Isakhiwo sikarhulumente wezwelonke singundoqo ekuqondeni indlela esebenza ngayo i-United States. Esi sikhokelo sinikela ushwankathelo olucacileyo lukarhulumente worhulumente wesizwe, amasebe akhe amathathu, kunye nemisebenzi yawo edibanisanayo. Ngokuhlola uwiso-mthetho, ulawulo, namasebe agwebayo ngokunzulu, ngokuhambisana nenkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwaniso oludibanisa ulawulo lwamaMelika. Olu lwazi lubalulekile kungekuphela nje ekufumaneni intlalo-ntle kodwa nokuqonda indlela eyakhiwe ngayo imithetho, inyanzelele, kwaye ichazwe ngayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Imboniselo kaRhulumente woManyano

Urhulumente wesizwe wase-United States wakhiwe kwisakhiwo se-trartete esenziwe ngumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Ngo1787. Amasebe amathathu .(legislative, isebe elilawulayo, kunye nezomthetho) aneembopheleleko ezahlukileyo, enzelwe ukuthintela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ekulawuleni. Oku kwahlulwa kwamagunya kombuso komelezwa luthungelwano lwe-cheke-e-evision kunye nolungelelwano oluvumela isebe ngalinye ukuba limisele izenzo zamanye amazwe. UMgaqo-siseko ukwane namandla athile kumazwe nakubantu, kudala inkqubo yesizwe elungelelanisa umanyano lwesizwe ne-edebugrac.

Ukuqonda esi sakhiwo kuqala ngengcamango yokuba urhulumente wengingqi akanamandla onke: igunya lakhe lichazwa lize linyanzelwe ngumGaqo-siseko. Uxwebhu luchaza indlela esenziwe ngayo imithetho, enyanzeliswayo, kunye neyahlulelwa ngayo, kwaye linokutshintshwa ukuze lilungelelanise iimeko ezitshintshayo. Ngasezantsi sihlola isebe ngalinye ngokweenkcukacha.

Isebe Elisemthethweni

Isebe lowiso-mthetho linembopheleleko yokwenza imithetho. Liyi-baobal, eliyizindlu ezimbini: iNdlu yeeNdlu neNdlu yabameli. Zidityaniswe kunye zibumba iUnited States Congress, ekwanegunya lesi sikhwakhwasi, ivakalisa imfazwe, yaye ijonge isebe eliphethe isebe.

IBhunga

ICathenate iyilwe ngabameli abali-100, nelizwe ngalinye elinikwe abaphathi-mikhosi ababini kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphi na abemi. Olu melo lulinganayo lwalululwahlulelo phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu namancinci ngexesha leNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko. Abaphathi basebenza amadinga aneminyaka emithandathu, amalunga nesithathu seNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso yonyulo nyaka ngamnye. Amagunya akhethekileyo eCantenete aquka ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli (njengamalungu eCampraine nabagwebi besizwe) kunye nokubophelela ngevoti ezimbini-zintathu. Umongameli weSigqeba waseUnited States usebenza njengoMongameli weNdluneli yeNxale kodwa uvosa amavoti kuphela ukuze kwaphulwe amaqhina.

Abaququzeleli bamela lonke ilizwe labo kwaye basoloko bejolise ingqalelo kwimiba ebanzi yesizwe. IBhunga ligqalwa njengelona likhulu elinolwazelelelo, elinezivakalisi ezide ezicetyelwe ukukhuthaza ukucamngca, ukwenziwa kwesigqibo okungesosososahlulelo. Imithetho yalo ivumela ukuba i-monicbuster(a iqhinga elinokulibazisa okanye lithintele umthetho ngaphandle kokuba ukuvota okuphezulu koohulumente abangama-60 kuvumelana ukuphelisa ingxoxo.

Indlu Yabameli

Indlu yabameli inamalungu angama-455 ovota, enani labameli abasuka kwiphondo ngalinye elisekelwe kubemi bayo njengoko kuqinisekiswe ngokubalwa kwabantu okupheleliselwe kwixesha lokuzalwa. Ummeli ngamnye ukhonza igama elithatha iminyaka emibini, elithetha ukuba bonke ubuso beNdlu buphinde bunyulwe qho qho qho qho iminyaka emibini. Eli xesha lifutshane ligcina abameli bebotshelelwe kufutshane kwisithili sabo kwaye besabela kuluvo lukawonke-wonke.

Indlu inamandla apheleleyo okusungula iindleko zengeniso (irhafu nenkcitho) kunye namagosa aseburhulumenteni atyunjwe yiNdlu, inyulwe liqela elininzi, lisikhundla esinamandla sokhokelo. Iikomiti zendlu kunye neekomiti ezingaphantsi zisingatha umsebenzi onkcubeko wokwenza uphando ngomthetho kunye noomalathisi-masebe abalawulayo.

Indlela Ibhili Eba Ngumthetho Ngayo

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngumsebenzi ongundoqo weBhunga. Iphepha lingaziswa nakweliphi na igumbi (ngaphandle kwamatyala emali ehlawulwayo, amele aqale kwiNdlu). Emva kwentshayelelo, ityala libhekiswa kwikomiti efanelekileyo yokufundisisa, ukuva, nokunyusa. Ukuba ikomiti iyavumelana, ityala liqhubekela kumgangatho welo gumbi lengxoxo, ukulungisa, kunye nokuvota. Ukuba igqithiselwe, iya kwelinye igumbi, elinokudlulisa uguqulelo lwalo. Umahluko phakathi kweinguqulelo ezimbini ulungelelaniswe kwingqungquthela. Uguqulelo lokugqibela luthunyelwa kuMongameli, onokusayina umthetho, i-veto, okanye ayivumele ukuba ibe ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino emva kweentsuku ezilishumi. Congressmentervey

Iikomiti Namagunya

Inkoliso yomsebenzi wowiso-mthetho wenzeka kwiikomiti. Kukho iikomiti ezimileyo (umz., iJadicary, iAppropriations, iManyrony Relations), ukukhetha iikomiti, iikomiti ezimanyeneyo, neekomiti zenkomfa. La maqela ahlola umthetho ocetyisiweyo, ukuchonga iindlebe zeenkokeli, namangqina angaphantsi. Inkqubo yekomiti ivumela iBhunga ukuba liphuhlise ubuchule kwiindawo ezithile zemigaqo ethile nokuhlola ukwenziwa kwesebe eliphetheyo imithetho.

Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, iBhunga linegunya lokubhengeza imfazwe, ukulawula imali esetyenziswa ngurhulumente, nokuqinisekisa okanye ukugatya ukubekwa. UmGaqo-siseko ukwanika iNgqungquthela igunya lokungathobeli nokususa amagosa karhulumente, kuquka uMongameli, “ingqiqo, ukunyoba, okanye ezinye izigebetho eziphezulu kunye namagunya aphezulu.”

Isebe Elilawulayo

Isebe elilawulayo linembopheleleko yokuqinisekisa nokusebenzisa imithetho karhulumente. Likhokelwa nguMongameli waseUnited States, umphathi oyintloko wesizwe noyintloko karhulumente. UMongameli ukhonza igama elithatha iminyaka emine kwaye unokuphinda amiselwe elinye ixesha, njengoko kumiselwe uMphengululo wama-22. Isebe elilawulayo liquka uMongameli oPhathiswayo, iKhabhinethi, amasebe karhulumente, abameli, kunye nezicaka zoluntu ezininzi eziqhuba imisebenzi karhulumente imihla ngemihla.

Ulawulo

UMongameli unendima ezininzi ezingundoqo zomgaqo-siseko. NjengoMphathi-mikhosi wemikhosi exhobileyo, uMongameli angalathisa imisebenzi yomkhosi, nangona iKomishini kuphela enokuthi ivakalise imfazwe. Njengonozakuzaku ongumongameli oyintloko, ulawula ulwalamano lwamanye amazwe, uququzelela izivumelwano, kunye noothunywashe abayintloko. Njengomphathi-mikhosi, uMongameli ujonge ulawulo lwesizwe, uqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka, kwaye umisela iintloko zamasebe olawulo olulawulayo. UMongameli ukwanonomsebenzi wegunya: bangacebisa amanyathelo kwiiNgqungquthela, ukudlulisela idilesi yeSizwe se-Uni, kunye neendleko zemali.

UMongameli unyulwa ngeElectoral College, inkqubo entsonkothileyo enikezela ngevoti esekelwe kwi-odoli yorhulumente ngamnye kwiBhunga ngalinye. Umvotelwa kufuneka aphumelele uninzi lwezivoti ezingama-270 ku-58 ukuba abe nguMongameli. Le nkqubo ikhokelele kwiingxoxo malunga nolungelelwaniso lwayo novoti ethandwayo, kodwa ihlala iyinkqubo yesiseko sokunyula isigqeba esiphetheyo.

Umongameli onguMongameli noMlawuli OnguMongameli

Umongameli onguMongameli ongumongameli uxhasa uMongameli kwaye uqala kumgca wokulandelelana ukuba uMongameli akakwazi ukuncedisa ngenxa yokufa, ukuyeka umsebenzi, ukususwa, okanye ukuphelelwa yindlela yokusebenza. UMongameli ongumongameli ongumongameli ukwasebenza njengoMongameli weBhunga, ufaka amavoti okuchola amaqhina. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, uMongameli ongumongameli uthathe iindima ezincinci. IsiHlaziselo seSichithi se-25 sicacisa inkqubo yokuzalisa ubusekela bomongameli kunye nokususa igunya likamongameli okwexeshana kwisiganeko sokukhubazeka.

IKhabhinethi neZiko loManyano

IKhabhinethi ibunjwe ziintloko zamasebe alawulayo ali-15 (njengeSizwe, uNgqongqotho, Ukhuselo, Ubulungisa, Umbindi, Urhwebo, Imisebenzi, Impilo NeeNkonzo Zoluntu, Izindlu Nenkqubela phambili Yezorhwebo, Izamandla, Imfundo, iMicimbi yePhondo, kunye noKhuseleko lwaseHomeland). Amalungu eKhabhinethi, abizwa ngokuba yi-Stecreentery (ngaphandle kwe-Attorney yeSebe leSizwe loBululami), amiselwa nguMongameli kwaye aqinisekiswe yiNdlukwano.

Ngaphaya kweKhabhinethi, isebe eliphetheyo liquka amasebe amaninzi azimeleyo (umz., i-Agency yeNkqutyana yokuKhuselwa Kwendawo, i-NASA, i-Federal Reserve) kunye neeKhomishini yoLawulo oluPhezulu (umz., iKhomishini yeSikolo ne-Exchange, iKhomishini yoNxibelelwano loManyano). La maqumrhu anemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yokuzimela ngokwahlukeneyo ekulawuleni komongameli, ngokufuthi elungiselelwe ukuba abe yi-Cejujudial okanye i-bipartarian ukuze alondoloze ukungacambi.

Ulawulo lwesebe kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wamanye amazwe

UMongameli angakhupha imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo yokwalathisa imisebenzi karhulumente wesizwe. Imiyalelo enolawulo oluphezulu inamandla omthetho kodwa kufuneka ibekwe phantsi kwigunya elikhoyo okanye elingomgaqo-siseko. Ingacelw'elwa enkundleni okanye iphendulwe ngumlawuli welinye ilizwe. Kwinkqubo yamanye amazwe, uMongameli unegunya elibanzi lokuqhuba ulawulo, ukuqhubana nezivumelwano zegunya elilawulayo (ezingafuni iBhunga lomthetho), kwaye aqaphele oorhulumente bangaphandle. UMongameli ukwanondima ephambili kwimigaqo yokhuseleko kunye nolawulo lwexesha likaxakeka.

Isebe Eligwebayo

Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho lize liqinisekise ukuba isetyenziswa kakuhle. Libunjwe yiNkundla Ephakamileyo neenkundla ezisezantsi zikarhulumente, kuquka iiNkundla zezibheno neeNkundla zeSithili. Ijaji ihlola amatyala abandakanya umthetho wesizwe, imiba yomgaqo-siseko, kunye neempikiswano phakathi kwamazwe.

INkundla Ephakamileyo

INkundla ePhakamileyo yeyona nkundla iphakamileyo kweli lizwe kwaye inengxelo yokugqibela kwiimbambano zomthetho, ingakumbi ezo zibandakanya umGaqo-siseko. Iquka izigwebi ezisithoba ``iJaji enye eyiNtloko neJaji ezisibhozo ezimanyeneyo ) ezimiselwe nguMongameli kwaye ziqinisekiswe yiNdlu yeeNtlalo. Imo elawulayo ikhusela abagwebi kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kwaye ibavumela ukuba benze izigqibo ezisekelwe kumthetho kunokuba zisekelwe kwimbono kawonke-wonke.

INkundla Ephakamileyo inegunya lokuqala kumatyala abandakanya abameli, abalungiseleli bakawonke-wonke, kunye neempikiswano phakathi kwamazwe, kodwa umsebenzi wayo omninzi uvela kulawulo lwezomthetho. Iva inani elisikelwe umda lamatyala nyaka ngamnye (malunga nama-60-80), akhethwa kumawaka ezicelo kwinkqubo ye-certiorari. Abagwebi abane kufuneka bavote ukuphulaphula ityala. Iimbono zeNkundla zimisela imizekelo ebopha zonke iinkundla ezisezantsi kwinkqubo karhulumente.

IiNkundla zoMasipala ezisezantsi

Iinkundla zeSithili ezisezantsi ziquka 94 (iinkundla zetyala) kunye ne - 13 yeeNkundla zeZibheno ze-U. IiNkundla zeSithili zisingatha kuqala amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho kunye namatyala asekuhlaleni, kuquka amatyala eenkundla zeSithili. Izibheno ezivela kwiiNkundla zeSithili ziya kwiiNkundla zeZibheno, ezihlola ingxelo yetyala letyala elingokwasemthethweni. INkundla nganye yeNkundla yeNtlangalala igquma ummandla wengingqi, kunye neNkundla yeQaqo ePhakatha iLingelelayo ibhenela ityala elino liziko lobuqu. Izigwebo ezincomela ityala elizincomela ityala elizincomela ityala elizincomela ityala lemvume elifanelekileyo.

Kukwakho neenkundla zephondo ezikhethekileyo njengeNkundla yeNtlanganiso yeZizwe Ezihlukeneyo, iNkundla yeNkundla yoMazwe eUnited States, neNkundla yeNtloko yeMasipala yaseUnited States, kunye neNkundla yerhafu yaseUnited States. Ijaji yesizwe izimele kwaye iyazilawula, neNgqungquthela yezeeJaji yaseUnited States emisela iinkqubo zemigaqo-siseko kunye neHofisi yoLawulo yeNkundla ye-U.

IReagement Review kunye neMarbury v. Madison

Uhlolo lwejaji-------amandla eenkundla zephondo ukuvakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo zesebe eliphetheyo ezingavumelaniyo nezomthetho. Nangona lingachazwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, igunya lasekwa kwityala lomqondiso (1803) kumzekelo wetyala . UMadison. ISigqeba esiyintloko uJohn Marshall sathi ngumsebenzi wejaji ukutolika umthetho ophezulu welizwe. Ngoko ke, nawuphi na umthetho ongqubana nomGaqo-siseko ungenanto. Lo mthetho wenza ukuba iNkunganye iNkundla ePhakamileyo ikwazi ukukhangela amanye amasebe nokukhusela amalungelo.

Iipeksi Nolungelelwano

Urhulumente wase-U.S. usebenza phantsi kwenkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela, eqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linamandla kakhulu. Isebe ngalinye linamandla akhethekileyo okulinganisela amanye, kwaye izenzo ezininzi zikarhulumente zifuna intsebenziswano phakathi kwamasebe. Le ndlela ikhuthaza ukucinga nokulalanisa.

Ukusebenzisana Phakathi Kwamasebe

IBhunga lingayisusa i-veto ephambili ngovoti ezimbini-ntathu kuzo zombini iigumbi. UMongameli angawubeka umthetho weveto, kodwa iKhomishini isenokungavumi ukuxhasa izinto eziza kuqala zikaMongameli. Ijaji ingayibetha imithetho edluliswe yiKhonkxane kwaye ityikitywe nguMongameli ukuba iyawuphula umGaqo-siseko. Okwangoku, uMongameli umisela abagwebi bephondo, kuquka iijaji zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, engaphantsi koqinisekiso lweNkundla, olunika impembelelo yeSebe lowiso-mthetho phezu komxholo wejajidisi.

IBhunga likwanamandla okunganyaniseki nokususa uMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, kunye nabagwebi besizwe “bezolwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nabasebenzi abangekho mthethweni.” Indlu iqalisa ukutyunjwa yivoti elula; iNdlu yeeNgwebo ngoko ibamba ityala kwaye inokuba ngamabanjwa ngezihlandlo ezibini ezithathu. Ukungaququziyo kuye kwasetyenziswa ngokwembali izihlandlo ezimbalwa kuphela, kodwa isisongelo sayo sisebenza njengovavanyo kwihambo engafanelekanga yempatho ephezulu.

Imigaqo yesebe neNkundla

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ingacelw'eculw ’ umngeni enkundleni ukuba ingaphaya kwegunya likaMongameli okanye ukungqubana nomthetho okhoyo. Umzekelo, iinkundla ziye zavala imiyalelo yokufuduka, inkqubo yokusingqongileyo, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe xa zifunyenwe zingavumelani nemithetho okanye nezigwebo ezigqithiseleyo. Olu hlolo lwetyala luqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo lihlale lihleli kwimida yalo yomGaqo-siseko.

Idinga neNkqutyana yokuQinisekisa

UMongameli ubeka abantu ngabanye kwizikhundla ezikwimigangatho ephezulu, kodwa iNdlu yeQembu kufuneka ibaqinisekise ngezantsi ngaphandle kokumiswa kokwexeshana. Oku kunika iNdlu yeQela ingqwalasela enamandla kwisebe eliphetheyo. Ngokufanayo, iNdlu yeQela iqinisekisa bonke abagwebi begunya, abanokubumba ingcamango yejaji kangangamashumi eminyaka. UMongameli ukwanamandla okuxolela amatyala karhulumente, anokuqinisekisa ubungqongqo betyala kodwa axhomekeke kwityala lezobupolitika.

Ulawulo lwequmrhu

IBhunga liqhuba ulawulo lwesebe eliphetheyo ngeekomiti ezichongiweyo, uphando, iipopona, namandla esingxobo. I-ofisi ye-Akhawuntiment (GAO) kunye ne-Congregational Uhlaziyo lwe-Ofisi yoHlahlo-mali (CBO) zinikela uhlalutyo olungeyonxalenye yecawa. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba amaqumrhu alawulayo amisela imithetho njengoko kucetyiswe kwaye asebenzise imali yomhlawuli werhafu ngendlela efanelekileyo.

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda isakhiwo sikarhulumente wezwelonke kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela esenziwe ngayo imithetho, enyanzeliswayo, kunye netolikwayo eUnited States. Amasebe amathathu ``legislative, isalathisi, kunye nesegwebi''. kodwa onke anendima ezahlukeneyo, kodwa adityaniswe ngenkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwaniso oluthintela naliphi na isebe ekulawuleni. Ukusuka kwiBhadayeral Congress kunye nolawulo lomongameli ukuya kumphathi ozimeleyo wejajidisi, onke amasebe ayinxalenye yomgaqo-siseko olungelelaniswe kakuhle.

Olu shwankathelo lusisiseko lunikezele ujongo olunenkcukacha kwisakhiwo sesizwe. Ukuqhubeka kufundwa, hlolisisa iiwebhsayithi ezisemthethweni ze SATE, Indlu yabameli[, iHolo emhlophe [[], kunye neNkundla ye-[FLT], kunye neNkulawula kweMelika]. Umbhalo opheleleyo woMgaqo-siseko ukhona [[FLT:].[FLT]