Iipaki zobume basekuhlaleni zingaphezulu kunemingxuma yengca enezihlalo ezimbalwa. Zizibonelelo ezibalulekileyo zempilo kawonke-wonke, ukuncedisana kwentlalo kunye nokuhlala kakuhle. Kodwa iipaki esizinandiphayo azifane zibekho ngengozi. Ubukho bazo, ukuyila, nokusebenza okuqhubekayo kobu buyilwe luluhlu lwemithetho yasekuhlaleni, imigaqo yokwakha, imithetho yemekobume, kunye nemigaqo yokucwangcisa abantu. Ukuqonda le mithetho kunika abemi amandla okuba babe ngabaxhasi abasebenzayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ipaki zabo zisebenza iimfuno zangoku kwaye zilungelelanisa izizukulwana ezizayo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iindlela ezikhethekileyo zokumisela imigangatho yobomi bepaki, ukususela ekukhawulweni nasekulungisweni kwemizo, ukulondolo lwemihla ngemihla kunye nolungiso olude, kwaye linikela ukhokelo olusebenzayo kumalungu afuna ukubona intlanga eluhlaza.

Umhlaba Ongumthetho Wemiphaka Yoommelwane

Imigaqo yendawo inika umgaqo-nkqubo womthetho nowenkqubo elawula indawo ebekwa kuyo iipaki, ezikuyo, nendlela eziphethwe ngayo. Ngoxa le mithetho isenokubonakala ingumntu olawulayo, ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo iimpawu ezingundoqo ezifana nobukhulu bepaki, ufikelelo, ukhuseleko, nempilo entle. Ukusingqongileyo okulawulayo kuyahluka-hluka kakhulu ngaphaya koomasipala, kodwa iindidi eziliqela ezingundoqo ziphembelela iziphumo zepaki ekufuphi.

Imithetho Ebolekisayo: Isiseko Sendawo Yophako

Imimiselo yokulungisa isahlula uluntu lube yisithili kwaye ichaze umhlaba ovumelekileyo osetyenziswayo. Kwimiphakamo, ukuhlahlela kungakulungela okanye kunyanzelise. Oomasipala abaninzi baquka “iindawo kunye nokuzonwabisa” udidi lwendawo okanye ifuna intlawulo encinane evulekileyo kumaqela amatsha ahlala abantu. Umzekelo, ikhowudi yokubophelela ingayalela abaphuhlisi ukuba banikezele ipesenti ethile yomhlaba ukwenzela iipaki okanye bahlawule imali yokuxhasa izithuba eziluhlaza kwenye indawo. Ukuqonda imimandla yasekuhlaleni yokuhlala kunye nemimiselo yoxinano iyanceda abahlali babone isizathu sokuba upaki wabo mkhulu okanye umngcipheko wexesha elizayo ukhuselekile kwindawo evulekileyo.

Kwimimandla yedolophana exineneyo, ukunqongophala komhlaba kudla ngokunyanzela iipaki zibe ngamaqashiso amancinci, amile ngendlela engaqhelekanga. Iindawo zokuhlala ezihamba-hambayo okanye iziqithi ezilayishiweyo maxa wambi zingavumela izisombululo zepaki, ezinjengeepaki zepokotho ezingaphantsi kwepasile. Ngokuchaseneyo, i-hostba isenokuhlula iindawo zokuhlala kunye nemisebenzi yezorhwebo, ekhokelela kwipaki ezinkulu ezikude namakhaya amaninzi. Abahlali abasebenza ngokulungisa ii-antentengiso ze-antellimenti, upt/reyoneric, iplani ebanzi yokuhlaziya/indawo ze-pakinikiniki ekhoyo kwaye iqinisekisa ukwabiwa kokusasa kwimimandla ebanzi. [[FLT:] Imanyano lokucwangcisa i[FLT][1] inikela ubuncwane obungcono kwimikhwalo lokulungisa iipaki ezihamba kwi-masko.

Imithetho Yokwakha Nemilinganiselo Yokufikeleleka

Xa isiza simiselwe ipaki, ukwakhiwa kweempawu ezifana neendawo zokudlala, izindlu zangasese, iindawo zokufihla iphikiniki, kunye nendlela yokuhamba kufuneka zihambelane nekhowudi yokwakha yasekuhlaleni. Le mithetho iquka iimfuno zokhuseleko (umz., impembelelo yangaphandle yebala lendawo yokudlala, uzinzo) kunye nemiyalelo yokufikelela evela kumaMelika enoMthetho (ADA) wokungakhubazeki. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-paki entsha kufuneka ibe nezindlela ezifikelelekayo, ukudlulisa izitishi, kunye nezinto zokuthutha izinto ezifikelela kwimigangatho karhulumente. Ngokufanayo, izinyusi mazikhululeke, kwaye kufune izithuba ezifanelekileyo ezifanelekileyo ezifanelekileyo zokupaka.

Ngaphandle kokhuseleko olusisiseko, ikhowudi yokwakha isenokuyifaka kwinqanaba lobuchule. Abanye oomasipala baye bamkela “ikhowudi zokwakha okuluhlaza” zokwakha uluntu, ezifuna izibane ezisebenza ngamandla, imibhobho ephantsi yomoya, okanye izinto zokuphinda-phinda. Amalungu oluntu axhasa ukwenziwa kombutho angatyhalela phambili izinto ezifana nezitiya, izixhobo zobuchule bobuchule bomntu omdala, kunye nendawo yokuhlala ebanzi. U.S.Consumer Product Safety Commissions ukhuseleko lwaselfides anika isiseko sokhuseleko esisisiseko semithetho yasekuhlaleni efumaneka ngokubhekisa phambili. Ukwazi le milinganiselo kunceda abahlalimganelo ukuba bajonge enoba umgangatho wokhuseleko nofikelelo olucetyo.

Imithetho Yokusingqongileyo: Ukukhusela Amasazulu Emvelo

Imimiselo yokusingqongileyo kwimigangatho yengingqi, yephondo, yesizwe, neyamazwe asekuhlaleni iphembelela indlela iipaki ezisebenzisana ngayo neenkqubo zendalo. Amasiko okulawula amanzi esithonga asoloko efuna ukuba iipaki ezintsha zithatyathwe zize zinyangwe kwiindawo ezingachananga njengeendawo zokupaka imoto kunye neendlela. Oku kungakhokelela kwizinto ezinomtsalane ezifana nemiyezo yemvula, i-bioswales, kunye ne-wetland. Imithetho yokukhusela isenokuthintela ukukhula kwemijelo yendalo nezilwanyana zasendle.

Le mithetho idala amathuba kunye nezithintelo. Isigcini-sango singamisela indawo esebenzisekayo kumasimi emidlalo kodwa sibonelele ngemo entle yodweliso lwemfundo yendalo. Abahlali abayiqondayo le mithetho bangaxhasa uphuhliso olusezantsi olunolawulo oluhlangabezana neemfuno zolawulo olufunekayo ngeli lixa ukukhulisa ipaki ekwindawo yokuhlala. I-Environing Protectal Protective Agency’s eGreenfraclarective [ inikela uphando lwendlela ezinokwenzeka ekunxibelelanisa ngayo ulawulo lwamanzi ombane nezixhobo zokuzizonwa koluntu.

Indlela Imithetho Elawula Ngayo Uphuhliso Lotyalo

Impembelelo yolawulo isuka kwinqanaba lokuqala lokucwangcisa ngokuyila, ukwakhiwa, kunye nokulungisa ekugqibeleni. Umaleko ngamnye wongeza izithintelo kodwa kwakhona ubeka umgangatho ukuze ube nomgangatho. Ukuqonda indlela le mithetho esebenzisana ngayo inceda abantu baqhube kakuhle inkqubo yokuphuhlisa.

Umlinganiselo wepaki nolwabelo: Imigangatho kunye nezinto eziyinyaniso

Oomasipala abaninzi bafumana imilinganiselo yobukhulu bepaki kunye nemisebenzi esekelwe kubunzima babemi kunye nemigaqo yesizwe. Uphawu oluqhelekileyo lwebheji ziihektare eziyi-10 zendawo yophaka-mhlaba kwiwaka labantu, neepaki eziselumelwaneni ezibekwe kakuhle phakathi kohambo oluziincathulo zekhaya ngalinye. Le migangatho idla ngokuvela kwiplani ebanzi, kwiiplani zepaki, okanye kwimithetho yolwahlulo. Ukufikelela ezi zinto kusenokuba nzima kwiindawo eziphucukileyo apho umhlaba ubiza imali eninzi okanye sele wakhiwe khona.

Imithetho egunyazisa ukunikezelwa kwepaki yentlalo ekwinkqubela entsha inceda abantu bakhulise iinkqubo zabo ze-paki ngokutsha. Noko ke, ukuba iindlela zokunikezelwa azithethi ngeenguqu zamanani abantu okanye zivela izinto zokuzihlaziya (umz., ngaphandle kwe-leash mimandla yeenja, imiyezo yoluntu), iipaki eziphumele isenokungahlangani ngokupheleleyo neemfuno zoluntu. Abahlali bangahlola imigangatho yepaki yabo yomasipala baze bathelekise ngayo nezixhobo zabo zoqobo ezisebenzisa izixhobo ezifana ne- I- Trust for Public Parksre[FLT] isalathiso, esibeka izixeko ezifikelela kwi-paki, ihecrage, umngeni, umngeni, kunye nee-mali eziditya. Oku kungenelwa kwe-data kunokuqinisa ukusetyenziswa kwemigangatho yokudityaniswa kobuphindo-onke.

Imilinganiselo elungeleleneyo kunye noyilo

Imithetho yendawo ikwalawula oko kunokuthi kuqukwe kwizinto ezintle ezikwiipaki nendlela ezimiselwe ngayo. Imigangatho yoyilo ingachaza uphazamiseko oluncinci kwizinto zokuhlala (ukudambisa ingxolo okanye ukukhanya), imfuneko yokutyalwa kwesigcini sethutyana, okanye umphakamo omkhulu wezakhiwo ezinjengemithunzi. Imvume zisoloko zifuneka ukuze kubekho iimpawu ezikhethekileyo ezifana neepayidi ezitshizayo, iipaki zokutyibilika okanye amaqonga okusebenza ngaphandle, into nganye ekwindawo ethile ekhuselekileyo nesebenzayo.

Ungeniso loluntu lubalulekile ngexesha lokuyila, kodwa imimiselo ingamisela oko kunokwenzeka. Umzekelo, ikhowudi yokusebenza ngokusigxina ingakwalela umsebenzi worhwebo kwiipaki, igalelo iilori zokutya okanye ii-kiosks. Okanye, abanye oomasipala baye bamkela “ngokobuhlobo” imithetho evumela umsinga wemijelo evumela iziganeko zepop- okanye izifakelo zexeshana. Abahlali abayiqondayo le mithetho bangacebisa izinto ezinokuyila, ezinje njengemvume yoluntu engasebenzi ngengeniso .

Ulawulo nogcino

Xa zakhiwe, iipaki zifuna ukulondolozwa ngokuzinzileyo ukuze zihlale zikhuselekile, zinomtsalane yaye zisebenza.

Ukuhlahlela nokuxhasa

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banika imali yokulungisa ipaki ngoqingqo-mali lokusebenza, izicwangciso zokuphucula ingeniso, nemijelo yemali enikezelwayo. Abanye oomasipala banemiphaka enegunya lokuhlawula irhafu, ngoxa abanye bexhomekeke kwimirhumo yemali jikelele ekhuphisana nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, izikolo, kunye neendlela. Iimali zokuxhasa inkqubela entsha zinokuvelisa ikomkhulu lepaki ezintsha kodwa kunqabile ukugubungela ugcino-mali lwexesha elide. Amanyathelo kunye nerhafuzo ezikhethekileyo zerhafuzo (umz. umz., isikhubalo serhafu yerhafu enikezelwa kwipaki) zizixhobo eziqhelekileyo zokuxhasa iinkonzo ezingundoqo okanye ukwandisa.

Ukuqonda umjikelo woqingqo-mali wasekuhlaleni nendlela ipaki ebonakala ngayo kunceda abemi balapho bafumane inkxaso-mali yokufumana imali yokulungisa ipaki. Bangaya kwizicelo zokucela ukuba inkxaso yolungiso lwepaki inyuswe okanye inxalenye yerhafu entsha yophuhliso igcinelwe ukulondolozwa kwepaki ekhoyo. I-National Confiction and Park Association (NRPA)[FLD:1] ikhupha iingxelo ezibonisa indlela oontanga abaxhasa ngayo iinkqubo zepaki, ibonelela indlela yokuzikhusela ngokunxulumene ne-paki.

Ulawulo loLuntu noBugosa

Izixeko ezininzi ziseka iplanga lokulungisa ipaki okanye iikhomishini yokuzonwabisa ehlola inkqubo, iinkqubo, kunye neeprojekthi zamakomkhulu. Ezi bhodi zisebenza phantsi kwemithetho echazwe ngumthetho wasekuhlaleni, ngokufuthi kuquka amalungu abemi amiselwe ngamagosa anyuliweyo. Ukuthelela ibhodi enjalo kunika abahlali ilizwi elingqalileyo ekutolikeni komthetho kunye nokucwangciswa kwexesha elide. Ngaphezu koko, “abahlobo bepaki” amaqela angangena kwizivumelwano ezisemthethweni kunye nomasipala ukusingatha imisebenzi eqhelekileyo enjengetreyi, igadi, igadi, okanye ukulungiswa okuncinane. Imimiselo yasekuhlaleni inika abahlali betyala, ivumela imisebenzi, ivumela, kunye nokubika iimfuno zezi ntlangano zamatshane.

Amanye amaziko aye amkela iinkqubo zokukhulisa abantwana basepaki ezivumela amashishini, izikolo okanye amaqela asekuhlaleni ukuba axhase iindawo ezithile. Imithetho ecacileyo ephathelele ukutyikitywa, imilinganiselo yogcino-mthetho, kunye nenkqubo yokuvunywa kwemali iqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki. Abahlali abanomdla ekuqaliseni iqela elinjalo kufuneka baphande ngemigaqo yesixeko sabo yokuzithandela kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ebekelwe ityala ukuseka inkqubo ehlala ikho.

Ukuba ligosa lokusingqongileyo ngokuyalela

Ulungiso lwepaki kufuneka luthobele imithetho yokusingqongileyo. Izicelo zepesticide kunye nezonyango lwengcali zingathintelwa kufutshane namaqumrhu amanzi okanye kwiindawo ezisetyenziswa ngabantwana. Abanye oomasipala bafuna ucwangciso lokulawula izinambuzane ezidityanisiweyo ezinciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwemichiza. Ukutsala, ukutsala, kunye nokunkcenkcenkceshela kulawulwa yimithetho yokulondoloza amanzi ngexesha lembalela. Ukuthenwa kwemithi kungafuneka kulandele imilinganiselo ye-arboricultus ukuze kuphephe ukonakalisa izidalwa ezikhuselekileyo.

Le mithetho ikhusela impilo kawonke-wonke kunye nobuncwane bendalo, kodwa isenokufakwa njengethuba lokufundiswa. Imiphakamo ebonisa izityalo zomdabu, imiyezo yemvula, kunye nolungiso lwezomiso lwembalela iba ziibhetri eziphilayo ukuze zikwazi ukulondolozwa. Abahlali abayiqondayo imithetho yendalo bangaxhasa imisebenzi yokulondolozwa okuhambelana nemilinganiselo yoluntu, efana ne-oral turf okanye ucwangciso lobuhlobo be-ftif.

Ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yokuphucula iPaki phantsi kweMithetho

Ukwazi indawo elawulayo kusisiqingatha sedabi. Ukulawula ngokunempumelelo kufuna ukuguqulela olo lwazi kwisenzo: ukuqhuba ukuvumela iinkqubo, ukwakha imidibaniso, nokubandakanyeka kucwangciso olude.

Ukuqonda Imithetho Yasekuhlaleni: Inyathelo Lokuqala Elisebenzisekayo

Qala ngokufumana isixeko sakho okanye ikhowudi kamasipala kwi-intanethi. Khangela izahluko ezinxulumene neepaki, ezokuzonwabisa, indawo yokwakha, kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume. Jonga amagama ayintloko afana “lonikezelo lwepartland,”“ ukuvula isithuba,” “izitiya zekhomunikhi,” kunye“ nokwakhiwa komhlaba,” no-'okququzelelekileyo". Qaphela nayiphi na imilinganiselo encinane, iinkqubo zesicelo, kunye nokulungiswa kwakutshanje. Iiwebsite ezininzi zikamasipala nazo zinekhonkco kwizicwangciso zepaki okanye iinkqubo zokulungisa ikomkhulu, ezinika umongo wendlela yokusebenza.

Ukuba ulwimi lubonakala lungenakungeneka, qhagamshelana nesebe lokucwangcisa okanye lesebe leepaki ngqo. Abashicileli bangachaza indlela umthetho othile ochaphazela ngayo imeko yepaki yakho nokuba ngaba ikho na iiyantlukwano. Ukwakha ulwalamano nala magosa kunokuba luncedo kakhulu kwimigudu yexesha elizayo yokuzimela ubugxwayiba.

Ukwakha Iindawo Zokwakha Ezinempembelelo Ebanzi

Linye ilizwi elilungileyo; amazwi amaninzi angcono. Ukuyila okanye ukudibanisa umbutho wobume, iqela labahlobo abasondeleleneyo basepaki, okanye umbutho wepaki ebanzi. Le mibutho iyakwazi ukudibanisa ubuchule kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zolawulo. Umzekelo, ilungu eliqeqeshwe ngokusemthethweni lingachaza umahluko wekhowudi yokubhalisa, ngoxa umyili wezokwakha othathe umhlala-phantsi enokuthi asebenzise imigaqo yokwakha. Inkcubeko ikwanobunzima obukhulu kakhulu kwezobupolitika xa ithetha nebhunga lesixeko okanye ucwangciso lweentlanganiso zentlanganiso zekomishini.

Ukusebenzisana neenzuzo zasekuhlaleni ezijoliswe kwimpilo kawonke-wonke, kwizithuthi ezisebenzayo, okanye kwimithetho yezentlalo kungayinyusa inkxaso. Uninzi lwala maqela lunamava okulawula imigaqo-mthetho kwaye lusenokuba sele lunee-data okanye uphando oluqinisa iimpikiswano zakho. Imigudu edityanisiweyo ingacebisa izilungiso ezinceda imimandla emininzi, njengokuhlaziya i-pakiland yokunikezelwa kwezakhiwo eziseluhlazeni ukuze kufuneke isithuba esingakumbi esiluhlaza kwimimandla egciniweyo.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwinkqubo Yocwangciso

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basoloko behlaziya iiplani zabo ezibanzi, izicwangciso zeplagi, kunye nemithetho yokulungisa indawo. Ezi nkqubo ziquka ukuchotshelwa kwetyala, iindawo zokusebenzela, namagqabaza. Ukufika nokunikela ubungqina ebudeni bala maqondo kuvumela abemi ukuba baphembelele imigaqo yenkqubo ecwangcisiweyo ngaphambi kokuba ithintele imisebenzi ethile yepaki. Faka amagqabaza abhaliweyo, cela ukuthetha, kwaye uze uzise uncedo olufana neemaphu okanye iifoto ukuze babonise iingongoma zakho.

Xa kucetyiswa uphuculo oluthile lwepaki, olufana nendawo entsha yokudlala, i-packi yenja, okanye unxulumano lwendlela yokuhamba-hamba `ingingqi' kufuneka ziphinde zihlole iimvume nemvume ezifunekayo. Yiya kwiintlanganiso zangaphambi kokwenziwa kweprojekthi phakathi komxhasi weprojekthi (ngokufuthi isebe lepaki) kunye nabasebenzi besixeko. Buza malunga nexesha, uqikelelo lwexabiso, nendlela ezikhethwayo zoluntu ezilinganiswa ngayo ngokuchasene nemfuno zomthetho wasekuhlaleni. Oku kuquluko lunganqanda ukungaqondani kwaye luqinisekise ukuba ukwenziwa komsebenzi wokugqibela kubonisa ezona zinto ziphambili kwimida yengingqini.

Isiphelo

Imithetho yasekuhlaleni ingumthetho ongabonakaliyo obumba yonke imiphaka ekufuphi, elunge ngakumbi okanye embi. Igqiba ukuba ngaba ipaki inkulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba ibe yindawo eluhlaza okanye isebenza njengendawo eluhlaza kuphela. Icwangcisa ibhari yokhuseleko, ufikelelo, kunye nolawulo lwemekobume. Zilawula uqingqo-mali kwaye zilawule ukuba ngubani ozakhela isihlalo kwitafile yokwenza izigqibo. Kodwa le migaqo ayimiswanga ngokuzinziwa ngo------------------------------njalo isebenza nje kuphela njengendawo elungele ukukhusela, nokulungisa, kwaye i-menzelela, abahlali bayakwazi ukuguqula ulwazi lobugcisa bube yimpembelelo engcono, kodwa iziphumo ezinamandla, ezithe kratya, ezinamandla ngakumbi apho wonke umntu afumana khona kwinzuzo yedemokhrasi eyahlukene.