Ukuqonda Imithetho Yonyulo Nemithetho Yamalungelo EMerika

Ukuqonda imithetho enxulumene nonyulo lomongameli kunye namalungelo okuvota kubalulekile ukuze kungenelwe inkqubo yedemokhrasi. Le mithetho imisela indlela ephoswa ngayo, ebalwayo, nekhuselwayo, iqinisekisa ukuba bonke abavoti abafanelekileyo bayamenywa ngokusesikweni. Inkqubo yonyulo lwaseMerika isebenza ngemimiselo entsonkothileyo karhulumente neyavela ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, eye yabunjwa kukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko, umthetho wesiseko, kunye neengxaki eziqhubekayo ezingokwasemthethweni.

Ilungelo lokuvota limi njengenye yezona ntsika zisisiseko zedemokhrasi yaseMelika, ukanti iye yasoloko ikhuphiswa, yahluzwa, yahluzwa kulo lonke imbali yelizwe. Ukusuka kwimiqathango yokuqala eyalinganisela ukuvota kumadoda amhlophe aphethe impahla ukuya kukwanda okuthe ngcembe kokuye kunyuswa kwamabhinqa, amancinane esizwe, kunye nabemi abaselula, uhambo oluya kumalungelo okuvota, lubonakalisa umzabalazo oqhubekayo wokuzalisekisa isithembiso somelo somelo olulinganayo lwedemokhrasi.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sonyulo loMongameli

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States umisela isiseko sonyulo lomongameli, nangona ushiya iinkcukacha ezininzi ezingqalileyo kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente kunye nomthetho karhulumente olandelayo. IGatya II lomGaqo-siseko ladala inkqubo yeElectoral College, inkqubo ekhethekileyo eqhubeka ibumba indlela amaMerika akhetha ngayo umongameli wawo. Kunokuvota okuqhelekileyo, unyulo lomongameli luyenzeka ngenkqubo engangqalanga apho abavoti bephondo ngalinye bakhetha abavotisi abasemthethweni bomongameli kunye nomongameli oyisekela.

IElectoral College inezinyusi ezingama-538, nelizwe ngalinye labela inani labanyuli abalingana neqela labo elipheleleyo, `inani lee-arhente nabameli bayo. Le nkqubo ithetha ukuba amaphondo amancinane anempembelelo eninzi ngokwentelekiso kumazwe amakhulu, umyili ocetyiweyo olungelelanisa izilangazelelo zamazwe athe chiza nangenazintabalala. Ukuphumelela i-designici, umvotisi kufuneka akhusele ubuncinane kwimivoti eyi-270, uninzi lwamazwe amakhulu.

Izindululo zoMgaqo-siseko ziye zanda zaza zakhuselwa ngokuphawulekayo zaza zakhuselwa nangamalungelo okuvota. UHlaziyo lweshumi elinesihlanu, olwagunyaziswa ngo-1870, lwalelwe ukungavumi ukuvota ngelungelo lokuvota ngenxa yohlanga, umbala, okanye imeko yobukhoboka ngaphambili. Uhlaziyo lweshumi elinesithoba, lwagunyaziswa ngo-1920, lwandisiwe kumabhinqa amalungelo okuvota. UMthetho wokuHlayishela irhafu, warhoxiswa ngo-1964, waphelisa irhafu yerhafu kunyulo lwe-oventi. Unyuso lweSinyuso seSikhokelo, i-Sinyuso-Sixhombo, sagunyaziswa ngo-1971, ukuthoba okusukela kwiminyaka engama-21 ukuya kwe-18 ubudala. Ezi zivotelelwa zimele izindululo eziphambili eziphambili ekunyusweni kokuthathatha kolawulo lwedemo-demo-demo-ographic.

Imboniselo yemithetho yonyulo

Imithetho yokhetho ilawula iinkqubo zokuvota, ukufezekisa, kunye nokuqinisekiswa kweziphumo. Iyahluka-hluka ngokorhulumente kodwa iyadityaniswa ngemithetho karhulumente efuna ukukhuthaza ukubonakala nokusesikweni. Urhulumente wesizwe umisele imilinganiselo esisiseko emele ilandelwe ngamaphondo onke, ngoxa amazwe enegunya elibalulekileyo lokunika unyulo nokuseka iimfuno ezongezelelekileyo kwimida yesiseko somgaqo-siseko.

IKhomishini yoNqumlo loManyano loManyano (FEC) isebenza njengombutho ozimeleyo wolawulo ojongene nokulawula nokumisa umthetho wezemali karhulumente. Imiselwe ngo-1975, i-FEC ijongela ukutyhilwa kwenkcazelo yezemali yephulo, inyanzelisa imiqathango yeminikelo kunye nemiqathango, kwaye isebenzisa inkqubo yenkxaso-mali kawonke-wonke kumaphulo obungameli. Le nkomfanekiso idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni ukubonakala nokuphendula kwinkqubo yonyulo, nangona impumelelo yayo iye yaxhotyiswa kwingxoxo eqhubekayo.

Umthetho wonyulo lomanyano lwamaqumrhu umisela imigaqo ebalulekileyo kunye neenkqubo zonyulo lomongameli. Umthetho woManyano umisela uLwesibini lokuqala emva koMvulo wokuqala ngoNovemba njengoSuku Lokhetho lweeofisi zikarhulumente, olwenziwa rhoqo kwiminyaka emine kunyulo lomongameli. IElectoral College idibana phakathi kwe-December ukuvota kwabo abasemthethweni, kwaye iBhunga libalela aba bavoti ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari 20th emva konyulo, njengoko kugunyaziswe nguMlawuli we-1970.

Ukunika Amalungelo Neemfuno Zokonwaba

Amalungelo okunika abanye amalungelo aqinisekisa ukuba abemi abafanelekileyo banokuba nenxaxheba kunyulo ngaphandle kwemiqobo engafanelekanga. Ngokuqhelekileyo, abavoti kufuneka bahlangabezane nobudala, indawo yokuhlala, kunye neemfuno zobumi. Eminye imithetho ikwathetha ngemibandela efana ne-ID yomvoti kunye neenkqubo zokubhaliswa. Ukuqonda ezi mfuneko kubalulekile kubavoti bobabini abafuna ukusebenzisa amalungelo abo kunye nabalawuli bonyulo abasebenza ukunceda ukuthabatha inxaxheba ngoxa begcina ingqibelelo yonyulo.

Imilinganiselo Esisiseko Enokufumaneka

Ukuvota kunyulo lomongameli, abantu kufuneka bahlangabezane neemfuno eziliqela ezisisiseko. Okokuqala, abavoti kufuneka babe ngabemi baseUnited States, mhlawumbi ngokuzalwa okanye ngokusetyenziswa kwendalo. Okwesibini, abavoti kufuneka babe neminyaka eli-18 ubuncinane ngoSuku loNnyulo. Okwesithathu, abavoti kufuneka bahlangabezane neemfuno zobundlobongela besizwe sabo, ezithi ngokuqhelekileyo zibandakanya ukuphila kurhulumente ixesha eliqingqiweyo ngaphambi konyulo, nangona ezi mfuneko zingafani kakhulu ngokweemeko.

Urhulumente omninzi ufuna abavoti babhalise phambi koSuku loNnyulo, nangona iimini kunye neenkqubo ezikhethekileyo zahlukile. Amanye amaphondo anika abameli abafanelekileyo ukubhalisa nokuvota ngoSuku lokhetho ngokwalo. Amanye amaphondo afuna ukubhaliswa iiveki ngaphambi konyulo. Inani elandayo lamazwe liye lasebenzisa iinkqubo zokubhalisa ezizenzekelayo zabavoti, ezibhalisa abemi abafanelekileyo xa besebenzisana namaqumrhu karhulumente afana neSebe leMetro Vehicles, ngaphandle kokuba bakhethe.

Imithetho Yophawu

Imfuno zokwahlula zimele enye yeengingqi ezithanda ukuphikisana zomthetho wonyulo. Amazwe amkele iindlela ezahlukeneyo kakhulu kwi-ID yovoti, ezisuka kwiimfuno ezingqongqo ze-ID ukuya kokungekho mfuneko ye-ID konke konke. Abaxhasi bemithetho ye-ID engqongqo baphikisa ngokuthi bathintele ubuqhophololo kwaye bakhulise intembelo yoluntu kwingqibelelo yonyulo. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi imithetho enjalo ibeka umthwalo onzima kwabavoti abambalwa, abemi abakhulileyo, abangenayo abantu abaza phantsi, namanye amaqela asenokuba anokuba nophawu lwemifanekiso karhulumente.

Iirejista ze-ID zefoto zifuna abavoti ukuba banike uchazo lwefoto karhulumente, njengephepha-mvume lomqhubi okanye ipasipo, ukuphosa ivoti eqhelekileyo. I-ID engeyoyonxalenye yefomati yesicelo se-ID kodwa vumela abavoti ngaphandle kwayo ukuba bafake ibholathi ngolunye uhlobo, njengokusayina i-affidavit. Amanye amazwe afuna ukuba angayisebenzisi i-photo, njengerekhodi yemali eluncedo okanye ingxelo yebhanki ebonisa igama nedilesi lomvoti. Amanye amazwe asebenzisa iindlela ezingavumelaniyo zoqinisekiso, ezifana notyikityo okanye ukuchaza ulwazi lobuqu oluhambisana neengxelo zobhaliso.

Ukuphoxeka Nokubuyiselwa Kwamalungelo

I-United States iphantse ibe yodwa phakathi kwamazwe olawulo-bumelo lwedemokhrasi ekuthinteleni amalungelo okuvota abantu abanobutyala. Malunga nezigidi ezi-5,2 zamaMerika arhoxiswa ngenxa yokugwetywa kwetyala, nangona imithetho karhulumente yahluka kakhulu. Amanye amazwana abuyisela amalungelo okuvota ngokukhawuleza emva kokukhululwa entolongweni, ngoxa amanye amisela amathuba okulinda okanye afuna ukugqitywa kwesohlwayo nokuvavanywa. Amali ambalwa amazwe aphelisa ngokupheleleyo abantu abaneenkolelo ezithile ngaphandle kokuba afumana uxolelo lwe-guberner okanye abuyiselwa amalungelo abo ngokobuqu ngenkqubo yesicelo.

Le mithetho idibeneyo idala ukudideka nokungalingani okuphawulekayo. Amaphondo amabini, uMaine noVermont, avumela abantu ukuba bavote kwanaxa besentolongweni. Amazwe amaninzi abuyisela amalungelo okuvota ngokuzenzekelayo xa ekhululwa okanye egqitywa ekuvalweni kwesigwebo. Amanye amazwana afuna amanyathelo awongezelelweyo, njengokuhlawula zonke iintengo kunye nerhafu okanye ukulinda ixesha elithile elichaziweyo. Ukuntsonkotha kwezi mfuneko zithetha ukuba abavoti abaninzi abafanelekileyo abaneenkolelo zangaphambili abangazi ukuba amalungelo abo okuvota abuyiselwe.

Umthetho ogunyazisa amalungelo welizwe

Le mithetho iphambili iye yaguqula indlela yokusebenza yamalungelo okuvota nolawulo lwamatshato eUnited States. Le misebenzi yowiso-mthetho imela imigudu emikhulu yokwandisa ukufumaneka kwevoti, ukuthintela ucalucalulo, nokuguqula iinkqubo zonyulo. Ukuqonda le mithetho kunikela umongo obalulekileyo kwiingxoxo zangoku eziphathelele ukuvota notshintsho.

ISivumelwano saMalungelo sowe-1965

UMthetho we-Voting Rights ka-1965 umi njengenye yeziqwenga eziphambili zomthetho wamalungelo abantu kwimbali yaseMerika. Wabhaliswa ngexesha lobukhulu bombutho wamalungelo abantu, umthetho ojolise ekulweni kwemiqobo engokwasemthethweni kurhulumente nakwimigangatho yasekuhlaleni owathintela abantu base-Merika ukuba basebenzise ilungelo labo lokuvota njengoko liqinisekiswe luMmiselo weshumi elinesihlanu. Lo mthetho walwalela ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwimiba yovota kwaye wanika ulawulo lorhulumente lolawulo lonyulo olulawula imicimbi yocalulo olunelo.

Ilungiselelo elinamandla loMthetho wamaLungelo iVoting Rights yayiliCandelo 5, elalifuna ukuba amazwe athile kunye nemimandla ethile kunye nembali yocalulo lokuvota ukuze kufumaneke uhlaziyo lwamagunya asemthethweni phambi kokuzalisekisa naluphi na utshintsho kwimithetho yokuvota okanye iinkqubo. Le mfuneko yangaphambili yathintela utshintsho lokhetho lokuvota ngaphambi kokuba luphunyezwe, kunokuba kufune ukuba kucelwe ixesha elide emva kwemeko. Icandelo 4(b) lagqiba ukuba luluphi ulawulo oluphantsi kokwenziwa ngokusekelwe ekusetyenzisweni kwalo ekuvotelweni kwediski yovoti-malathi kunye nobhaliso olusezantsi okanye ukurhoxiswa kwexabiso lokuvota okanye ukuvota okusezantsi koonta owe-1970.

Ngo-2013, isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo kwiShelby County v. IKhont yatshintsha ngokubhekiselele kwisiseko somthetho wamalungelo abantu. Inkundla yawaphula phantsi amaphepha okugquma kwicandelo 4(b), ngokunempumelelo isusa imfuneko yokuzimela kwangaphambili kuba akukho mithetho ephantsi kwayo ngaphandle kwenkcazelo esemthethweni. Inkundla yathi le nkqubo isekelwe kugcino-lwazi oluphelelwe lixesha kwaye ngoko yaphula imigaqo yolawulo olulinganayo. Ingqungqungquthela ayikaluyiyihlaziyanga indlela yokuhlawula, ishiya Icandelo 5 lisebenza nangona ingekho mithetho esemthethweni kwiincwadi eziseleyo.

ICandelo 2 loMthetho wamaLungelo oQhubekekileyo liyasebenza kwaye liyaqhubeka linikela ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo ekukhetheni ukuvota. Eli lungiselelo liyalela nawuphi na uqheliselo okanye inkqubo yokuvota ekhethelwa ngokwezizizinziso zohlanga, umbala, okanye amalungu kwiqela elincinane lolwimi. Ngokungafaniyo neCandelo 5, ICandelo 2 lisebenza kwilizwe lonke kwaye livumela ukusetyenziswa kwelinye ilizwe emva koqheliselo lokubhangiswa komthetho wobuhlanga. Noko ke, iCandelo 2 liyilo eliqhelekileyo elisisicalulo sexesha elininzi nexabiso kunenkqubo yangaphambi kokuba litsha, kwaye uqheliselo lwezimfashoni yediski lusenokuhlala lusebenza ngexesha elisebenzayo ngexesha lokuqulungelana.

UMthetho woBhaliso weSizwe wowe-1993

Umthetho ufuna ukuba kunikwe amathuba okuvota xa abantu befaka okanye behlaziya imvume yokuqhuba imoto, ngenxa yoko igama lokufota lifuna amagunya. Lo Mthendeleko ukwamkeleka ngokusemthethweni ngeposi nokunikezela iinkonzo zobhaliso kumaziko oncedo olumiselweyo kunye nabantu abakhonza ii-ofisi abaneziphene.

Lo mthetho wandisa ukufumaneka kobhaliso lwabavoti ngokuyidibanisa kwintsebenziswano eqhelekileyo namaqumrhu karhulumente. Kunokuba ifune abemi ukuba benze uhambo olukhethekileyo ukuya kuvota, i-Motor Voter Act yazisa iinkonzo zokubhalisa kwiindawo abantu abasele betyelele ezinye iinjongo. Kwakhona lo mthetho wamisela ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo kubavoti ababhalisweyo, kuquka iimfuno zokulondoloza uluhlu oluchanileyo lobhaliso kunye nemiqathango yokususa abavoti kwiincwadana.

UMthetho weSizwe weVoter Brigister Act uquka amalungiselelo akhethekileyo olawulo xa kwaye indlela amatyala angasusa ngayo abavoti kuluhlu lokubhalisela. Ama-odolo kufuneka enze ugcino oluthe rhoqo lwemivoti ukuze asuse abantu abafileyo, abasusiweyo, okanye abangakwaziyo ukuvota. Noko ke, lo Mthetho uyalwalela iinkqubo zokususwa ngocwangco kwiintsuku ezingama-90 zonyulo lwaselurhulumente ukuthintela ukuba abavoti abafaneleki abahlawulwe ngokumpazamo kuSuku Loluhlu loNxululo. Amazwe kufuneka kwakhona anikeze isaziso kunye nethuba lokulungisa naziphi na iimpazamo phambi kokuba asuse iiroli.

UMthetho woNcedo waseMerika

UMthetho woncedo waseMelika Vote ka-2002 (SAVA) uphucula iinkqubo zokuvota kunye nolawulo lonyulo ekuphenduleni iingxaki ezibhenqwe ebudeni bonyulo lomongameli wama- 2000. Ingxelo ye-Florida ephikiswayo yabalaselisa ukuswela okunzulu kobugcisa bokuvota, iinkqubo zokuvota, kunye neenkqubo zonyulo. UHAVA waxubusha le miba ngokumisela imigaqo encinane yolawulo lonyulo, ukubonelela inkxaso-mali esemthethweni yokuthatha indawo yezixhobo zokuvota eziphelelwe lixesha, kunye nokuyila iKhomishini yeSigunya soPhumo soHlulo.

HAVA kwafuneka ukuba kuthatyathelwe indawo yezixhobo zokuvota ngekhadi lokunqikela kunye neematshini zokuvota ezixhaphakileyo, ezazingqineke zinengxaki yangoku nezithembekileyo. UmThetho wanika amawaka ezigidi zeerandi ukuncedisa amazwe athengela amaphondo izixhobo zokuvota ezintsha nokuphucula ulawulo lonyulo. Kwafuneka ukuba amazwe amisele ii-database zobhaliso lombhali wekhompyutha equlethwe yikhompyutha ukuze aphucule ucoselelo nokuthintela ukubhaliswa okuphindaphindiweyo. Umthetho wanika imvume yokubhalisa, ukuvumela abantu abanokukwazi ukuvota abaza kuvavanywa ukuba bafumane i-coloti ukuba kamva bazimisele ukufikelela ekufikeleleni.

IKhomishini yeNkqutyana yokuLawula (EAC), esungulwe yi HAVA, isebenza njengendlu yokucoca yesizwe ukuze kufunyanwe ulwazi oluphathelele ulawulo lonyulo. I-EAC iphuhlisa imigaqo yenkqubo yokuvota yokuzithandela, iimvavanyo kunye nezixhobo zokuvota, iqhuba uphando kwimiba yolawulo lonyulo, kwaye inikela ukhokelo kurhulumente nakumagunya onyulo. Ngoxa imigangatho ye-EAC ingumgangatho wokuzithandela kunokuba inyanzele, iye yaphembelela ngokuphawulekayo ukuphuhliswa nokwamkelwa kobugcisa bokuvota kulo lonke ilizwe.

Imithetho yoKhetho noNxulukwano lweMbali

Ngeli xesha umthetho wesizwe umisela imfuno ezisisiseko kunye nokhuseleko, amazwana agcina igunya elithe kratya kulawulo lonyulo. Esi sakhiwo sorhulumente siphumela kumahluko obalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zokuvota, iimfuno zobhaliso, kunye nokufikelela komqeshwa ukunqumla kumazwe angamashumi amahlanu. Ukuqonda olu mahluko womgangatho karhulumente kubaluleke kakhulu kubavoti, abathathi-nxaxheba, nabani na ofuna ukuqonda inkqubo yokukhetha yamaMelika.

Imisebenzi yeBhayibhile

Ummiselo wokubhalisa othe wabhaliswa ngexesha elinye nosuku olunye, kunyaka wama-30 phambi konyulo. Amaphondo angaphezu kwama-20 kunye neSithili saseColumbia ngoku zinika ubhaliso olufanayo, zivumela abemi abafanelekileyo ukuba babhalise kwaye bavote ngosuku olunye, mhlawumbi ngexesha lovotelo lokuqala okanye ngoSuku lokhetho. Uphando lusoloko lubonisa ukuba ukubhaliswa kosuku olunye kwandisa umvoti, ingakumbi phakathi kwabantu abaselula, abafumana imali ephantsi, nabo basandula ukufuduka.

Amanye amaphondo afuna ukubhaliswa ngexesha elifanelekileyo ngaphambi koSuku loNnyulo, oluqheleke ukusuka kwiintsuku ezili-15 ukuya kwezingama-30 ngaphambi kokuba lubhaliswe. Olu suku lokubhalisa lucetyelwe ukunika abasemagunyeni ixesha lokubhalisa, ukuhlaziya iiroli, nokulungiselela iincwadi zokhetho ezichanekileyo. Noko ke, abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ukumiswa kwexesha okunjalo kudala imiqobo engayimfuneko ekuthabatheni inxaxheba, ingakumbi kubantu abanomdla kunyulo olukufuphi noSuku lokhetho okanye abaphoswe lusuku olumiselwe ngenxa yobomi babo.

Inani elandayo lamazwe liphumeze inkqubo yokubhaliswa kwevoti ngokwayo (AVR), ebhalisa abemi abafanelekileyo xa besebenzisana namaqumrhu karhulumente amiselweyo ngaphandle kokuba bakhethe. IOregon yaba lizwe lokuqala ukwamkela i-AVR ngo- 2015, kwaye amanye amazwe amaninzi aye alandela. Ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo luye lwangqinelana ngokunempumelelo kakhulu ekunyuseni iiroli zovoti nokuqinisekisa ukuba ulwazi lokubhalisa luhlala lukho ngoku njengoko abantu behamba okanye betshintsha amagama abo.

Iinketho zoluvo lwangaphambili kunye ne bree Balot

Amazwe ayahluka kakhulu kumalungiselelo awo okuvota nokurhoxa kwasekuqaleni. Ukuvota kwangethuba kuvumela abavoti ababhalisweyo ukuba bafake amavoti phambi koSuku lokhetho, aqhele ukuwafaka kwindawo ezichaziweyo ngexesha elithile. Ngaphezu kwama-40 anikela uhlobo oluthile lovota kwangethuba, nangona ubude bexesha lokuvota kwangethuba nokufumaneka kwasekuqaleni kweendawo zokuvota buhlukile kakhulu. Amanye amazwe anika iiveki eziliqela zokuvota kwasekuqaleni kwiindawo ezininzi ezifanelekileyo, ngelinye ixesha anikela iintsuku ezimbalwa kuphela kwindawo ezilinganiselwe.

Uvota lwe-boxee, olukwabizwa ngokuba luvota ngeposi okanye ngeposi, luvumela abavoti ukuba bafumane baze bangenise iibhola ngeposi kunokuba bavote ebantwini. Ama-United States awela kwiindidi eziliqela malunga nokurhoxa kovota. Amanye amazwe aqhuba unyulo ngokupheleleyo ngeposi, ngokuzenzekela athumele iibhola kubo bonke abavoti ababhalisiweyo. Amanye amazwe avumela nabani na obhalisiweyo ukuba acele umvotisi ongaphandle ngaphandle ngaphandle kokunika isizathu, inkqubo maxa wambi ebizwa ngokuba "no-extse" ukuvotaase". Amanye amazwe afuna ukuba abavoti banikeze izingxengxezo ezifanelekileyo, njengangaphandle kwedolophu ngomhla wokhetho, enesiphene, okanye enokuba ngumntu othile ongaphandle kweminyaka yokuvota, ukuba angabikho.

Isifo se-COVOID-19d sanyusa ngamandla unyuso lovota lweposi, njengoko amazwe ayefuna ukunikezela ngokhetho olukhuselekileyo ngexesha lengxaki yempilo kawonke-wonke. Amazwana amaninzi andisa ufikelelo okwexeshana okanye ngokusisigxina kurhoxiso lwabangahambiyo, kwaye ukuvota ngeposi kwafikelela kwiqondo elingathethekiyo kunyulo lomongameli lwama-202020. Oku kwabangela ingxoxo enkulu yezopolitiko ngokhuseleko nokuthembeka kokuvota, nangona uphando lubonisa ukuba ukuqhatha kwevota kuyinto enqabileyo nakancinane kakhulu kungakhathaliseki indlela yokuvota.

Ukufumaneka kwebhola kunye neenkqubo ezingundoqo zokhetho

Amazwe amisela eyawo imithetho ngendlela abafanelekela ngayo oomongameli bombutho wezopolitiko nendlela amaqela ezobupolitika akhetha ngayo ooNovesithi bawo. Unyulo oluphambili nonyulo kunye nokusetyenziswa koonobumba okungundoqo kwenzeka kwimihla eyahlukeneyo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, edala inkqubo yokutyunjwa kwegama elichaza amaphulo omongameli waseMerika. Amazwe akhetha ukuba athathe unyulo oluphambili okanye asebenzise ii-couciers, kwaye agqiba enoba olu khuphiswano luvulelekile kubo bonke abavoti okanye lubekelwe amalungu eqela abhalisiweyo.

Uvula nabani na obhalisiweyo ukuba athathe inxaxheba kumntu ophambili, nangona abavoti benokuvota kulungu lokuqala lomnye umbutho. I-primcaries ivala inxaxheba kwivoti ebhaliswe ngeqela eliyintloko. Abavoti abavalelweyo okanye abangenisi abangephi bangena kwindawo ethile phakathi, basoloko bevumela abavoti abangabhaliswanga ukuba bathathe inxaxheba xa besusa abavoti nabanye amaqela. Amazwe ambalwa asebenzisa imigaqo ephezulu-2 okanye ngaphezulu-4 ephambili, apho bonke abavoti-ba bavela kwilungu lokuqala elinye eliphambili kunye nakumavoti aphezulu bengena phambili kunyulo lonyulo-lu jikelele kungakhathaliseki ukuba bangene kuhlanganiso oluqhelekileyo.

Kunyulo jikelele, abatshayeli abaza kufumana umongameli kufuneka bafanelekele ibhola yokufaka izicelo kwilizwe ngalinye, ngokuqheleke ngokufaka izibongozo ngenani elifunekayo lotyikityo okanye ngokutyunjwa liqela elifanelekileyo lezobupolitika. Amanene athe ajongwa yimiqobo embalwa ekungeneni kweqela, kodwa inxenye yesithathu kunye nabaqhubi abazimeleyo basoloko bezama ukufikelela iimfuno zesizwe ezahlukeneyo. Le mithetho yokufikelela iphembelela ngokuphawulekayo inkqubo yecandelo leMelika ngokuyenza ibe nzima komnye umntu ukuba akhuphisane ngokune ngokuphumelelayo.

Imithetho yeMali yeCandelo noNkcitho loMongameli

Imithetho yezemali yephulo ilawula indlela abanyuse ngayo oomongameli baze bachithe ngayo imali, bezimisele ukukhusela ukunganyaniseki nokukhuthaza ukubonakala kwayo ngoxa bewahlonela amalungelo oMgaqo-nkqubo Wokuqala. Imali yesebe elilawulayo esemthethweni iye yatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo kumashumi eminyaka aliqela adluleyo, ibunjwe ngumthetho wequmrhu, imimiselo yeKhomishini yeNkundla ePhakamileyo eye yaguqula ngokusisiseko indlela yokusetyenziswa kwemali kwezobupolitika.

Imida yegalelo kunye neemfuno zokuhlangula

Umthetho womanyano umisela imida enokuba ngabantu ngabanye nemibutho enokunikela ngokungqalileyo kubahlohli nakumaqela ezobupolitika. Abanikeli ngabanye banganikela ukuya kuma-3,300 ngonyulo kunyulo lomongameli (njengoko kungu-2024, nomlinganiselo ohlengahlengisiweyo ngamaxesha athile wokuncitshiswa kwexabiso lamaxabiso emali), ngonyulo oluphambili noluqhelekileyo olubalwa ngokwahlukeneyo. Abantu ngabanye banokunikela ngomlinganiselo olinganiselweyo kwiikomiti zeqela lezobupolitika neekomiti zezenzo zezobupolitika (i-PAC).

Imibutho kunye nemibutho yabasebenzi ayalelwa ekwenzeni iminikelo ngqo kumaqumrhu ajongene nokumiselwa kwemali engokwahlukana (amaPAC) acela iminikelo yokuzithandela kubaqeshwa okanye amalungu. Ezi zakhiwo zinokunikela kwimida emiselweyo. Izakhiwo zoManyano azivumelekanga ukwenza iminikelo kumaqumrhu, kwimicimbi, okanye kwii-PACs.

Imiyalelo yokubonelela ngenkxaso-mali igunyazisa ukuba amaphulo omongameli anike ingxelo yeenkcukacha malunga nokubonelela nokuchitha imali kwiKhomishini yoNlamlo. Imibutho yemibutho kufuneka isoloko ichaza iingxelo zabanikeli befashoni abanikela ngaphezu kwama-R1, iidilesi, imisebenzi, nabaqeshi. Le nkcazelo yenziwa yafumaneka esidlangalaleni, ivumela iintatheli, abaphandi, nabemi ukuba balandele imithombo yenkxaso-mali yephulo baze baphawule iingxabano ezinokwenzeka zomdla.

Iinguqu eziphambili

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yowama-2010 kwiZinga eliManyano leNtlango yeNtlango yeNtlango yeNtshona Koloni. IKhomishini yezeNtlango eLawulwe ngokusisiseko iguqulelwe umthetho wezemali ngokuthi urhulumente akanakuyithintela inkcitho yezopolitiko ezimeleyo yemibutho, imibutho yemibutho, neminye imibutho. Esi sigqibo sakhokelela ekusungulweni kwe-PACss enkulu kakhulu .

Ii-PAC eziphezulu ziye zaba ngabadlali abaphambili kunyulo lomongameli, ngokufuthi zichitha amakhulu ezigidi zeerandi kwizibhengezo nakwezinye izibhengezo. Nangona ii-PAC ezinkulu zingenakunikela ngqo kubathathi-nxaxheba kwaye zithintelwe ngokusemthethweni ekuququzeleleni amaphulo, abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi umahluko phakathi kwenkcitho ezizimeleyo kunye nomsebenzi olungelelanisiweyo uye wafihlwa. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi i-PACs enkulu ikhulisa intetho yezobupolitika kwaye ivumela ukuba ingxubusho engakumbi kawonke-wonke malunga nabaqhubi kunye neembambano.

Amaqela emali amnyama . . alungelelaniswe ngohlobo lokuba 501(c) imibutho yoluntu okanye 501(c) (6) amaqumrhu orhwebo (6) akwanokuchitha imali kwi-advocacy yezopolitiko ngaphandle kokuchaza abanikeli bawo. Ngokungafaniyo nee-PACs ezinkulu, ezimele zityhile abanikeli bazo, ezi ziququzelela abanikeli bazo ngokufihlakeleyo xa zichitha imali ekungeniseni i-dvocacyriacy kunye, kwezinye iimeko, zichaza ukubhalisa okanye ukuchana kwemali emnyama kwabo. Ngokungafaniyo nee-Protistiki ezithi ziphakamisa amaxhala abalulekileyo ngokuvela kwazo kunye nokuphendula kwezopolitiko.

Igalelo likaNondyebo woMongameli

Inkqubo yoMongameli weNgxowa-mali kaRhulumente, eyamiselwa ngowe-1970 emva kwehlazo lamanzi, inika imali kawonke-wonke ukuze kufaneleke abahlohli bomongameli abavumayo ukulinganisela imali yabo yokusebenzisa nokuhlala kwezinye iimfuno. Le nkqubo iquka imali engqinelanayo kumarhafu aphambili anyusa iminikelo yeplanga elincinane kwaye ahlangabezana nezinye iimfuno, kwanemali kwiqela elikhulu elinomtyunjwa wonyulo jikelele.

Noko ke, inkqubo yemali kawonke-wonke iye yaphelelwa lixesha kakhulu kwimijikelo yonyulo yakutshanje. Imida yokuchitha imali efumaneka ngokwamkela imali kawonke-wonke iye yancipha ngokungekho ngqiqweni xa ithelekiswa nemali enokuthi abakhuphiswano bangayinyusa ngasese. Ukususela ngo- 2008, amaqela amakhulu aye alwamkela inkxaso kawonke-wonke yonyulo, endaweni yoko akhetha ukunyusa imali yangagcinywanga. Ukuthomalala kwenkqubo iye yabangela ukuba kubekho utshintsho ukuze kuvelise ukhetho olusebenzayo lwemali kawonke-wonke olunokunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwabanikezeli-mali abaninzi.

Ukhuseleko Lokhetho Nemilinganiselo Yokunyaniseka

Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko nokuthembeka konyulo lomongameli kuye kwaba yinto ephambili exhalatyelwe kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Ukhuseleko lokhetho luquka ukukhuselwa ekungeneleni kwemiqathango yamazwe angaphandle, ukukhuselwa kwenkqubo yokuvota nezibonelelo, ukuthintelwa komvoti, nokugcinwa kwentembelo yoluntu kwiziphumo zonyulo. Ukuqonda amanyathelo akhoyo okukhusela unyulo, kwakunye neengxaki eziqhubekayo, kubalulekile ekuthatheleni inxaxheba kwezentlalo-ntle.

Ukhuseleko lwenkqubo yokuthumela nokusebenza kobugcisa

Iinkqubo zokuvota zale mihla zisebenzisa ubugcisa obuhlukeneyo, nganye eneempawu zokhuseleko. Iinkqubo zephepha ezinamaxwebhu aphawulwe ngesandla, kuquka iibhola zophawulo-phepha kunye nezixhobo zokuphawula ezivelisa iirekhodi zephepha, zinika ingxelo yokoqobo enokuphindwa ize ichazwe ukuba kuyimfuneko. Imatshini zokuvota ngokuthe ngqo (DRE) ezinokuvotelwa ngaphandle kwemikhondo yephepha ziye zajijelwa ngokuqhubekayo ngenxa yokungachachaseki kwazo ekuxhomeni nasekunga kwendlela yokuqhuba uphicotha kunye nokungaphicotha kophicothi-zincwadi olunentsingiselo ngaphandle kweengxelo zamaphepha.

Iingcali zokhuseleko lokhetho zincomela ngamandla ukuba zonke iinkqubo zokuvota zivelise umkhondo osebenzayo wephepha onokuthi usetyenziselwe ukuphicotha iziphumo zonyulo. Uphicotho-zincwadi lweposi lokhetho, ingakumbi uphicotho-manani olunomngcipheko olusebenzisa iindlela zobalo ukuqinisekisa iziphumo, zinika ubungqina obubalulekileyo bokuba ukuvota ngempumelelo kubonakalisa injongo yomvoti. Amagunya amaninzi aye aqhubela phambili ekufuneni imigaqo yokufumana iphepha kunye nokuzalisekisa iinkqubo zobugcisa bophicotho, nangona izithuba ezibalulekileyo zisekho kwezinye iindawo.

Unyulo lwezibonelelo zonyulo ludlulela ngaphaya koomatshini bokuvota ukuze baquke iisiseko sobhaliso lovoti, iinkqubo zokubika ngobusuku, kunye neenkqubo ezidibanisa amaziko ahlukeneyo olawulo lonyulo. ISebe loKhuseleko loLonyulo olumiselwe njengezibonelelo ezibalulekileyo ngo-2017, linceda ukuphucula inkxaso karhulumente kurhulumente nakumagosa onyulo lwasekuhlaleni. Le nkxaso iquka ukusongela ubuchule, uvavanyo lwezikomfakela-intanethi, kunye noncedo lobugcisa ukuphucula ukuma kokhuseleko.

Ukukhusela Nokufumana Urhwebe-ngeno Lwegesi

Ukuqhatha kwevoter − ukujulwa okungekho mthethweni kwevoti engekho mthethweni ngabavoti abangenaluphaza okanye ukujulwa kweevoti ezininzi nguvoti omnye − kunqabile kakhulu kunyulo lwaseMerika. Uphando oluninzi nophando luye lwafumanisa ukuba ukuqhatha kwevoti kwenzeka kwinani elingacacanga, eliphantsi kakhulu ukuba kungachaphazeleka kwiziphumo zonyulo. Ukuqhatha komvoti kubonisa ukusebenza kwezixhobo ezikhoyo kunye nokungasebenzi kwemo yesiqhelo yokwenza inkohliso kwisikali esinokuthi siphembelele.

Umaleko omninzi wokhuseleko olukhuselayo kwinkohliso yabavoti. Iinkqubo zobhaliso ziqinisekisa ukuba abantu abakwaziyo ukubhalisa phambi kokuba bongezelele abantu kwiiroli. Abasebenzi abavotayo bakhangela ukuchongwa okanye ukuqinisekiswa kolwazi lomvoti kwiindawo zokuvota. Iinkqubo zoqinisekiso zotyikityo zihlola utyikityo olungekhoyo lotyikityo oluchasene neengxelo zobhaliso. Iincwadi zomvoti jikelele zinceda ekuthinteleni ukubhaliswa ngokuphinda-phindeneyo kwemiqathango. Izigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho zokuvota, kuquka ukuvalelwa nokuhlawulwa kwemali, zinika izithintelo ezinamandla.

Ngoxa ukuqhatha kovoti kunqabile, ukuqhatha konyulo , ukugxampuza konyulo kwamagosa okanye abanye abasemagunyeni kubeka inkxalabo ebaluleke ngakumbi. Ukuqhatha kokhetho kungathatha iindlela ezahlukeneyo, kuquka ukusetyenziswa kwemiba yokuvota, ukutshatyalaliswa kwabavoti, okanye ukugxambukela ekubhaliseni ubhaliso. Ukukhusela nxamnye nonyulo kubandakanya ijelo lokufumana imvume yokufumana imvume yokufumana inzala, i-bipartisan okanye i-partisan, ukuhlolwa ngabahloli bokhetho kunye novavanyo lonyulo, kunye novavanyo lwemivoti yemi yokuvota, kunye novavanyo lweziphumo zeziphumo.

Unxibelelwano lwamazwe angaphandle kunye nokungaqondani

Ukungenelela konyulo lwamazwe angaphandle eMerika kwavela njengenkxalabo enkulu emva kwemigudu yokuphembelela unyulo lomongameli 2016. Oku kuphazamisa kwakuquka ukuhlaselwa kweekhompyutha kwiintlangano zobupolitika, ukuzama ukulalanisa izibonelelo zonyulo, namaphulo achuliweyo kwimigangatho yezentlalo-ntle. Unyulo olulandelayo luye lwabonwa luqhubeka luzama ukuphazamisana nedemokhrasi yaseMerika ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.

Ukukhusela ukuphazanyiswa kweminye imiba emininzi edityanisiweyo. Amanyathelo anyuswe ngekhompyutha akhusela izibonelelo zonyulo kunye nemibutho yezobupolitika ekuqhaqhaqhazeliseni. Amaqumrhu obuntlola ahlola imigudu yokuphazamisa yamazwe angaphandle kwaye abelana ngenkcazelo yokusongela amagosa onyulo nangamaphulo. Amaqonga onxibelelwano olunophuhliso lwezentlalo-ntle aye asebenzisa iinkqubo zokufanisa nokususa impembelelo yamanye amazwe, nangona kusaqhubeka impikiswano. Amaphulo emfundo kawonke-wonke azimisele ukunceda abavoti bafumani nokuchasa i-infontsty.

Ukusasazwa kolwazi olunxulumene nonyulo, enoba luvela kwamanye amazwe okanye ekhaya, kubangela imingeni ebalulekileyo kunyulo. Ukuxoka ngeenkqubo zokuvota, iziphumo zonyulo, okanye ukufaneleka komnyulo kungenza abantu bangaluthembi uluntu kunyulo kwaye kuthintele umvoti. Ukulwa ukungawadli amalungelo okuthetha ngeli xesha kubandakanya ukulungelelanisa nokubandakanya imigudu yamasebe karhulumente, amacandelo eenkqubo zonxibelelwano, imibutho yeendaba, namaqela entlalo-ntle.

Ufikelelo kunye neendawo zokuhlala zeevoters ezinesiphene

Umthetho womanyano ufuna ukuba unyulo lufikeleleke kubavoti abaneziphene, beqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi abafanelekileyo bangasebenzisa ilungelo labo lokuvota ngokwabo nangasese. AmaMerika anoMthetho (ADA) oGunyazileyo noMgaqo-nkqubo woNcedo waseMerika iVote umisele ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo kunye neemfuno zokuvota okufikelelekayo, nangona ukuphunyezwa nokugcinwa komthetho kusekho ngokuqhubekayo.

I-HAVA ifuna ukuba indawo nganye yokuvota ibe nenkqubo yokuvota enye ubuncinane efikelelekayo kubavoti abaneziphene, kuquka nabo banesiphene sokubona, kwaye inika ithuba elifanayo lokufikelela nokuthabatha inxaxheba, kuquka ukuzimela nokuzimela, nto leyo abanye abavoti abayifumanayo. Iinkqubo zokuvota ezifikelelekayo ziquka iimpawu ezifana nezibhedlele zesandi, ulawulo lwesandi, ububanzi obulungelelanisiweyo ne-engile, kunye nokuhambelana nezixhobo ezincedisayo.

Kukwafuneka ukuba iindawo zokuvotelwa zifumaneke phantsi kwe-ADA. Amagosa okhetho kufuneka afumaneke kubavoti abasebenzisa izitulo ezinamavili okanye ezinye izixhobo zokuhamba, ezineempawu ezifana nokupaka okufikelelekayo, ii-allps okanye amasuntswana omgangatho, iminyango ebanzi ngokwaneleyo ukwenzela izitulo ezinamavili ezinamavili, kunye nezitishi zokuvota ezikumgangatho ophezulu ofanelekileyo. Amagosa okhetho kufuneka ahlole iindawo zokucocelwa ukuze afumaneke aze enze utshintsho olufunekayo okanye iindawo ekungafikelelwa kuzo.

Abavoti abaneziphene banelungelo lokwamkela uncedo ekuvoteni ukuba kufuneka. Abavoti bangazisa umntu wokhetho lwabo ukubanceda ekuvoteni, okanye bangacela uncedo kubasebenzi bovoti. Amanye amagunya anika indawo yokuhlala eyongezelelekileyo, njengovotelo olungekhoyo kwindawo yokuvota, okanye iinkqubo zokuvota ezikhethekileyo zabavoti abangakwaziyo ukuvota.

Uncedo lweelwimi nokukhuthaza amalungelo

UMthetho wamaLungelo uquka amalungiselelo abalulekileyo okukhusela ukufumaneka kwabemi abambalwa kulwimi. ICandelo lama-203 lifuna amagunya athile ukubonelela ngezinto zonyulo noncedo ngeelwimi ezingezizo isiNgesi xa iqela elincinane lolwimi lidibana nabantu abathile kunye nemiqobo yesiNgesi. Ezi mfuneko ziqinisekisa ukuba abemi baseNgilani abanobuchule obuncinane banokuba nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yokunyulwa.

Amaziko asisigxina kufuneka anikezele ngezinto zokubhalisa, iibhola zokuvota, imiyalelo, kunye nezinye iinkcukacha zonyulo ngolwimi olusetyenziswayo luncinane. Kufuneka kwakhona zinikeze uncedo oluthethwayo, kuquka abasebenzi bovotelwa ngeelwimi ezimbini okanye abatoliki, ukuze bancede abavoti baqonde baze bagqibe inkqubo yokuvota. Iilwimi eziqhele ukugutyulwa ziquka iSpanish, isiTshayina, isiVietnamese, iKorea, kunye neelwimi ezahlukeneyo zamaMelika, kuxhomekeke kwimiqathango yemidabini ethile.

Iimfuno zoncedo lweelwimi zisekelwe kugcino-lwazi lwenani labantu kwaye ziyahlaziywa ngamaxesha athile. Igunya ligutyungelwa ukuba abemi abangaphezu kwe-10 000 okanye ngaphezu kwesihlanu ekhulwini bangamalungu eqela elinye lolwimi oluncinane, banobuchule obulinganiselweyo bamaNgesi, kwaye banesantya sokungafundi nto ngaphezulu komlinganiselo wesizwe. Ezi mfuneko zisebenza kumakhulu olawulo kulo lonke ilizwe, ukuqinisekisa ukuba izigidi zabantu abathetha ulwimi oluncinane banokufikelela kwi-colot.

Ukubila komkhosi nangaphezulu kolwandle

Amalungiselelo akhethekileyo aqinisekisa ukuba amalungu enkonzo yasemkhosini nabemi baphesheya banokuba nenxaxheba kunyulo lomongameli nangona bekude kumaphondo abo. I-Unifered and Overseas Patisses Abface Voing Act (UOCAVA) imisela iimfuno zikarhulumente zokuvumela aba bantu bangekhoyo ukuba bavote, beqonda iingxaki abajamelana nazo ekusebenziseni amalungelo abo okuvota.

UOCAVA ufuna amazwe avumela oorhulumente nabavoti baphesheya ukuba babhalise kwaye bacele abashicileli abangekhoyo besebenzisa iFederal Post Card Applet, uhlobo olusezantsi oluthi ngoku lufakelele inkqubo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Ama-United States kufuneka athumele iibhola zokukhuphela ezingekhoyo ku-UOCAVA ezivotelweyo ubuncinane iintsuku ezingama-45 ngaphambi konyulo lukarhulumente, ukunika ixesha elaneleyo lokufikelela abavoti phesheya kwamanzi aze abuyiselwe. Ngoku amazwe amaninzi anika usasazo lwezilothi olungenanto kumkhosi nakumazwe aphesheya, ngokuphawulekayo okunciphisa amaxesha okuhambisa.

INkqubo yeFederal Voting Icelation Enkqubo, elawulwa liSebe loKhuseleko, inika ubuncwane nenkxaso yokunceda umkhosi nabavoti baphesheya ukuba nenxaxheba kunyulo. Le nkqubo inikela ulwazi malunga nokubhaliswa kunye neenkqubo zokuvota, inceda ngokucombulula iingxaki ezinxulumene nokuvota, kwaye isebenza namazwe ukuphucula iinkonzo zomvoti we-UOCAVA. Phezu kwako nje oku kukhuselwa, umkhosi kunye nokhetho lwaphesheya kolwandle luyaqhubeka lujamelene neengxaki, kuquka nemiqathango enzima, ukulibazisa iposi, kunye neemfuno zikarhulumente ezahlukeneyo.

Iimpikiswano Zokhetho Neengxaki Ezingokwasemthethweni

Unyulo lomongameli maxa wambi luphumela kwiimbambano ezingokwasemthethweni zokubalwa kwevoti, ukuqinisekiswa, okanye iinkqubo zonyulo. Isiseko esisemthethweni sokucombulula ezi mpikiswano sibandakanya iinkundla zikarhulumente, iinkundla zephondo, nakwiimeko ezithile, iBhunga. Ukuqonda indlela iimbambano zonyulo eziconjululwa ngayo kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe intembelo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi nokuqinisekisa ukuba imicimbi esemthethweni iqwalaselwa ngokufanelekileyo.

Iinkundla zeli lizwe zisebenza njengendawo yokuqala kwiimbambano zonyulo, ukusebenzisa umthetho karhulumente wokucombulula iimbambano. Iimpikiswano zisenokubandakanya imibuzo efana nokuba amavoti athile afanele abalwe kusini na, enoba iinkqubo zokuvota zilandelwa ngokufanelekileyo, okanye enoba iziphumo zonyulo zifanele ziqinisekiswe. Iinkundla eziphakamileyo zeli lizwe zisoloko zinelizwi elipheleleyo kwimibuzo yomthetho, nangona imibandela yomthetho-siseko isenokubhencwa kwiinkundla zikarhulumente.

Iinkundla zonyulo zeFederal zingava iimbambano eziphakamisa imibuzo yemiGaqo-siseko okanye yomthetho. Ityala lisenokubandakanya izityholo zokuba imithetho yonyulo okanye iinkqubo zomGaqo-siseko we-U.S., imithetho yamalungelo orhulumente, okanye eminye imigaqo karhulumente. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yadlala indima encomekayo kwiimbambano ezithile zonyulo lomongameli, ngokuphawulekayo kwi-Bush v. Gore ngo- 2000, xa isigqibo seNkundla sigqiba ngokunempumelelo iziphumo zonyulo lomongameli.

IElectoral Count Act, eyamiselwa okokuqala ngo-1887 kwaye yaguqulwa ngo-2022, imisela iinkqubo zeKhombutho ukuba ibale iivoti zonyulo kunye neempikiswano. Umthetho ucacisa ukuba indima yoMongameli onguMongameli ekubaleni iivoti ze-ovoti yabasebenzi bolungiselelo kuphela, idilesi yendlela iBhunga elimele liziphathe ngayo iziqwenga ezikhuphisanayo zabanyuli, kwaye iphakamise umqobo wokungavumelani kwengqungquthela ekuvoleni. Le nguqulelo izimisele ukukhusela uhlobo lwengxaki eyenzeka ngoJanuwari 6, 2021, xa inkqubo yokubala kwabavoti yabanyuli yaphazamiseka.

Iimpikiswano Zangoku Notshintsho Olucetyiswayo

Umthetho wokhetho namalungelo okuvota ahlala ephantsi kwengxoxo enzulu yezobupolitika kunye nemigudu eqhubekayo yotshintsho. Ukuqinisekisa indlela yokulungelelanisa ukufikelela konyulo, ukhuseleko, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kolawulo kuqhubela phambili iingxoxo malunga neenguqu ezinokwenzeka kwimithetho yonyulo kumgangatho worhulumente nowamaphondo. Ukuqonda ezi ngxoxo kubalulekile ekumanyaniseni uluntu ngolwazi kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba ekwenzeni isigqibo sobudemokhrasi ngokuphathelele inkqubo yonyulo.

Ukubuyiselwa Nolwando Lwamalungelo Abantu

Abameli bamalungelo okhetho bacebise utshintsho olwahlukileyo ukuze kwandiswe ungenelelo lokuvota nokukhusela ekucalucalulweni. Ezi zindululo ziquka ukubuyisela nokuqinisa imiqathango yokucacisa uMthetho wamaLungelo, ukuseka imilinganiselo yesizwe yokubhaliswa kovoti nokufunyanwa komvoti, ukwandisa ukhetho lokuqala kunye nokuvota ngeposi, kunye nokuzalisekisa ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo lwevoti kwilizwe lonke. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba olu tshintsho luza kwandisa inxaxheba, lunciphisa imiqobo yokuvota, kwaye lukhusele ukuchasana kwizenzo zobucukubhedengu.

ISivumelwano soMgaqo-nkqubo wamaLungelo, esibizwa ngokuba yiKhokeli yangaphambili yamalungelo abantu kunye nelungu lequmrhu, siza kubuyisela imfuneko yokubekwa kwamalungelo abantu ngokuyichaza ngokutsha imigaqo yokwandiswa kwengxelo esekelwe kwiindlela zakutshanje zokuvota. Inkululeko yokuvota iyakumisela imigaqo yesizwe yokubhaliswa kovotelo, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, kunye nokuvota kwiposi, ngoxa ziphinda zithetha ngemiba yezemali kunye nemibandela yokhuseleko lonyulo. Ezi zicelo ziye zabangela impikiswano ephawulekayo ngokulungelelanisa ulungelelwaniso olufanelekileyo phakathi kwemigangatho karhulumente kunye nolawulo lukarhulumente.

Ukhuseleko lokhetho

Izicelo zokukhuthaza ukhuseleko lonyulo ekukhuseleni iinkqubo zokuvota kwizisongelo zekhompyutha, ukukhusela ukungenelela kwemiqobo yamanye amazwe, nokuqinisekisa ukubala ngokuchanekileyo. Amanyathelo anconyelweyo aquka ukufuna iibhalothi zephepha kunye nophicotho-zincwadi lwasemva konyulo, ukubonelela ngenkxaso-mali yenkqubela-phambili yonyulo, ukuseka imigangatho yokungakhuselwa kwekhompyutha kwiinkqubo zokuvota, kunye nokukhuthaza ulwazi olunesabelo malunga nezisongelo. Kukho isivumelwano esibanzi kumanyathelo amaninzi okhuseleko lonyulo, nangona impikiswano iqhubeka ngobuchule bokusebenza kunye nemigangatho yemali.

Amanye amaphondo aye aphumeza amanyathelo okhuseleko ongezelelweyo angaphaya kwemiqathango yesizwe, njengokuqhuba uphicotho-zincwadi olunomda lweziphumo zonyulo, ukunyusa ukhuseleko lobhaliso lobuchongi, nokunika uqeqesho lwezonyulo lwamagosa onyulo ngekhompyutha. Olu tshintsho lomgangatho worhulumente lusoloko lusebenza njengemizekelo yolunye ulawulo kunye nokwazisa ngemiqathango enokwenzeka yemigangatho karhulumente.

IElectoral College Reformation okanye Ukukhuselwa

Inkqubo ye-Electoral College ibangele impikiswano eqhubekayo, ingakumbi ukulandela unyulo apho umvumi wovoti angafumananga olona voti zidumileyo kwilizwe lonke. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi iElectoral College ayilawulwa ngedemokrati, inika impembelelo engathethekiyo ekujijeni amazwe, kwaye ingenza ukuba oomongameli abangenankxaso ingabaninzi. Abameli baphikisa ukuba inkqubo ikhusela izilangazelelo zamaphondo amancinane, ikhuthaza ukwakhiwa kombutho womanyano kunqamleziso lwamazwe ahlukeneyo, kwaye ibonisa indlela yorhulumente waseMelika.

Ukukhuthaza iElectoral College kungafuna ulungiso lweziko lomgaqo-siseko, olujongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo yezopolitiko kunye neyoncedo. Njengenye indlela, iNational Popular Vote Interstate Community icebisa ukuba ivume ukuvota kwabo abanyuliweyo abafumana ivoti abadumileyo. Olu manyano lungathatha isiphumo kuphela xa luthathwa ngumazwe afumana uninzi lwabavoti abavoti, eqinisekisa ukuba luya kuqinisekisa ukuba umvumi oqhelekileyo obathandayo uya kuba ngumongameli. Umanyano luye lwamkelwa livoti epheleleyo yabachoti-2024, omfutshane kwabacholi-270 abafunekayo ukuba lusebenze.

Imithombo yeevoter kunye nolwazi lokhetho

Kukho oovimba abaninzi abanceda abavoti baqonde amalungelo abo, babhalise ukuba bavote, bafumane iindawo zokuvota, baze bafumane inkcazelo echanileyo yonyulo.

U.S. IKhomishini yoNkqululo (] https//www.eac.gov) inikeza ulwazi olubanzi malunga nolawulo lonyulo, imigangatho yenkqubo yokuvota, kunye noovimba bezixhobo. [[FLT:]] I-FULT] FREDAL program ye-IMPINT[ (] [/www.fvap.v[FL:7]]) inika oovimba abakhethekileyo bomkhosi nabarhwebi bobuzwe. kunye namagosa onyulwayo bagcina ii-webhttlesties, iziphumo ezithe ngqo zonyulo, kunye nohlawulo ngalunye.

Imibutho engangeniyo enjenge I-League yaMadoda ([FLT:]] http://www.vote411.org[]) inikezela izikhokelo zovoti, ulwazi lomntu, kunye nezixhobo zokunceda abemi basekuhlaleni balungiselele unyulo. Imanyano yestelects yelizwe yeRomati ye-[ [[FLT:]https]/ww.nas.org]) inikezela ukuba kuvume unyulo nolwazi olumalunga novolo lwabiwo-mali kwimeko. Ezi luncedo zinceda ukujikeleza kwemithetho yezonyuso

Isiphelo: Indaleko eqhubekayo yoMthetho wokhetho

Imithetho yobuongameli yonyulo kunye namalungelo okuvota iyaqhubeka iguquka isabela ekuguqukeni kobugcisa, ukuvela kweengxaki, kunye nokutshintsha kwezinto eziphambili kwezobupolitika. Uxinezeleko phakathi kokwandisa ukufikelela kwi-colot nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lonyulo, phakathi kwemigangatho yorhulumente kunye nolawulo lorhulumente, kunye naphakathi kwemibono ephikisanayo yeenguqulelo zedemokhrasi eziqhubekayo ngomgaqo-nkqubo wonyulo. Ukuqonda esi siseko somthetho (`imbali', imeko yangoku, ikamva, kunye nokukwazi ukuthabatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi nokubandakanyeka ngokunentsingiselo kwingxoxo ephathelele indlela unyulo olumele luqhutywe ngayo.

Ilungelo lokuvota limi njengesiseko sedemokhrasi yaseMelika, kodwa alizange libe lingeneke ngokupheleleyo okanye lifikeleleke kulo lonke ihlabathi. Ukusukela ekusungulweni kwesizwe ukutyhubela imini ekhoyo, ulwandiso nokhuseleko lwamalungelo okuvota luye lwafuna umgudu ozinzileyo, imingeni esemthethweni, ukusetyenziswa komthetho, kunye nokudityaniswa kwemiqathango yoluntu. Njengokuba imingeni emitsha ivela .

Ummi ngamnye ofanelekileyo unelungelo kunye nembopheleleko yokuba nenxaxheba kunyulo lomongameli. Ngokuqonda imithetho yonyulo, ukwazi amalungelo akho, nokuhlala wazi ngeenkqubo zokuvota kulawulo lwakho, ungaqinisekisa ukuba ilizwi lakho liyaviwa kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Nokuba ngokhetho, ngokukhuthaza utshintsho lonyulo, ngokusebenza njengomvoteli, okanye ngokusuka nje uhlale wazisiwe ngemibandela yonyulo, ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwezeenkqubo zezemfundo kuqinisa ulawulo-demokhrasi kwaye unceda urhulumente aqinisekise ukuba uyaqhubeka ephendula abantu abakhonzayo.