Izigqibo zikarhulumente ezingabonakaliyo ezilawula umhlaba esiwusebenzisayo yonke imihla — ukusuka kwisixhobo sokulinganisa amavili ngaphantsi kwamavili ethu ukuya kwiibhulorho ezihamba imilambo yethu kunye neenkqubo zokuthutha ezidibanisa imimandla yethu. Ngoxa uluntu ludla ngokuthatha iindlela, imigodi, kunye nezixhobo ezisetyenziswayo ezigunyazisayo, zonke iikhilomitha zohambo ngenqanawa kunye netoni nganye yentsimbi zimveliso yokukhetha okwenziwa ngamagosa aphezulu, iinkokeli zesebe, nabayili bemithetho. Ezi zigqibi zineziphumo eziyingozi ezinkulu kwimveliso yezoqoqosho, ukhuseleko loluntu, impilobume bemekobume, kunye nenkqubo yoluntu. Ukuqonda indlela izenzo zikarhulumente eziphembelela ngayo iprojelo akuyo nje imfundo yemfundo; kubalulekile kubemi nakumntu ofuna ukukhuthaza ubuchule, abantu abahlala beendawo. Eli nqaku lihlola indima ebalulekileyo yemeko kwiindlela ezisetyenziswayo kwiindlela zokulungisa iindlela, kunye nezokuhlola imigaqo ze-enjini, kunye neengxaki zemidlalo

Ukubaluleka Kwemfundo

Izixhobo ezixhasa imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla yoluntu — iindlela, iibhulorho, amatonela, iintambo zokuhambisa amanzi, iinkqubo zokuchitha amanzi, ii-glass, ii-glass zombane, kunye neenkqubo zokuthutha abantu. Xa ezi nkqubo zisebenza ngokuthembeka, zinceda ezorhwebo, zinceda abantu bafumane uncedo longxamiseko, ziphucule nomgangatho wobomi. Ngokuchasene noko, ukungaphumeleli kwemibutho kubangela iindleko ezilinganiswe ngexesha elilahlekileyo, iingozi ezithe chatha, kunye nokruphiko lwezoqoqosho.

I-American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) ipapasha ikhadi lengxelo yeNkcubeko ePhakathi kane yeMinyaka yonke elikhupha amacandelo omlinganiselo e-U.S. kwiziphumo ezili-17. Kuhlolisiso lwakutshanje, iMelika yafumana i-C, uphuculo oluncinane kwiminyaka edluleyo kodwa isengumqondiso ocacileyo wokuba iibhiliyoni zeerandi ezifunekayo. Ngokutsho kwe-ASCE, isithuba sorhwebo kumgangatho wangaphandle kuphela singaphezulu kwezigidi ezingamawaka ezigidi zemali [izigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zezigidi] zemali ezigqitha kwishumi leminyaka. La manani agxininisa impembelelo ecacileyo yezigqibo zigqibo zifunyenweyo — nokuba ibonelela ukusetyenziswa, ukusetyenziswa kwezi mpahla zangoku, okanye ukuhlawula kwingeniso entsha.

  • .Trade kunye norhwebo — Iindlela namazibuko athe tyaba anciphisa iindleko, enza amashishini akwazi ukuhambisa izinto ngokukhawuleza nangexabiso eliphantsi. Umzekelo, iSebe lezokuthutha lase-U.S. liqikelela ukuba ukumiliselana kweenqanawa kubiza uqoqosho ngaphezu kwamawaka ezigidi ezingama-$60 ezigidi ngonyaka kwimveliso.
  • Ukhuseleko lwe-Public — iibhulorho ezisemgangathweni kunye neendlela ezisemgangathweni zinciphisa ubungozi beengozi kunye nokungalungi kwesakhiwo. Ukuwa kwebrorho yoMfula i-I-35W Mississippi, eyabulala abantu abali-13, yayisisikhumbuzo esilusizi sento eyenzekayo xa izigqibo zogcino zisithi zimfutshane.
  • Unikezelo nokuhamba — Isakhiwo esingunozala sigqiba ukuba ngubani onokufumana imisebenzi, unyango, imfundo kunye nokuzonwabisa. Abantu basemaphandleni badla ngokujongana “neentlango eziguqukayo” apho unxibelelwano olulinganiselweyo luhlukanisa abemi kwiinkonzo ezibalulekileyo.
  • Impendulo ecacileyo [[FLT: 0] — Ngexesha leentlekele zendalo ezinjengeenkanyamba okanye imililo, imeko yendlela zokufuduka kunye nokuzinziswa kwegridi zamandla zingathetha umahluko phakathi kobomi nokufa.

Iindima zikarhulumente kuPhuhliso loLuntu

Ulawulo aluzenzeki. Lufuna ukuba kwenziwe ngolungelelwano phakathi komgangatho omninzi karhulumente, ngamnye uzisa iimbopheleleko ezahlukileyo, imithombo yenkxaso-mali kunye neenkqubo zolawulo. Izixhobo eziphakathi korhulumente, urhulumente, kunye namagunya asekuhlaleni zibumba indlela enziwe ngayo iprojekthi, inkxaso, ivunyelwe, kwaye yakhiwe ngayo.

Ubandakanyeko lukarhulumente womanyano

Urhulumente wesizwe umisela izinto eziza kuqala kwisizwe, umisela imilinganiselo yokhuseleko, kwaye unika inkxaso yemali engundoqo ngeenkqubo ezifana noMthetho we-Aid-Aghway ePhakamileyo kunye noMthetho we-Bipartisan Intrastrustreal. I-Programae efana neFederal Highway Administration (FWA) kunye noLawulo lweFederal Transit Administration (FTA) kunye noManyano-Manyano-mali ekhoyo ebonelela ingqwalaselo yemekobume yendalo, kunye nokunyanzelisa imigaqo yenkcazo. Umzekelo, i-FHAWA yamanzi ephezulu yeTshenxiba iNgxorho exhobisayo yerha yerhafu yoomatilo, inikezela amawaka ezigidi zeera-erandi zeerandi ezikhoyo ukuze kumazwe eendleleni nasebhulorhweni. Ukusebenza kwe-evini kuqinisekisa iqondo lokusebenza kwemiqatha ye-othonga yeenkcuwasethi yezo zezo zezo zezwezwe neyo yesizwe.

Amanyathelo atsha karhulumente, kuquka iIfrablic Resultment and Jobs Act (IJA) eyatyikitywa ngowama-2021, aye akhokela imigangatho yembali yemali enxulumene neendlela, neebhulorho, ezothutho, ezothutho, ezibanzi, kunye nezithuthi zombane ezithengisa ii-intanethi. I-IJA yahlula malunga neerandi ezingamawaka ali-550 ezigidi zemali esetyenziswayo, kunye nee-$10 zamawaka ezigidi ezinikezelwe kwiindlela neebhulorho kuphela. Ezi zigqi zimo azizi nje kuphela ezithi zakhiwe kodwa kwanendlela ezichaphazeleka ngayo imozulu, i-ectly, egnown

Iminikelo karhulumente neyorhulumente

Amasebe ezothutho karhulumente (i-DOT) kunye namasebe kawonke-wonke asebenza kwindawo asekuhlaleni athwele umthwalo oyintloko wokuceba, ukuyila, nokulungisa izibonelelo. Ii-DOTs zilawula iinkqubo zohola-ndlela, zinike izimali zemali, zimisele nemisebenzi esekelwe kwiimfuno zengingqi. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni — izixeko, izixa-mali, nemibutho yocwangco yedolophu — bajonge iindlela zasekuhlaleni, iinkqubo zokuthutha uwonke wonke, iindlela, kunye neendleko zeebhayisekile. Izigqi zabo zichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukunyuka kwemihla ngemihla kunye nokuchuma kwezoqoqosho zasekuhlaleni.

Iindlela zemali zelizwe nezoluntu ziyahluka-hluka. Iingingqi ezininzi zixhomekeke kwiirhafu zepetroli, kwiindleko zokubhalisa iimoto, kwiimali ezihlawulwayo, kunye namaqhina okuxhasa ingeniso. Amanye amazwe aye anyusa irhafu yegesi okanye avelisa izixhobo zemali ezitsha ezifana nomanyano lwamaqumrhu kawonke-wonke (ii-P3) ukuze afake iindleko ezilinganiselweyo. Oorhulumente abaninzi basoloko bejongene nobunzima obukhulu ngenxa yokuba baxhomekeke kwezona zibonelelo zikhoyo — ezinjengezitrato ezihlala kunye neepafu zamanzi avuthuzayo — kodwa abanayo ingeniso eninzi kuneemali ekhoyo okanye urhulumente karhulumente orhulumente.

Inkqubela yokwenza Isigqibo: Indlela Iprojekti Esuka KwiIdea Ukuya Kwi-Asphalt

Ukuqonda le nkqubo kunceda abemi baqonde isizathu sokuba ezinye izinto ziqhubeke ngokukhawuleza ngoxa abanye bejamelene nobunzima kangangamashumi eminyaka.

Ukucwangcisa nokubeka iliso

Izigqibo zomthetho eziqala ngokucwangcisa. Iintlangano zeMetropolitan Planniant (MPOS) ziphuhlisa izicwangciso zezothutho ezilungelelanisayo ezixela kwangaphambili ukwanda kwabemi, ukufunwa kohambo, kunye nemeko yezoqoqosho. Ii-DOTs zivelisa iNkqubo ye-Stateurvanity Transportive programs (STIP) ezidwelisa zonke iiprojekthi ezixhaswayo kummandla othe nyaka wonke. Ezi zicwangciso zihlaziywa rhoqo kwaye kufuneka zivunywe yimishore ekhuthayo ukuze kuvulwe inkxaso. Isigaba socwangciso sibandakanya ukuqokelela ulwazi, ukufuzisela iimeko zexesha elizayo, kunye nokunxibelelana kwezilangazelelo ezidisanayo — isixeko esiphakathi kwe-mishini, ugcino , ulwando oluthelelwayo.

Uhlolo lokusingqongileyo kunye noLwazi oluNgenisiweyo lukawonke-wonke

Imisebenzi emikhulu ifuna iingxelo zokuchaphazeleka kwemekobume (EIS) phantsi koMthetho weNgqongqo-bume yeNtlalo-ntle (NEPA). Le nkqubo ihlola iziphumo ezinokubakho kumgangatho womoya, ubuncwane bamanzi, iindawo zokuhlala izilwanyana, iindawo zembali, kunye nabantu abangqongileyo. Ikwayalela ukuchotshelwa kwabantu ngokubanzi kunye namaxesha okuphendula, inika abahlali ilizwi kwizigqibo eziza kuchaphazela abamelwane babo. Ngoxa uhlolo lwe-NEPA lubalulekile ekukhuseleni indalo, lungabangela ukuba kulibazise. Umlinganiselo we-EIS uthatha iminyaka eliqela ukugqiba, kwaye amaqela abachasi angadibanisa ixesha elingakumbi. Ukuhlola oku kusenokunika abahlazinzi xa kuhlala kungumngeni wokuchasa wonga.

Ukuxhasa, Ukuvumela Nokwakha

Xa umsebenzi uthe wacwangciswa kwaye walungiswa, ukulondolozwa kwemali kudla ngokuba ngumqobo olandelayo. Oorhulumente kufuneka bahlulele uqingqo-mali lwemali, amaqhina okhuphiswano, bafuna intlawulo karhulumente, okanye bangene kwizivumelwano ze-P3. Ukuvumela kwintsebenziswano yasekuhlaleni — ukubhaliswa kwemvume yokwakha, imvume yolwakhiwo — zongeza intsalela eyongezelelekileyo yokuhlola. Ulwakhiwo lwezo ndawo ngoko lungaswa ngabameli bakarhulumente okanye amaziko abo, ngokuqinisekisa ngomgangatho kunye nokhuseleko ukutyhubela phambili. Lo mgaqo wexesha ukusuka ekukhawulweni ukuya ekugqityweni kwe-10 ukuya ekugqityweni kweminyaka engama-20 yentlukwano okanye ibhulorho ephambili yohola.

Impembelelo Yezigqibo Zokufundisa Abantu

Oorhulumente benza ukhetho malunga nendawo nendlela yokwakha izibonelelo zinemiphumo ehlala ihleli.

Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho

Izibonelelo ezicwangcisiweyo zitsala utyalo-mali lwabucala zize zibangele imisebenzi. Iindlela ezintsha zinganciphisa iindleko zeenqanawa, zivule umhlaba ukuze ziphucule, ziphucule ukuhambela phambili kwemizi - mveliso. Ngokwahlukileyo, iindlela ezilondolozwe kakubi zithintela amashishini kunye nendleko yokusebenza. Uhlolisiso lwe-Economic Policy Institute lufumanise ukuba ii-R2,000 yezigidi zemali ezithenjiswe kwisakhiwo sesakhiwo selizwe zibangela ukuba kubekho imisebenzi ethe ngqo nengangqalanga. Noko ke, indawo apho ezo ngeniso zingenisa khona: uhola omtsha odibanisa isakhiwo somsebenzi kummandla wasemaphandleni angavelisa ulwahlula umgangatho ophakathi, ngelixesha eliphakathi lo matshini ohamba umgama ophakathi kweminye.

Ulondolozo lwemeko-bume

Izigqibo zokubonelela ngemiqathango yemekobume zinokuba nciphisa okanye ziphucule imingeni yokusingqongileyo. Ukwandisa ubuchule boohola bendlela kusoloko kubangela ukuhamba ngenqwelo-mafutha, ukwanda kokukhutshwa kwegesi eshushu kunye nongcoliso lomoya. Kwesinye isandla, utyalo-mali ekuhambiseni uwonke, iindleko zeebhayisekile, kunye nezibonelelo zokuhamba ngenqwelo-moya zinokunciphisa ukuthembela kwiinqwelo-mafutha. Uorhulumente baya baqhubeka befaka imigaqo exhasa ukukhethwa kokhetho lweprojekthi — umzekelo, kufuneka kusetyenziswe izinto eziphinda-phinda-phindeke, ukongeza iimpawu eziluhlaza zamanzi olwesikhukula, okanye ukulondoloza iindawo ezingokwemvelo. Umgangatho wesibonelelo lwe-moteatravity Pavement Pavements Programments ukwandisa ubugcisa bokwakha ikharbon esetyenziswa ngobuchule bokwakha umgaqo-ndlela.

Inkcubeko

Umthetho oyingcali yezomthetho ubusisisixhobo sokufakwa nokukhutshwa koomatshini. Kumbindi wenkulungwane yama-20, imisebenzi yohola wendlela karhulumente idla ngokutshayelelwa kwimimandla esezantsi nemnyama, isusa iintsapho kunye noqhawulo lomanyano loluntu. Ilifa lezi zigqibo liyaqhubeka namhlanje liseyimiqobo, amaxabiso empahla, kunye nokwahlulwa kwempilo. Ukwenziwa kwesigqibo sale mihla kugxininisa ngakumbi ukuhambela phambili — ukuqinisekisa ukuba ingingqi ekhoyo phantsi kwemibutho efumana izabelo ezifanelekileyo. Ubulungisa beBhiden bubonisa inyathelo elingu 40% lokuthatha inyathelo lokulawula inzuzo kwimozulu nezokuveliswa koqoqo-mali.

Uhlolisiso Lwezigqibo Zokuyila

Inkqubo yendlela ephakamileyo yentatheli

UMongameli Dwight D. Eisenhower wasayina uMthetho weFederal-Aid Highway ka-1956, eqalisa iprojekthi enkulu yemisebenzi kawonke-wonke kwimbali yeMelika. Inkqubo ye-interstate, ehamba ngaphezu kweemayile ezingama-48 000, ilungisa kwakhona indawo yelizwe. Yakhawuleza yabangela ukunyuka kwelori njengendlela yokuthutha impahla ephakamileyo, kwaye yabangela ukuba uqhutyo olude lwendlela olude. Kodwa izigqibo ezikufutshane nokufuduka kwayo nolwakhiwo lwayo zazinamacala amnyama. Kule zixeko ezifana neBaltium, iMiami, neDetroit, zazifuduka ngabom zihamba ngeendawo ezimnyama — umkhwa owaziwayo njengegrogripttomachy' okanye “omhlophe kwiindlela ezimnyama zokulala.” Ezi zinto zobundlobo obuninzi noondileyo zanikela kwimiqobo. Namhlanje, ezinye izixeko ezithe ukukhulula nge-Sycript tracring, ngokweproject, i-Syricracracrictic,

Igophe Elikhulu LaseBoston

Iprojekthi ePhakathi ye-Central Artery/Tunnel, eyaziwa ngcono njengeBig Dig, ihlala ingenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo nezinempikiswano kwimbali ye-U.S. ekuqaleni yamiselwa ukukhulula ukumilisela isantya esiphezulu kuMbindi-Mbindi weBoston, iprojekthi, iprojekthi yagquma i-I-90-90 ukuya kwiSikhupho se-Logan, kwaye yongeza i-Ted Williams Tunnel. Izigqibo zorhulumente zaqhuba zonke iinkalo: ukhetho lokusebenzisa iingxube zobuchule bokulwa nobuchule bokulwamphantsi, isigqibo sokulandela indlela yokwakha ephezulu, nexabiso elikhulu elanyusa ixabiso lokugqibela lexabiso lasongezo lingaphezu kwe-R4.6 000 000 000-waka. Nangona kunjalo ukusetyenziswa kwexabiso lazongangenwa kwazo, iindleko eziphezulu ze-Digzigrain zibekwe ngaphezulu, njengendawo entsha entle, kodwa iprojekn, ukurhorhoxiwa, ukusetyenziswa kwemi, ukusetyenziswa kwemi kusetyenziswa kwemibo-

Inqwelo ephezulu yesantya yaseKhalifoniya

Ibekwe njengenkqubo yokuqala yololiwe ephezulu eUnited States, umsebenzi kaloliwe wembumbulu eKhalifoniya ubonisa indlela iimfazwe zezobupolitika nezezomthetho ezinokuvala ngayo izibonelelo. Ekuqaleni ezamkelwa ngabavoti ngo-2008 ngomlinganiselo wokudityaniswa, iprojekthi iye yajongana noqikelelo olungapheliyo, uqikelelo olunyukayo, ukulungelelaniswa kwexabiso. Izigqibo zikarhulumente — kuquka utshintsho kulawulo lukarhulumente, ukumangalelwa kwemekobume, kunye nokungavumelani nokungavisisani kokuthunyelwa kwelizwe — ziye zawubeka umngeni womsebenzi ngeminyaka kwaye zasetyenziswa ngexabiso elingaphezu kwamawaka ezigidi ezingama-R3 ezigidi ukuya kwizigidi ezingama-100 (R3 ezigidi) ngokwemilithoba ngokweminye imiba. Ngoxa iprojective isakhiwo siphantsi kolwano phakathi kweSan Francisco neLos Angelesles ayiqinisekangaqinisekwanga. Oku kubonisa ubunzima bokuzinyaniswa kwemeko-mentengo ye-ea.

Ucelomngeni Lophuhliso

Nangona imfuneko ecacileyo yezibonelelo zale mihla, imingeni eqhubekayo iphazamisa inkqubela. Ukusingatha le miqobo kufuna inkalipho kwezobupolitika nezisombululo ezintsha.

Ukuncitshiswa

Eyona mqobo ikhankanywe rhoqo kushishino lwezibonelelo yanele. Irhafu yepetroli, umthombo oyintloko weNgxowa-mali yeHighway Trust, ayinyuswanga ukususela ngowe-1993. Ngenxa yokunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nokuphuculwa kwendlela yokusebenza kwemoto, amandla ayo okuthenga athe phucukileyo ngokungaphezulu kwama-40%. Okwangoku, amaphondo ajongene neengxaki zawo zokungaxhomekeki. Abaninzi baye bajika bajika bahlawula, iindleko zomsebenzi owemayile, kunye neemali zobucala zongezelelo lwengeniso. I-Infrablicture Information Ins Invementation Invementation Invementations Imentation Act ingundalikelele ingulo yokwexeshana, kodwa intlungela ende ehlala inzima. Ngaphandle kwemode yengeniso entsha ekhoyo — efana nemali ehamba (VT) — imali esetyenziswayo efumanekayo iyakuqhubekeka.

Iimpikiswano Zezobupolitika

I-infracracturation ithenjiswa njengebhipartisan, kodwa ngokuqhelisa, ukurhoxiswa kwemigca ye-grid kusoloko kulibazisa imisebenzi. Ukungavumelani nokukhethwa kweprojekthi, uhlalutyo lwemekobume, imfuno yokusebenza (umz., i-Davis-Bacon ingumthetho oxhaswe kakhulu), kwaye iindlela zemali zingawanqanda amatyala kangangeminyaka. Nasemva kokuba iprojekthi ibhaliswe, iimfazwe zezopoliti — umzekelo, kwindawo yebrorho okanye yendlela ehamba intsika ehamba inqanawe — zingabangela imfazwe ende. Isiphumo sithetha ukuba iprojekthi ezininzi ezifunekayo zihlale ziseluntlungwini, kwaye inkqubo iyonke ingakwazi ukumelana nokungaguquguquki kwemali, ukuveliswa.

Inkcaso Kawonke - wonke NobuGcisa

Abemi basekuhlaleni basoloko bechasa imisebenzi yesiseko abayigqala njengephazamisayo kummandla wabo — into eyaziwa ngokuba “Ayikho Kummandla Wam Wasemva” (NIMBY). Ukuxhalabela ingxolo, amaxabiso empahla, ukungqubana nemekobume, kunye nolibaziseko lolwakhiwo lungakhuthaza ukuchaswa kwemisebenzi ethintelayo okanye amandla abiza intelekelelo ephinda-phinde isetyenziswe. Ngoxa inxaxheba kawonke-wonke wonke ibalulekile, i-NIMBYism inokuthintela impumelelo ekuqhubeleni phambili. Ukulungelelanisa igalelo loluntu nemfuno enkulu yengingqi yengingqi kungakuko yoxinzelelo lwesakhiwo kuxanduva oluqhubekayo.

Ikamva Lezinto Ezingenakufundiswa: Ukuqhelana Neenguqu

Xa ujonga phambili, izigqibo zezibonelelo kufuneka zibangele ukutshintsha kwenkqubela-phambili kwezobugcisa, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye nokulindela kwentlalo-ntle. Ukhetho olukhoyo namhlanje luza kutshixwa kwimo yenkqubela kangangamashumi eminyaka.

Uqhagamshelwano lobuxhakaxhaka bobuxhaka

Iinkqubo zothutho ezithe ngqo (i-ITS) — kuquka iimpawu ezilungelelanisiweyo zohambo, ubugcisa bezithuthi, kunye nolwazi lokwenyani lohambo — zingandisa umthamo ngaphandle kokwakha iindlela ezintsha. Oorhulumente baqala ukufuna ukuba imisebenzi emitsha iquke amalungiselelo obugcisa bexesha elizayo, njengemigrapecs okanye unxibelelwano olufutshane (DSRC). Izithuthi ezizimeleyo zingatshintsha ngakumbi iimfuno zesiseko sezinto, zincitshise imfuno yokupaka nokufuna utshintsho kwimijelo yendlela kunye nolawulo lomgama. Noko ke, ixesha lokusetyenziswa kwenqanawa engaphakathi ebhabhadliweyo lihlala lingaqinisekwa, kwaye oorhulumente kufuneka balumke xa besebenzisa izixhobo zokuyibeka kwi-injini esekelwe kwi-erobolitives.

Imozulu Iyachacha

Iziganeko zemozulu ezimandundu, izikhukula, imililo yelanga ne-tshitshi — zivavanya izibonelelo ezikhoyo kunanini ngaphambili. Iindlela eziselunxwemeni zixinga, kwaye iindlela ezitshayelelayo ziyashenxiswa. I-Federal Emergency Management Management Agency (FEMA) kunye neSebe lezezothutho ngoku licinezeleka “iiii-"Iiprojekthi" ekuyilweni kweprojekthi: ukuphakamisa iindlela, ukusebenzisa iindlela ezikwizitrafiki, ukuqinisa ibhulorho echasene noqhwithela, kunye nokwakha iindlela ezitshayo ezidityanileyo. Umthetho we-Bipartarian Infracture Reisectivesting Imisebenzi yokulungisa izinto, njengePintelient, kunye nenterss ezigcina izithuthi (Procet) inkqubo ye-omatikethi. Urhulumente owena ongane ezizikhomba iindleko kwimibango zemozulu ezisetyenziswa ngaphambi kwexesha.

Ukufikelela okulinganayo nokwahlula-hlula kwamanani

Imithetho-siseko ayiseyonto isebenza ngokwasemzimbeni; ukunxibelelana kwamanani kuya kukhula. Isifo esigxininisa ukuba i-intanethi ebanzi sisixhobo esibalulekileyo semfundo, unyango, nokuthathi-nxaxheba kwezoqoqosho. Izigqibo zikarhulumente zokuxhasa imimandla ebanzi ye-Bank — ingakumbi kwizixeko zasemaphandle nakwezo zingenamsebenzi — zingavala ulwahlulo lwamanani. Ngokufanayo, ukuveliswa kwezixhobo ezikhuselekileyo zokuhamba ngenqwelo-mafutha kunye neebhayisekile kunika iintsapho ezingakwazi ukukwazi ukufikelela imoto. Ingcamango ‘ yokugqiba izitrato ezikhoyo. ’ — ukuyila igxalabo yokufumana imoto nje kuphela — ingakumbi i-trakiti yokwahlulwa ngokwendlela yokukhuthaza ukulingana nokuzigcina.

Isiphelo

Izigqibo zikarhulumente zizinto ezicwangcisiweyo apho iindlela zethu, iibhulorho, kunye neenkqubo zothutho lukawonke-wonke zingenakubekwa khona. Ukusukela kumbono wokuqala ukuya kumlinganiselo wokugqibela we-asphalt, inyathelo ngalinye libandakanya ukhetho olumisela ukhuseleko, impumelelo, kunye nokusesikweni kwendawo ekhoyo. Ukubaluleka kwesiseko semeko-siseko kwizoqoqosho, ubugosa, kunye nokusesikweni kwezentlalo-ntle. Njengoko i-United States ijongene nezinto zokwaluphala, ubugcisa obutsha, kunye nemozulu etshintshayo, ukuvelisa izigqibo zikarhulumente kuya kuba neziphumo eziphambili kunanini nanini nanini ngaphambili. Ukuzimonga, ucwangciso oluqinileyo, iinkqubo ezibonisa ukuba zibalulekile, kunye nokuzimisela kokwenza izinto ezikhoyo ukuba siyakwazi ukuxhasa zonke iiMerika — kungekhona nje namhlanje, kodwa ngenxa yezizukulwana., guqula, ukutshintsha, ukutshintsha kwemeko, ukuphatha nokuphatha iinqwelo-moya, ngenxa yemiboniso, zonke ezithenjiweyo.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga i ASCE 2021 Ikhadi Lengxelo Leinfractive , Ulawulo lwendlela ephakamileyo [[[[FLT:]] izibonelelo zenkqubo, kunye ne [[FLT:]U.S.C.'S 'I-Bipartis Inkgradistrustruction book yolwazi loMthetho kwiphepha.[FLT]]