Amasebe amapolisa aseburhulumenteni asebenza njengesango eliyintloko lokuhlola ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kunye neminwe exhasa ukukhuselwa kweminwe yeminwe, ukuvavanywa komsebenzi, kunye nezigqibo zokunika izigqibo. Igunya lokuqokelela, lokugcina, nokwabelana ngemiqathango yobomi kunye nenkqubo yobuchule bokusebenza ye-biometric asilotshelo olungenanto. Eli nqaku linika uhlalutyo olubanzi lweziko lwemimiselo, imithetho yolawulo, kunye nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko. Ukuqonda iinkqubo ezisemthethweni ezilawula le misebenzi elawula le misebenzi, iingcali yoovimba bomthetho, iingcali bomthetho, imigaqo-yokwabelana imigaqo-mthetho, imigaqo-mthetho-ekhohlolwayo, kunye nemigaqo echaza kakuhle indlela amapolisa aqhuba ngayo indlela ajonga ngayo indlela aphila ngayo imvelaphi kunye neminwe.

Isiseko Esisemthethweni Seetsheki Zesiqalo Neminwe

Igunya elilawula imithetho karhulumente

Indlu yowiso-mthetho nganye yesizwe imisela imithetho ekhethekileyo enika amapolisa igunya lokwenza uvavanyo lwendawo engasemva kunye nolwamachaphaza. Le mithetho ichaza ngokuqhelekileyo iintlobo ze-checks ezivunyelweyo (umz., imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuqhuba iirekhodi, isiqalo semisebenzi), abantu okanye imikhosi enokuyicela (abaqeshwa, iibhodi zolawulo, iintlangano zamatsha - ntliziyo), kunye nokusetyenziswa okuvumelekileyo kogcino-data oluqokeleliweyo. Umzekelo, amaziko amaninzi aye amisela imithetho efuna imigaqo esekelwe kwisiseko somnwe, iingxelo zemvelaphi yabantu abasebenza ngokulula abafana nabantwana, abakhulile, okanye abantu abakhubazekileyo. [[FLTL:] iNU.[FLDLDL] iN iNUnivertives of Le translatencesment (FFFURDLDLDL) inikela iimigangatho ezininzi zemithetho eyahlukene, kodwa yamkele ngolwahlulkt.

Uphazamiso loMthetho olumanyeneyo

I-FLT: 1 igcina isiseko sembali yembali yelizwe. Ukufikelela iirekhodi ze-FBI, amaqumrhu karhulumente kufuneka angene kwisivumelwano esisemthethweni kwaye asebenzisane ne iFoleral Criminal Development of Information Service (CJIS) Icandelo igcina isiseko sembali yolwaphulo-mthetho sesizwe. Amagosa asekuhlaleni kufuneka angene kwisivumelwano se-FBIRP, angene kwisivumelwano sokusebenza ngokusemthethweni kwaye avumelane nesicelo esibhaliweyo nomthetho ogunyazwe. Ngokudibani na othunye umthetho amele asebenzise nayiphi na inkxaso ye-FFFFFFFFFFFRC. [FFFFF]

Izithintelo zomGaqo-siseko

IsiHlanzo sesine sikhusela abantu ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni. Ngelixesha iminwe yeminwe iye yathathwa njengento elula ukuphazamisa (bona ] iDavis v. Mississippi[, 394 U.S. 721 [19699]), ukuqokelelwa kwe-biomitric data ekwizibonelelo ezingezomthetho ezingekho mthetho kufuneka zibe nengqiqo. Iinkundla zenkundla zomthetho zisoloko zixhasa i-minwe njengenzala esemthethweni karhulumente xa zikhatshwa ligunya nemvume yomntu ngamnye. Kodwa ke, ummandla osemthethweni ujikeleza, ingakumbi ngokunyuka kwemitatho yemiba yogcino-lwazi nenkxaso ye-mibango ye-FL:2] i-athometrium. [FFLT:3] [inte:] [ignomet] imithetho enjalo ye-Illinomet B B

Izenzo zokukhangela isiqalo

Uqinisekiso lobungqina kunye nentsebenziswano edityanisiweyo

Phambi kokuba aqalise ukukhangela okungasemva, amapolisa karhulumente kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba ngubani oza kucela imvume kunye nombandela wokukhangela. Kwimisebenzi kunye nokukhangela i-internassing, lo mbandela kufuneka unikezele uchazo olusebenzayo lukarhulumente olunolwazi olukhoyo. Ngokucacileyo imvume yokuqhuba okanye yokufaka ipasiposi(ne tyikitya ifomu ebhaliweyo. Ifomu yemvume mayichaze ngokucacileyo injongo yokuhlola, iintlobo zeerekhodi eziza kuphendwa (umsebenzi, imfundo), kunye namasebe azakwamkela ulwazi. Amatyala amaninzi afuna ukuba ifomu ingabhaliswa okanye ibonwe. [[FLT.[FL:] IKhomishini yeFLD [FLD] [FLD]] inikela ukhokelo kumgangatho we-FOLD [implate:1]

Khetha isiseko sedata esifanelekileyo

Azikho zonke iingqikelelo zemvelaphi ezakhiwe ngokulinganayo. Amapolisa aseburhulumenteni asoloko efikelela kwithala leencwadi ezininzi ze-data:

  • Imeko yembali yolwaphulo-mthetho yesizwe indawo yokugcina imbali – igcinwe ngamapolisa karhulumente ngokwawo, equlethe iirekhodi zababanjwa, iinkolelo, yaye ngamanye amaxesha ugcino-lwazi olungelulo.
  • FBI Criminal Justice Information Services [CJIS] – ugcino-lwazi lwesizwe lwengxelo yembali yolwaphulo-mthetho olubonelelwe ngamasebe orhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nasekuhlaleni.
  • I-Sconal Sex Deffer Public Registerry (NSOPR) – enokuphengululwa ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho lwesondo.
  • Isiseko sedata sesizwe- esichanekileyo – umz., ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwabantwana ngokutsha kobhaliso, uluhlu lokususa inkathalo.

Umthetho wesizwe umisela ukuba yeyiphi isiseko sogcino-lwazi (ii) kufuneka ibuzwa ngenjongo enikiweyo. Umzekelo, ukukhangela okungasemva komqhubi webhasi wesikolo kungafuna zombini uvavanyo lwezwe nolweFBI olusekelwe kwiminwe, lo gama umfundisi-mvolontiya angafuna kuphela uvavanyo lwegama elisekelwe kurhulumente. U.S. Isebe leJaji leJaji [[[FLT: 1]] likhuphe imimiselo elawula ukufikelela kwiirekhodi ze-FBI (28 C.F.R.). inxalenye ye-20). Amapolisa aseburhulumente kufuneka alandele le migaqo ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela okusemthethweni nokuthembeka kogcino-data.

Ukuphumeza Iphulo

Xa imvume ifunyenwe kwaye iidatabase ezifanelekileyo zifunyenwe, amapolisa afumana uphando. Ukukhangela okusekelwe kwigama, inkqubo ihambelana nedata yejiyografi (igama, umhla wokuzalwa, inani lokhuseleko loluntu ngezantsi kwengxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho.. Ukukhangela okusekelwe kwiminwe, ushicilelo lubanjwa ngekhompyutha luze ludluliselwe kwinkqubo yokubonisa iminwe ezenzekelayo (AFIS), zombini kumgangatho wesizwe kunye noMthetho we-FBI we-IFF’s Identifited Extification System (IFIS). Uphendlo lwe-almodential luvelisa uluhlu lwemime enokwenzeka, oluye luye luphindaphindwa ngabahlolo oluqeqeshwe luqinisekise ukuba lungqine. [[FLT:] uMthetho weSiko lwabantwana wokuKhuselwa kwe-RG. [FLD]

Ukuchaza Iziphumo

Amapolisa esizwe anyanzelekile ukuba anike ingxelo ngokuchanekileyo nangexesha elifutshane. Amaxesha okuguquka kohlobo oluthile asuka kwiiyure ezingama-24 ukuya kwiiveki eziliqela, kuxhomekeka kubuntsonkotha nomthamo. Iingxelo zidluliselwa kwilungu elicelayo (umz., isithili sesikolo, iplanga elincinane, umqeshi) nengxelo yayo nayiphi na ingxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho efunyenweyo. [Uninzi lwamazwe lunikezela ilungelo lokwamkela ukhuphelo lwengxelo , ngokufuthi kungekho ndleko-mali, kwaye lungaceli mngeni wokuzi-mngeni ngohlolo okanye inkqubo yokwaphula umthetho. [FLT:] Umthetho wonyaka ka- 1974 [FLT:] umthetho we-APLT] uyasebenza nako lwe-overames ezibonelelo kwinkqubo yokuzinika iingxelo ze-CJIS, ukunikezela ngemvume nokufikelela kwabo. [FLT:]

Iinjongo Zomnwe Neemfuno Ezisemthethweni

Ukusayina nokuQaqambisa

Ukusebenzisa umnwe ngumbutho we-biometric ofuna ingqwalaselo ecacileyo, imvume ephakanyisiweyo. Kufuneka kuvunyelwe kujongwe, ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa, kwaye umntu kufuneka aqonde indlela ekufuneka imizobo isetyenziswe ngayo, igcinwe, kwaye yabelwane. Kumaphondo amaninzi, ifomu evumelayo kufuneka isithi: “Ndigunyazise amapolisa aqokelele iminwe yam kwaye ayidlulisele kwi-FBI ngenjongo yokuqhuba imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho. I- [illinois Biomet Imfictureal Act (BPA), enye yemithetho engqongqo yezenziwo-yo, imyale yokuba amalungu ebhambeleyo (na nakwiinkcazelo ezithile, ii-orekhomputhari) afanele afumane ucwangciso lokuzinzo, nokunqandanisa ingeniso kwi-data ye-octive, kunye neminye imithetho ye-tomic. I-tone, njengoko i-tomist Washington ingumthetho efana neyayayamagne.

Ubugcisa Nezixhobo Zomnwe

Amapolisa aseburhulumenteni asebenzisa [[FLT: 0] abaphengululi beminwe eqinisiweyo abasebenzisa iink- kunye nomqulu okanye iscan iinkqubo zamanani. Amacebo obomi athatha iminwe ngombane ngombane, asusa ukujijwa nokujijwa okuqhelekileyo kwe-ink makhadi. Ii-Federal Bureauragement zifuna ukuba zonke iintunja ezinikezelwe kwiCJIS ukwenzela ii-chemendo zolwaphulo-mthetho zecala kufuneka zidibane [[[FLT:]] ii-Exrectronictial Translation commentation commentation commentation commentation (EFLTS) [FLT])] i-octive mestings zolawulo olusemthethweni kunye neenkqubo ezithe rhoqo. Iinkonzo zokuqinisekisa ukuba amapolisa zifumane iinkonzo ezisemthethweni.

Ukuthunyelwa KwiFBI

Xa ukhangelo lweminwe lufuna uphendlo lukarhulumente, amapolisa karhulumente kufuneka adlulisele ushicilelo ngombane kwi-FBI edlula kwi-CJIS. Usasazo kufuneka lubhalwe ngokufihlakeleyo luze luqinisekiswe. I-FBI ngoko yenza uphengululo ngokuchasene ne-database yayo yesizwe ibuyisela ingxelo yembali yolwaphulo-mthetho (rap iphepha) kumbutho ogunyazisiweyo wesizwe. Amapolisa asebutyala ngokuphatha ugcino-lwazi olubuyiselweyo ngokukhuselekileyo kwaye abelane nento ekhankanyiweyo. Ukhuseleko lwe-CJIS lunika izimfuneko ezineenkcukacha zokuba i-data yeminwe imele igcinwe, idluliswe, ithunyelwe, kuquka nezifunekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ubungqina obuphiweyo, kunye nokuhlola okungasemva kwabo bonke abanikeze kwinkqubo zeCIS.

Ugcino nokugcinwa kogcino-lwazi lomnwe

Xa i-data yomnwe weminwe iqokeleliwe, amapolisa karhulumente kufuneka alandele iinkqubo ezingqongqo zokubuyisela umva. Amanye amatyala agcina ngokusisigxina iirekhodi zeminwe yabantu abachongiweyo ([FLT: 1]] [iingxelo zeminwe] epapashiwe ixesha lokusebenza, lokusebenza, okanye lokwaphula umthetho. Ezinye zifuna ukususwa emva kokuhlola okungasemva kugqityiwe kwaye kwenziwe ukuzimisela. [ Icandelo lezwe le-National Institute of Standard kunye ne-Technownment (NTS)[FLT] [iiindlela] [i-ixesha lokushicilela iminwe epheleleyo yexesha kwiminwe ehlukeneyo, kodwa umthetho karhulumente ekugqibeleni ulawula. Umzekelo, i-Penaldal Codenti ye-Cream ye-Crectory yesizwe kufuneka igcine imifanekiso yeminwe ngokungapheliyo yemithetho yetyala ngenxa yezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye yenkundla esifunekayo xa kumthetho omele ukwenziwa kwakhona.

Ukukhuselwa Kwabantu Bedwa Nemilinganiselo Esemthethweni

Ukufikelela okugunyazisiweyo noKwazi okufunekayo

Ukufikelela ekuhlolweni okungasemva kunye nogcino-lwazi lweminwe kulinganiselwe ngokungqongqo kubasebenzi abanobuchule “bokwazi-obebefunayo” ukwenzela ukunyanzelisa umthetho okanye iinjongo zolawulo. Amapolisa aseburhulumenteni kufuneka azalisekise ulawulo, kuquka iimvume ezisekelwe kwindima, uphicotho-zincwadi, kunye noqeqesho lokhuseleko ngamaxesha onke. Phantsi C.F.R. Inxalenye 20.33(b), ukusasazwa kweerekhodi ze-FCFCPC kunye nomthetho okugunyazisiweyo. Ukungagunyaziswa okanye ukukhuthulwa konikezelo kungane neziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho, izigwebo, kunye nokulahleka kokufikelela kwinkqubo yeCJIS.

Icandelo logcino-lwazi

Iinkqubo ezisemthethweni zifuna ukuba iingxelo ze-stem zomnwe zigcinwe kuphela ixesha elide xa kuyimfuneko. Iimeko ezininzi zinexesha elikhethekileyo lokugcina izithuba:

  • [[UMTL:0] iminyaka3-7 yokukhangela umsebenzi onxulumene nomva emva kokuphela kolwalamano lomsebenzi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ngokungenasiphelo ukwenzela uphando lolwaphulo-mthetho lolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nokutshutshiswa.
  • Ikhusi kumyalelo wenkundla kumatyala apho iingxelo zicinywe okanye zitywinwe.

[[NTL:0] UMthetho weeRecords zeFederal ubeka iimfuno ezongezelelekileyo ezifunekayo kubameli abafumana imali karhulumente. Amapolisa aseburhulumenteni kufuneka asebenzise inkqubo ebhaliweyo yokubuyisela izinto ekhoyo kwaye ayihlole minyaka le. Ukungaphumeleli ukunamathela kwimimiselo yokuzigcina kwakhona kungabhenca uxwebhu kwizenzo zobucala zikarhulumente okanye Umthetho okwi-Sunster

Iimfuno Zokwazisa

Xa uvavanyo lwesiqalo lutyhila ulwazi olungalunganga . olufana netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, olucelayo kufuneka lunike umntu ikopi yengxelo kunye nenkcazelo yamalungelo awo phantsi kwe-FCRA ngaphambi kokuba enze isenzo esingalunganga. Oku kwaziwa njenge engaphambili-adict suppoint suppoint station [. Amagosa amapolisa axhasa ingxelo ngqo kumntu ngamnye kufuneka anike ikopi yengxelo yengxelo ayaziswe ukuba ingxelo iqulethe idata engeyoyoyo, njengoko eminye imithetho yelizwe ithintela ukuqwala ukubanjwa okungazange kukhokelele ekukholelweni. Umzekelo, [[FLT.[FLD:2]] [FLD] [FFLT]], umbutho olibazisa imbali kwimbali yolwaphulo-mthetho de kamva, ide ibekwe kwiinkqubo zeRhulumente ezisemthethweni ezichaza ngoku, ngokweenkqubo zeRhulumente ezicacileyo ezicacileyo.

Ukuthelekisa imithetho yeQumrhu neyobuRhulumente

  • [[NTL:0] Ifair Certifining Reporting Report Act (FCRA) – ilawula ukusetyenziswa kweengxelo zesithathu zezahlulo; amapolisa karhulumente asoloko ekhululwa ukuba aqhuba i-exakeko ngqo, kodwa ukuba athe athe athembana nesebe elinika ingxelo yabathengi, i-FCRA iyasebenza.
  • Amalungelo oNtlanganiso kunye noMthetho wemfundo yoLuntu (FERPA) – uthintela ukwabelana ngeengxelo zemfundo yabafundi ngaphandle kwemvume.
  • I-Health Inishuwarensi yogcino-lwazi kunye noMthetho we-akhawunti (HIPAA)]---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  • Isiko lemithetho ye-biometric efihlakeleyo[[FT:1] – umz., BIPA, Texas Capture okanye Ukusetyenziswa koMthetho we-Biometric Intelligence Law, Washington Biometric Infiction.
  • Imithetho yembali yolwaphulo-mthetho yembali yembali yembali – umazwe amaninzi athintela ukutyhilwa kogcino-lwazi olungelulo okanye iirekhodi ezitywinwe.

Izibheno Nezimpikiswano

Abantu abakholelwa kwingxelo yabo engasemva abaqinisekanga ukuba banelungelo lokuphikisana nolwazi. Amapolisa aseburhulumenteni kufuneka anikezele inkqubo esesikweni yokuvavanya iingxelo zembali yolwaphulo-mthetho. Phantsi FBI's National Crime Information Center (NCIC) i-'IC') inkqubo yesibheno [[, umntu angacela ikopi yengxelo yeFBI yawo kwaye, ukuba afumane iimpazamo, afake iifayile ngqo neFBI okanye umbutho karhulumente owafaka ingxelo. Amapolisa karhulumente kufuneka aphinde aquququze irekhodi kwaye ayilungise ukuba impikiswano ilungile. Ngaphezu koko, uthelekisa ukuba kukho ibhodi ezimeleyo okanye i-ambumbu (umz., [FLD:2] uRhulumente wobu Burhulumente obu-Cermony [3]

Izenzo ezilunge kakhulu zokuququzelela ukhuphiso olungokwasemthethweni

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zamapolisa zikarhulumente zihlala zisemthethweni kwaye ziyasebenza, abameli kufuneka basebenzise ezi ndlela zilandelayo zilungileyo:

  • Uqeqesho oluthe ngqo – bonke abasebenzi ababandakanyekileyo ekuhloleni okungasemva nokunika iminwe kufuneka bafumane uqeqesho lwaminyaka le kuhlaziyo olusemthethweni nolusemthethweni, iimfuno zobuqu, kunye nemithetho elandelwayo yokhuseleko logcino-lwazi.
  • Iindlela ezisetyenziswayo - sebenzisa ukugawulwa komhlaba okuzenzekelayo kokukhangela, usasazo, kunye nesiganeko sokufikelela ukufumana ukusetyenziswa okungagunyaziswanga nokuzalisekisa iimfuno zobuveleli.
  • umahluko [ - - papasha izikhokelo ezicacileyo, zolwimi olucacileyo zabafaki-zicelo abachaza amalungelo abo, inkqubo yemvume, nendlela yokucel ucelo oluphosakeleyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukucutha – qokelela kuphela ulwazi olufunekayo kwinjongo ethile yokukhangela okungasemva kwaye uphephe ingqokelela engaphaya yogcino-lwazi olunokuthi lungqubanise imithetho yabucala.
  • Ukumiselwa kwemithetho yesizwe – ibandakanyeka kubenzi bomthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuba igunya lomthetho ligcina isantya kunye notshintsho lobugcisa kunye nokulindela ukuba umntu abe wedwa.
  • Uphatho lomthengisi olunezahlulo-zithathu – xa ufumana iinkonzo zeminwe yomnwe zabucala, uqinisekisa izivumelwano ziquka iirejista zogcino-lwazi, uphicotho-zincwadi lwesithathu, kunye nolwahlulo logcino-lwazi.

Isiphelo

Iinkqubo ezisemthethweni zokuqhuba imvelaphi kunye nokuqinisekisa iminwe yamapolisa azimeleyo. Ziyaguquka xa kusenziwa iinguqu zemithetho, imigaqo yenkundla, kunye nenkqubela-phambili kwezobugcisa. Umlinganiselo phakathi kokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kunye namalungelo obuqu womntu ngamnye ubuthathaka, kwaye amapolisa amele aqhube kakuhle. Ngokufaka kwimithetho efunekayo, ngokubhekiselele kwimithetho kunye nokubonisa imbonakalo ecacileyo, nokusebenzisa imigaqo eqinileyo yokhuseleko, nokusebenzisa imigaqo esemthethweni, amapolisa angenza le misebenzi ibalulekileyo ngokusemthethweni nangendlela efanelekileyo. [IFFB] kuwonke-wonke kunye nabaqeshwa, ayazi izikhuseli ezisemthethweni ziqinisekisa ukuba izinto ezingasemva zinokuthenjwa kwi-'tektroviswa zezo zokhuseleko nokwenza isigqibo. [ft.[f][f3][f][3]