, kunye nemithetho yezomthetho ephikisanayo, ukusetyenziswa kwamagunya kusoloko kuyingozi ngakumbi.

Kuyintoni Ukwahlukana Kwamandla?

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya lulwahlulo lwamasebe karhulumente ahlukeneyo: uwiso-mthetho, umphathi, kunye nekomiti yokugweba. Isebe ngalinye linikwe iseti yalo yamandla neembopheleleko, kwaye ngalinye lenzelwe ukusebenza ngokwahlukileyo kwamanye. Olu zimelelo lwesakhiwo lucetyelelwe ukuthintela ukubekwa kwamandla nakweliphi isebe, kwaye kamva imbali iye yabonisa ukuba ikhokelele kubuzwilakhe. Umgaqo wachazwa kakhulu sisithandi sobulumko saseFransi uMontesquie kumsebenzi wakhe wewaka li-1748 uMoya woMthetho , kwaye kamva waba ngumGawula eUnited States kunye namanye amaxwebhu angenakubalwa.

Kumthombo wayo, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kumisela inkqubo yegunya likarhulumente elabelanayo. Akukho sebe linokusebenza lodwa ukwenza, ukunyanzelisa, nokutolika imithetho. Endaweni yoko, isebe ngalinye limele lithembele kwezinye ukuze liphumeze imisebenzi yalo, libangele amandla okuxhomekeka nokuvelelana.

Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente

Ukuze bakuqonde ngokupheleleyo ukwahlulwa kwamagunya, abemi kufuneka baqonde iindima neembopheleleko ezahlukileyo zesebe ngalinye. Nangona ezi zinto zicacisiweyo zahluka ngokwelizwe, isiseko jikelele samkelwa ngokubanzi kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Isebe loMthetho

Isebe lowiso-mthetho linembopheleleko yokwenza imithetho. Kwinkoliso yezolawulo-moya, eli sebe lithatha uhlobo lwepalamente, ingqungquthela, okanye indibano yesizwe. Amalungu alo adla ngokunyulwa ngabantu kwaye asetyenziselwe ukumela izilangazelelo zabantu. Iingxoxo zesebe lemithetho, iidrafti, kunye neevoti kwimithetho ecetyiweyo. Likwanegunya lesikhwakhwa se-mali .

Isebe eliphethe i-Advice

Isebe elilawulayo linembopheleleko yokunyanzelisa nokusebenzisa imithetho edluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Lilawulwa ngumongameli, umphathi-mikhosi, okanye ngumphathi-mikhosi. Isebe eliphetheyo lilawula iinkqubo zemisebenzi yorhulumente, liqhuba ulwalamano lwamanye amazwe, liyalela nemikhosi exhobileyo. Kwakhona eli linegunya lokukhupha imithetho yegunya, imimiselo, kunye nemiyalelo etolika imithetho ekhoyo. Kwezinye iinkqubo, umphathi-ofisi unokuba negunya lomthetho odluliselwe yi-patroimage.

Isebe Lejaji

Isebe lejaji linembopheleleko yokuchaza imithetho nokuqinisekisa ukuba iyasetyenziswa kakuhle. Eli gunya linenkqubo yeenkundla, enenkundla ephakamileyo (efana nenkundla ephakamileyo) esebenza njengomchasi wokugqibela weembambano ezingokwasemthethweni. Isebe lejaji lineengqwalasela zomthetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo ukufumanisa ukuba ziyangqubana na nomgaqo-siseko. Eli gunya lokuhlola linguvavanyo olubalulekileyo kumasebe owisomthetho nakwezilawuli.

Ukubaluleka Kokwahlukana Kwamandla

Ukuqonda ukwahlukana kwamandla kunika abemi amandla ngeendlela eziliqela eziqatha.

Ukuthintela Ukusetyenziswa Kakubi Kwamandla

Injongo yokuqala yamagunya okwahlula kukuphepha ubundlobongela. Ngokusasaza igunya, inkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye linganyanzelisanga ukuba livume ukuthanda kwalo. Umzekelo, indlu yowiso-mthetho ayinakuwudlulisa umthetho ocinezelayo ngaphandle kokuba umlawuli onegunya angayibetha okanye ayibethe phantsi. Le ndlela yokuzikhusela egqumekileyo yenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba nabani na okanye iqela lithabathe amandla apheleleyo.

Ukukhuthaza ukuphendula

Isebe ngalinye lingaphendula abanye ngobuchule obahlukahlukeneyo. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ingawaphengulula okanye iwasuse amagosa aphezulu; isebe eliphetheyo lingawarhoxa amatyala owiso-mthetho; kwaye ijaji ingavakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo ezingekho semthethweni. Oku kukhokelana kukhuthaza ukuba libonakale lineembekiselo kwaye kunyanzelo kwisebe ngalinye ukuthethelela izenzo zalo. Abahlali bangenelwa koku kuphendula kuba bebona ukuba liliphi isebe elinoxanduva ngesigqibo esinikiweyo kwaye banokusebenzisa ingcinezelo ngokunjalo ngokuvota, izibongozo, okanye iingxaki ezingokwasemthethweni.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Xa amandla ehluliwe, amalungelo omntu ngamnye akhuseleke ngakumbi. Ukwahlulwa kwamandla kusebenza njengomnatha wokhuseleko kwisenzo soburhulumente solwaphulo-mthetho esizimeleyo. Umzekelo, ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho idlulisa umthetho ophazamisayo ekuthetheni ngenkululeko, ijaji ingawubetha. Ukuba imiyalelo elawulayo iphengululo engekho ngqiqweni, iinkundla zinokungenelela. Olu khuselo luxhomekeke kwimfuneko ezimeleyo yokwahlula amagunya.

Ukukhuthaza Ubungqina Bomsebenzi Ofihlakeleyo

Abahlali abayiqondayo indlela igunya elahlulwe ngayo basengozini yokubandakanyeka kurhulumente wabo. Bayazi ukuba liliphi isebe abanokuqhagamshelana nalo malunga nomba othile: indlu yowiso-mthetho ukwenzela iinguqu kwimithetho, umphathi-mikhosi, kunye nejaji yezokwaphula amalungelo. Olu lwazi luguqula abantu abangenzi nto babe ngabathathi-nxaxheba abakhutheleyo. Abahlali abanolwazi bangabhenela, bavuselele, bavote, bade babhalekele kwisikhundla benolwazi olucacileyo lwendlela yokuguqula.

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano Olusebenzayo

Iingqinipho kunye nolungelelwano lubuchule obusebenzayo obubangela ukwahlulwa kwamagunya. Zivumela isebe ngalinye ukuba lisikelele amandla amanye, libangele imilinganiselo engaguquguqukiyo. Le mizekelo ilandelayo, ethathwe ngokuyintloko kwinkqubo karhulumente wase-U.S. ibonisa indlela ezi zihlo ezisebenza ngayo kulawulo lokwenene.

IiNkqutyana zoMgaqo-siseko

Indlu yowiso-mthetho ingayidlulisa imithetho, kodwa intloko-mthetho ingayigunyazisa loo mithetho. EUnited States, iBhunga lingayigqitha i-veto ngobuninzi obubini obuzii-3 kwizindlu zombini (ii-ii-intshi enzima kodwa enokwenzeka. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ikwalawula uqingqo-mali, inike izibonelelo ngaphezulu kwezona ziphambili. Ngaphezu koko, iBhunga liqinisekisa ukubekwa kwegunya lempatho-siseko lize linike izivumelwano, linika uvavanyo kubasebenzi bempathiswa-mpathi-nxaxheba kunye nezigqibo zemithetho yangaphandle.

Isigqeba selizwe sikhangela

Umongameli uyakwazi ukumisela umthetho olawulayo, njengoko kuphawuliwe. Kwakhona umongameli unamandla okumisela abagwebi besizwe, kuquka amajaji eNkundla Ephakamileyo, phantsi kwesiqinisekiso seNkundla ePhakamileyo. Ngemiyalelo yesebe eliphetheyo, umongameli unokulathisa indlela imithetho enyanzeliswa ngayo, inkqubo yokubumba ngaphandle komthetho omtsha. Kwakhona umphathi ophetheyo unokuxolela abantu abagwetyiweyo kulwaphulo-mthetho lwaseburhulumenteni, ukuvavanywa kwejaji yejaji.

IiNkcukacha zoMgwebo

Ijaji inamandla okuhlola okugweba: ingavakalisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga kunye nezenzo ezithathwa ngumphathi-mikhosi ukuba angabi ngumthetho. Olu luvavanyo olunamandla kuba lunokuphelisa umsebenzi wamanye amasebe. Umzekelo, Marbury v. Madison [1803], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yamisa igunya layo lokubetha imithetho echasene noMgaqo-siseko. Ijajidiary ikwacacisa intsingiselo yemithetho, ngokunempumelelo indlela esetyenziswa ngayo.

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene yeengqikelelo kunye nolungelelwano mininzi. Ibhodi yemfundo [[FLT:] [1918-2019] yenzekile xa iNgqungquthela yala ukuxhasa udonga lomda womongameli, ikhokelela ekubeni ime ixesha elide. Ngokufanayo, isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo kwi Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [1954] ilawula imithetho yesizwe elawula udidi oluthile, ebonisa amandla ejiko-judiary ukukhangela ezona zombini imo kunye nezenzo zolawulo. Ezi ziganeko zibalase ukuba ukwahlukana kwamandla akuchaphazamisi ubomi babantu.

Imeko

Ingcamango yokwahlula amagunya karhulumente yaqala ngokunzulu. Inkcubeko yamandulo yamaGrike namaRoma, kuquka uAristotle noPolybius, yaxubusha urhulumente oxubeneyo njengendlela yokuphepha ingcinezelo. Noko ke, ukwenziwa kwale nkqubo kunxulumene kakhulu nokukhanyiselwa.

Impembelelo KaMontesquieu

Ku Umoya woMthetho , uMontesquieu waphikisa ngelithi inkululeko yezopolitiko ifuna ukuba igunya lahlulwe phakathi kwamasebe awohlukeneyo. Waphawula ukuba xa amagunya owiso-mthetho kunye namagunya alawulayo edityaniswe kumntu omnye okanye kumzimba omnye, inkululeko iyalahleka kuba umlawuli ungenza imithetho yobuzwilakhe aze awanyanzelise ngokungekho mthethweni. Ngokunjalo, ukuba igunya lejaji lidityani nakwezinye ezimbini, ijaji iba ngummisi-mthetho okanye uzwi. UMontesquieu uphembelele iingcamango ezithe ngqo kwisakhelo yeU.S.

Ukufunyanwa KweUnited States

James Madison, kuluhlu olufanayo uNo. 47, wakhusela ngokudumileyo ukwahlulwa kwamagunya njengokubalulekileyo ekulondolozeni inkululeko. Wabhala, “Ukwakhiwa kwawo onke amagunya, uwiso-mthetho, ulawulo, kunye nolawulo oluphezulu, kwizandla ezifanayo... kungachazwa ngokufanelekileyo kanye ubuzwilakhe.” UMgaqo-siseko wahlula urhulumente wolawulo ube ngamasebe amathathu, ngalinye lineenkqubo ezicazulu ezincileyo, kwaye wongeza inkqubo entlukwano kunye nezikali. Lo mzekelo ufunyenwe, kunye notshintsho, kwamanye amazwe amaninzi.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Namhlanje, inkoliso yomgaqo-siseko wedemokhrasi ibandakanya uhlobo oluthile lokwahlula amagunya. Umzekelo, iSizinzi soMthetho waseJamani simisela iBundestag (iSihlomelo), uRhulumente (ukubulala), kunye neenkundla ezizimeleyo. UmGaqo-siseko weIndiya wahlula amagunya phakathi kwePalamente, uMongameli kunye neBhunga labaPhathiswa, kunye nejaji. Noko ke, umlinganiselo wokwahlukana uyahluka; iinkqubo zepalamente zisoloko zidityaniswa namandla olawulo oluphezulu nomthetho, kunye nomlungiseleli-ntloko-mikhosi okhuthu otsalwe kwindlu yowiso. Kwana kwiinkqubo ezinjalo, ijaji ihlala izimele ngokwayo, inika uvavanyo olubalulekileyo.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda ngemvelaphi yembali, jonga i Britannica ungeno kukwahlula amagunya kunye ingxoxo ye-Anotition yokwahlula amagunya.

Ucelomngeni Nezinto Zokugxekwa Zanamhlanje

Nangona ukwahlukana kwamagunya kusengundoqo kulawulo - melo, kumele kube nzima kule nkulungwane yama - 21.

Ufikelelo olungaphezulu

Kumazwe amaninzi, abalawuli baye bawandisa amagunya abo ngokuhlawula indlu yowiso-mthetho kunye nejaji. Oku kunokwenzeka ngokusetyenziswa okunyusiweyo kwemiyalelo yesebe elilawulayo, amagunya ongxamiseko, kunye nezenzo ezingokwabantu abatsha. Umzekelo, oomongameli base-U.S. baye bakhupha imiyalelo yezolawulo oluphezulu ekufudukeni, kwimigaqo yokusingqongileyo, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe oluthi ngokunokwenzeka lugqithe iiKhomishini. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba oku kululaza indima yesebe lemithetho-wiswano. Imeko efanayo iyabonakala kwezinye iidemocracracy, apho abalungiseleli abakhulu begunya eliseburhulumenteni.

Ukungaququzeli kwemithetho yezomthetho

Ngamanye amaxesha iinkundla zimangalelwa ngokugqitha indima yazo ngokwenza izigqibo zenkqubo kunokuba zitolike umthetho. Xa inkundla iwisa umthetho owiswe ngokwedemokhrasi, kungabonwa njengemithetho yejaji ephuma kwibheri. Abanye baphikisa ukuba uhlolo olusemthethweni luyimfuneko ukukhusela amalungelo amancinane kunye nemigaqo yesiseko. Olu xinezeleko luzalwa kwinkqubo; abemi kufuneka baqonde ukuba izigqibo zomthetho zinokuba neziphumo ezifikelela kude.

Umqulu othe ngqo we Grid

Ukwahlulwa kwamandla kusenokukhokelela ekubeni buthathaka xa amasebe elawulwa ngamaqela aphikisanayo. EUnited States, urhulumente owahlulelweyo udla ngokuphumela ekunqandeni uqingqo-mali, ekulibaziseni ukuqinisekiswa, nokungakwazi ukucombulula iingxaki ezicinezelayo ezifana nokufuduka okanye ukutshintsha kwemozulu. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi inkqubo yenzelwe ukuba icothe, ijonge ubuchule bokucinga. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwegriplock kakhulu kungaphelisa ukuthemba kwabantu kurhulumente kwaye kubangele abemi ukuba bathande izisombululo ze-denti.

Name

Xa amaqela ezobupolitika ehlukene kakhulu, iingqikelelo nolungelelwano olucetyiswa ukukhuthaza intsebenziswano lungasetyenziswa njengezixhobo. Umzekelo, abaququzeleli baselugcinweni basenokuvala izalathiso ezisekelwe kwiqela, okanye umphathi-mandla angala ukunyanzelisa imithetho edluliselwe liqela eliphikisanayo. Oku kukhukuliseka kwezithethe kusongela umlinganiselo othe ngcembe wegunya. Ukuqonda ezi mpembelelo kunceda abemi baqonde xa ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kuphantsi koxinzelelo.

Kwiingxaki zale mihla, bona [[FLT: 0] eli nqaku le American Bar Association [[FLT: 1]].

Isizathu Sokuba Abemi Bafanele Bakuqonde Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya

Ulawulo luphumelela kuphela xa abemi bexelelwe yaye bethembisene. Ukwazi ukwahlukana kwamagunya kuyinxalenye ephambili yokufundisa abantu.

Ukwazi Amalungelo Nemida

Ukuqonda ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kunceda abemi bakhona bazi oko urhulumente anokukwenza noko angenakukwenza. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba igosa lomthetho lifuna ngokungekho mthethweni, abemi kufuneka bazi ukuba abagwebi abanako ukubukhupha ubungqina kwaye isebe eliphetheyo linetyala ngehambo yamapolisa. Oku kwenza abantu bakwazi ukuqinisa amalungelo abo ngokunempumelelo.

Ulongiso

Xa abemi beqonda ukuba umongameli umisela abagwebi, ukuba iNkqutyana iyalulawula uqingqo-mali, yaye iinkundla zichaza imithetho, bangenza izigqibo ezifanelekileyo zokuvota. Banokuvavanya abo baza kubhaptizwa kungekuphela nje ngenxa yobuntu okanye umbutho kodwa kwanangendlela abo baza kubhaptizwa abaya kusebenzisa ngayo igunya lesebe labo.

Ukuphumelela Kwendlela Yokuzilawula

Iingcali ezikuqondayo ukwahlulwa kwamagunya zinokuyijolisa ngokuchane ngakumbi imigudu yazo. Zifuna ukutshintsha imithetho yompu? Indlu yowiso-mthetho. Ifuna ukuthintela umthetho oyingozi? Yivale enkundleni. Ifuna ukukhawulezisa isiqabu sentlekele? Inyanzelisa isigqeba-ntloko. Olu lwazi lusebenza kakuhle lunciphisa impembelelo yesenzo sezentlalo-ntle.

Ukhuselo nxamnye nobugunya

Imbali ibonisa ukuba ukubhukuqwa kwemigangatho yedemokhrasi kudla ngokuqala ngokuhlasela ukwahlulwa kwamagunya. Xa inkokeli ifuna ukuba iinkundla zijonge kwizigqibo ezilawulayo okanye ukuba imithetho yendlu yowiso-mthetho ejongene ne-rabha okanye isiseko sedemokhrasi sibuthathaka. Abahlali abamkela ezi mpawu zilumkisayo banokuxhobisa ukukhusela izakhiwo zomgaqo-siseko. Ukwahlulwa kwamandla akuyo ingxengxengezo; kufuna ukuphaphaza okuqhubekayo.

Isiphelo

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kungaphezulu kunomgaqo-siseko owomileyo, ````Umthetho'''. Kungumzi ophilayo okhuselekileyo wenkululeko. Ummi ngamnye unesibonda sokulondolozwa kwakhe. Ngokuqonda iindima ezahlukeneyo zemithetho, isebe elilawulayo, kunye namasebe ejaji, abantu banokukwazi ukuqhuba kakuhle urhulumente wabo, bawugcine umele uphendule, baze bakhusele amalungelo abo. Kwihlabathi apho amaziko edemokhrasi ajongene nezisongelo ezikhulayo, ulwazi lwamaqumrhu luluhlobo lokuzikhusela. Ziphe ixesha lokufunda indlela amasebe karhulumente wakho asebenza ngayo, ukukhangela ukungalungelelani, nokuba nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Impilo yedemokhrasi ixhomekeke kuleyo.