Isiseko seGunya loManyano neSithintelo

Urhulumente we-United States wenza umlinganiselo ophangaleleyo wegunya elichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMerika, ukusuka kumgaqo wezorhwebo ukuya kukuziphatha inkqubo yasemzini. Kodwa kwaso isakhiwo senkqubo yesizwe silungiselelwe ukuthintela ukuxinene kwamandla nakweliphi na icandelo okanye umgangatho karhulumente. Olu xinezeleko luphakathi kokufikelela korhulumente kunye nomlinganiselo akusiko ukudodobala kuyilwakhiwo lwezomgaqo-siseko; luphawu olungundoqo lolawulo lwamaMelika. Kubafundi, abafundisi, kunye nabemi, ukuqonda umlinganiselo kunye nemidaba yamandla orhulumente kubalulekile ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kubomi boluntu.

UmGaqo-siseko we-United States usebenza njengomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe kwaye unika isiseko apho igunya lesizwe lisebenza khona. Inika amandla athile kurhulumente wesizwe ngeli lixa ligcina amanye kumaphondo okanye kubantu. Olu candelo lwalungengolulo oluthe lwacingwa emva komcimbi; yayiyimveliso yokucinga kakhulu phakathi kwamalungu e-fream, awayengakholelwa nzulu ngegunya lawo elisembindini emva kolawulo lwamaBritane. Isiphumo siyindlela [ elungelelanisa umanyano lwesizwe ne-e-engathsurensiti, edala urhulumente onamandla nonyanzelweyo.

Imvelaphi Yamandla Aseburhulumenteni

INdibano yoMgaqo-siseko neNkxaso yoLuntu

Iingcambu zamagunya karhulumente karhulumente wezwe lonke zilele kuMgaqo-siseko, owabhaliswa ngo-1787 kwaye wagunyaziswa ngo-1788. Abaququzeleli bahlanganisana ePhiladelphia ngenjongo yokudala urhulumente wesizwe onamandla ngakumbi kunolowo wasekwa phantsi kweZicwangciso zoMbutho, ezazingqine zibuthathaka kakhulu ukuba zicombulule iingxaki zezoqoqosho nokhuseleko olujongene nohlanga olutsha. Amanqaku adala umanyano olukhululekileyo lwamazwe norhulumente ophakathi ongenawo amandla okuhlawula irhafuthelo, olawula urhwebo, okanye ophakamisa umkhosi. Uvukelo lukaShays Revelo ngo1786 lwagcizelela ungxamiselo lotshintsho, njengokuba urhulumente wesizwe engenako ukuphelisa imvukelo ngaphandle kwentsebenziswano yokuzithandela yamazwe.

Iingxoxo kwiNgqungquthela YomaPhondo yoMgaqo-siseko, eyayixhasa urhulumente wesizwe onamandla, ngokuchasene noAnti-Federalist, owayesoyika ukuba urhulumente onjalo wayeza kulawula inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kunye nolawulo lorhulumente. Ulalaniso olwavelayo lwaba yinkqubo yorhulumente wezwe [, apho urhulumente wesizwe wanikwa amagunya athile ngoxa onke amanye amagunya ayenganikwanga igunya kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Eli lungiselelo lacaciswa kuManyanzelelwa kumaPhondo, ingakumbi nguJames Magcine, onguNo, owathiwathi amagunya agunya agunya agunya agunyaziswa kurhulumente worhulumente aye "flowd nopyreaw kunye namagama apheleleyo" ngoxa lawo ashicilelwe kumagunya e-"aseleyo kumazwe e-"umqulunt."

Inkqubo yokwandiswa kwemida yayinempikiswano, yaye isithembiso seBhili yamaLungelo sasetyenziswa ekukhuseleni imvume kwiindibano zephondo ezazithandabuza. Ukubuyiselwa komGaqo-siseko kokuqala okulishumi, kwagunyaziswa ngo-1791, kwabeka imida ecacileyo kumandla orhulumente kwaye kwalondoloza inkululeko esisiseko. UMthetho weshumi elinesiGawulayo, ngokukodwa, wabethelela umgaqo wolawulo ngokuzigcinela kumaphondo nabantu bonke abanganikwanga mthetho-siseko eUnited States.

Amandla Amiselweyo: Igunya Lengqungquthela

Inqaku I, Icandelo 8

UmGaqo-siseko ubala amagunya athile eBhunga kwiGatya I, ICandelo 8. La magunya ngawona aphambili ogunya likarhulumente kwaye aquka amandla okubeka nokuqokelela iirhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula urhwebo namazwe asemzini kunye namazwe, imali, ukuseka iiofisi zeposi kunye neendlela zeposi, ukubhengeza imfazwe, ukuphakamisa nokuxhasa imikhosi, nokulungiselela umkhosi wamanzi. Abalawuli badwelisa ngabom igunya lokuchaza umgangatho wesenzo sikarhulumente nokuqinisekisa amazwe ukuba urhulumente wesizwe akasayi kugqitha indima yakhe emiselweyo.

[[NTL:0] Ikhomente Claus, enika iNgqungquthela amandla "okulawula urhwebo nezizwe zasemzini, kunye namazwe amaninzi, kunye namaIndiyan ," ibingumbandela wokutolikwa kakhulu kwaye iye yaba ngomnye wezona mithombo zegunya likarhulumente. Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ukufundwa koMkhosi Ophezulu weNkundla kaCentu Claus evumela ingqungquthela ukuba ilawule yonke into ukusuka kulwalamano lwamakhaya ukuya kumalungelo asekuhlaleni. Iityala ezinje '] Wickard v. Filburn (194]) kunye [FLT] ka-Moltelmel.[5]

I- I-Tyrix kunye nokuThinalela Amandla lelinye ilungu elibalulekileyo legunya elidwelisweyo. IBhunga lingayirhafu kwaye lisebenzise eli gunya ukuphembelela intlalo-ntle jikelele, kwaye liye lasebenzisa eli gunya ukuphembelela inkqubo yorhulumente ngokudibanisa iimeko kwimali karhulumente. Umzekelo, urhulumente umisele inkxaso yohola wendlela kumaphondo enyusa iminyaka yokusela esemthethweni kumashumi amabini ananye kwaye linenkxaso yemfundo enxulumene namalungelo oluntu. Eli "gunya lengxowa" liye laba sisixhobo esinamandla sokuhambisela phambili izinto zesizwe.

Imicimbi yamazwe angaphandle nokhuselo lwesizwe

UMgaqo-siseko ukwanika urhulumente opheleleyo igunya lobudlelane bamanye amazwe kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe. UMongameli usebenza njengoMthetheli kwiNkulumbuso yemikhosi exhobileyo, uthethana necebiso kunye nemvume yeNdlu yeeNkulumbuso, kwaye ufumana ii-arhente. Ingqungquthela inamandla okuvakalisa imfazwe, ukuphakamisa nokuxhasa imikhosi, nokulungiselela umkhosi wamanzi. Isigqibo semfazwe seSigqibo seWar, sowe-1973, esimiswe phezu koMongameli Nixon's iveto, efuna ukuchaza imidaba yegunya lomongameli wokubeka e-U.S. Imikhosi exhobileyo ngaphandle kwemvume yomkhosi, nokuxhasa imikhosi, nokulungiselela ulawulo lwamandla emfazweni.

Amandla Asetyenziswayo Nokubaluleka Nokufanelekileyo KukaClaus

Imfundiso Yamandla Asetyenziswayo

Ngapha koko kudweliswe kumagunya, urhulumente wesizwe uqhelisela amagunya achaziweyo angazange achazwe ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko kodwa ngokusengqiqweni athathwe kumagunya adwelisiweyo. Esi siseko somgaqo-siseko samagunya aqikelelweyo singu .Ncesary kunye neNkqutyana ka-Celaskoso-Jikethi, ekwasaziwa ngokuba ngu-Ellastic Claus, obonakala ekupheleni kweQumrhu I, iCandelo 8. Eli candelo linika igunya "lokwenza yonke iMithethotho eyimfuneko nefanelekileyo yokuphatha amaGunya angaphezulu, kunye nawo onke amanye Amandla abekwe nguRhulumente weUnited States, okanye nakweliphi na iSebe okanye isebe."

Ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo elinguMqulu-waka uMculoch v. Maryland (1819) yaseka imfundiso yamagunya achaziweyo. Imbambano yayingukuba ngaba iBhunga lalinegunya lokuqesha ibhanki yesizwe, igunya elingakhankanywanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko. IJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall, ebhalela iNkundla, ibambelele kwelokuba amandla okubeka ibhanki aboniswa ngamandla akhankanyiweyo erhafunyanisiweyo, ukuboleka imali, kunye nolawulo lorhwebo. Ngokudumile uMarshall wavakalisa ukuba "igunya lokubandakanya irhafu yokutshabalalisa" kwaye "umGaqo-siseko, kwimithetho yawo efunekayo nefanelekileyo, ugunya lokukhetha nayiphi nayiphi na indlela efanelekileyo yokusebenzisa amagunya awo okugunya agunya agunya athe kokugqibela."

Imfuneko neNkxaso ka-Claus ivumele urhulumente wesizwe ukuba alungelelanise iimeko eziguqukayo ngaphandle kwemfuneko yokulungisa okuzingisileyo komgaqo-siseko. Iye yasetyenziselwa ukuthethelela intlukwano eninzi yezenzo zikarhulumente, ukusuka ekumisweni kweNkqubo yeFederal Reserve ukuya ekusungulweni kokhuseleko lweNtlalo-ntle kunye nomthetho wemigangatho yemisebenzi. Ukuthambeka kwala mabinzana kuye kwaba ngumthombo wengxoxo eqhubekayo, nabagxeki bephikisa ukuba ibangele ukuba ulawulo lwesizwe kunye nabaxhasi bagcine ukuba lubalulekile ekulawuleni ibutho lanamhlanje elintsonkothile.

Imida Kwigunya Lomanyano

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo

IBhili yamaLungelo imisela imiqathango esisiseko kumandla karhulumente ngokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye ekuphazanyisweni ngurhulumente. UMthetho wokuqala Wokwenziwa kwale mithetho awuvumeli ukuba kwenziwe imithetho ephathelele ukusekwa konqulo okanye ukuvalwa kwenkululeko yokuthetha, ushicilelo, ilungelo lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo, okanye ilungelo lokucela urhulumente ukuba alungise izityholo. UMthetho wesibini WesiHlayithiso ukhusela ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izixhobo. UMthetho weSine WesiHlaziyikiso nxamnye nokuphengulula okungekho ngqiqweqweni. UMthetho wesiHlathi uqinisekisa inkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho, nokuzikhusela ekuzifakeleni kunye nengozi ephindiweyo. Oku kukhuselwa kwingulo lorhulumente kwaye kunyanzelwa ziinkundla.

Ukufakwa kweBhili-waka lamaLungelo ekukhuseleni amatyala ngakuMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine, inkqubo eyenzeka ngokuthe ngcembe kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, inyuse le miqathango koorhulumente belizwe ngokufanayo. I-Duetiod Process Clause kunye ne-Equal Provice Claus e Ukukhusela uGawulayo lwe 1449] luye lwaba zizixhobo ezinamandla zokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye nxamnye norhulumente nowombi umsebenzi.

Ukuhlaziywa Kweshumi Nolongamo LwasebuRhulumente

UHlaliso lweSigqibo seshumi elinamashumi asixhenxe lugcinwe ngokucacileyo kumazwe, yaye onke amagunya angagunyaziswanga e-United States nguMgaqo-siseko. Oku kulungiswa akuyonto nje eyenzeka emva kokucingwa; ngumgaqo wesiseko wolawulo lwaseMelika. United States v. Lopez [1995], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yacela uGawulayo lweshumi ukubetha umthetho ovaliweyo owenzelwe ukudubula umpu okufuphi nezikolo, ibambe ukuba umthetho udlulisele igunya leBhunga phantsi kweKhomishini uClausle. Esi sigqibo saphawula ukutshintsha okubalulekileyo kwiNkundla yeNkundla yeNkundla, njengoko yayingazange itshoneze umthetho kaClauslausssss kusuka kwixesha elitsha lobuGeneshobo.

Isigqibo [[Nkundla:0] Lopez salandelwa [```United States'' v. Morrison [2000], apho iNkundla yabetha ilungiselelo lobuGqirha obuChasana namabhinqa [uMthetho] ovumela amaxhoba ogonyamelo oluxhotyisiweyo ukuba angene enkundleni yesizwe. Inkundla yabambelela ekubeni umthetho udlule amandla e Congresskor kunye negunya lawo phantsi kweCandelo 5 loMphetho-Mnyulo we-145. La matyala abonisa ukuba uGciphiso lweshumi lokuLamkelo oluneyo luyaqhubeka lubeka imiqathango ecacileyo kwigunya likarhulumente, ingakumbi xa izama ukulawula imisebenzi engadityaniyo kwizoshishino.

Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Nokujongana Nolungelelwano

UMgaqo-siseko uyahlula amagunya karhulumente karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente phakathi kwamasebe amathathu: uwiso-mthetho, umphathi-mthetho, kunye nezomthetho. Isebe ngalinye linemisebenzi eyahlukileyo namandla okuhlola amandla abanye. IBhunga lenza imithetho, kodwa uMongameli ungayifaka kwimithetho. UMongameli uyayiphumeza imithetho, kodwa inkqubo yeBhunga iyayifanelela imali kwaye ingayisusa uMongameli. Iinkundla zesebe ziyayichaza imithetho kwaye zingayibhengeza ukuba ingagunyazi, kodwa uMongameli umisela abagwebi borhulumente ngecebiso nangemvume yeBhunga, kwaye ingenza ingxube. Le nkqubo yemithetho ilungelelanisa imali kwaye ikhuphe umlinganiselo kwaye ikhuphe umlinganiselo. Inkundla yesebe ngalinye ilungele ukunqanda naliphi naliphi isebe elilawula urhulumente kunye nokukhusela inkululeko yomnye kwigunya lombutho.

Umgaqo we- awumisela umlinganiselo wokukhokela umsebenzi wolawulo. Nangona iKhomishini yeNkundla ePhakamileyo inokuthi inike igunya layo lowiso-mthetho kwisebe elilawulayo. Ulawulo lwale mihla luxhomekeke kumaqumrhu asebenzisa ubuchule obucacileyo ekuzalisekiseni umthetho wezwe, iinkundla zibambe ukuba iKhomishini kufuneka inikezele "umgaqo ongenakuthelekelelwa" ukukhokela. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ayizange inike amandla omthetho wesigqeba kwimiqatha somthetho ongekho semthethweni ukususela [[nama]] Refining Co. v. Ryan[FLT: 35] [1935]) [[FLT])] kunye [FLT:]

Impinda yezeejaji

Amandla Eenkundla

Uhlolo lwejaji lungamandla eenkundla zesizwe ukugqiba ukuba imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo ziyavumelana na nomgaqo-siseko. Eli gunya lasekwa kwityala lesazinge Marbury v. Madison (1803), apho iJaji ePhakamileyo uJohn Marshall yavakalisa ukuba "kugxininisa iphondo kunye nomsebenzi wesebe elilawulayo ukuchaza oko umthetho. Inkundla yabambelela ekubeni ilungiselelo leMithetho-Judiary ye-1789 yayingumthetho osusiweyo ngenxa yokuba yandisa igunya lokuqala leNkuNkukhosi ePhakamileyo ngaphaya koko umGaqo-siseko ovumelayo. Isigqibo saqinisekisa ukuba igunya lecandelo le-judiary ukutolika umGatho kunye nezenzo ze-ogracracti yemithetho yeBhunga.

Ingqwalasela yezomthetho ayinwenwela nje kwizenzo zeBhunga kodwa kwanakwizenzo zesebe eliphetheyo kunye nemithetho engqubanayo nomGaqo-siseko okanye nomthetho wesizwe. Igalelo lesi- VI liqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko, imimiselo yorhulumente, kunye nezivumelwano zingumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, kwaye abagwebi basemthethweni babotshelelwa ngawo naxa imithetho karhulumente ingqubana. Cooper v. UAron [1958], iNkumiselo ePhakamileyo yeNkuthethwa yimithetho yeNkundla, ikholelwa ukuba amagosa ekwasemthethweni ayebotshelelwe yinkcazelo yeNkuhlalo [FLT:] Bn v.[FFF5]

Amandla ohlolo logwebo lukuvavanya igunya lesizwe, kodwa akukho miqathango. Iinkundla zilinganiselwe ekwenzeni izigqibo zezona tyala kunye neempikiswano; azinikezeli kwiimbono ezifanelekileyo. i-dictrictrine yokuma [[ ifuna ukuba ummangalelwa abonise isiphene esicacileyo esinokuboniswa kwihambo yomntu omangalelwa kwaye esibonakala sibuyiselwe ngesigqibo esilungileyo. i-anti yemfundiso ephikisayo i-'i-'i-PLT', ibandakanya imicimbi ethile, njengehambo yenkqubo yasemzini nengathethiyo, ibekwe kumasebe ezobupolitika kwaye ayilungelengalungelengasombululo lwezomthetho.

Umanyano kwiNdlela: Igalelo loLawulo loMkhosi

UNondyebo Nokukhululwa

ISupremacy Claus imisa ukuba umthetho karhulumente uthathe indawo yokuqala kunomthetho wesizwe ongqubanayo. Xa iKhomishini imisela umthetho okhutshwa ngokucacileyo umthetho wesizwe, umthetho wesizwe awusebenzi. Kwanaxa ukuhlangulwa komthetho karhulumente kungacaciswe, iinkundla zingafumana ukuba umthetho karhulumente ucaciswe ukuba uyangqubana nomthetho karhulumente okanye ukuba umthetho karhulumente uthatha wonke umthetho wesigqeba. Umzekelo, [FLT: 0] umisela umthetho owe-Arizona v. United States, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagatya amalungiselelo amaninzi e-kahla e-Ariyo e-asekungeneni kwemishonini, ephethe ukuba urhulumente unegunya elibanzi phezu komthetho wokufuduka nomthetho we-oomandla.

Imfundiso ye yokhuseleko lwaburhulumente ilinganisela amandla orhulumente okuhlawula irhafu okanye ukulawula urhulumente wesizwe kunye nokutshintsha. Mcloch v. Maryland, iNkundla ikholelwa ukuba urhulumente akanakukwazi ukuhlawula ibhanki karhulumente kuba "umandla okuhlawula irhafu abandakanya amandla okutshabalalisa." Lo mgaqo ukhusela urhulumente worhulumente ekungeneleni kwemeko karhulumente kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba imisebenzi karhulumente isebenza ngokunempumelelo kulo lonke uhlanga.

Umanyano lwamaPhondo

Kwimimandla emininzi yolawulo, oorhulumente besizwe kunye norhulumente basebenza kunye ngeenkqubo zoburhulumente borhulumente bombutho. Urhulumente wesizwe usoloko enika inkxaso-mali ukuze amisele iinkqubo zikarhulumente, afake iimeko ezifuna ukuba zihambelane nemigangatho ethile. I-Cease Air Act ka-Cecto, i-Gater Act, kunye ne-Areference Education Act iyimizekelo yemithetho karhulumente exhomekeke ekuphunyeni nasekunyanzeleni komthetho. Lo manyano luvumela urhulumente wesizwe ukuba alungise iingxaki zesizwe ngoxa ehlonela urhulumente kunye nolawulo.

Noko ke, uburhulumente obusebenzisana norhulumente buye badala impikiswano. Amanye amaphondo aye alwamkisa iimeko zikarhulumente zemali njengendlela yokunyanzelisa ethoba ulawulo lukarhulumente. National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202]), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabambelela ekubeni ucwangciso oluphezulu lokuLawulo lweAffordal Act lusongele ukunqandwa kwemali eMedicaid ukusuka kumazwe angayandisanga zinkqubo zayo azizange zidibaniswe ngokusuka kumgangatho we-conetic coecive. Inkundla yaqiqal'enolo lokuba akunyanzelekanga ukuba ithathe inxaxheba kwinkqubo entsha yorhulumente phantsi kwesisongelo sokulahlekelwa kwemali kusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yocwangciso olukhoyo ngokupheleleyo.

Iimpikiswano Ezingaphezulu

Umgaqo-nkqubo wezonyango

UMthetho we-Afford Care Care ongenakuhanjwa ka-2010 wavusa impikiswano enzulu ngemida yamandla karhulumente. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo NFIB v. Sebelius waxhasa igunya lomntu ngamnye lokusetyenziswa kwamandla afanelekileyo kodwa igunya elisikelwe umda leBhunga lokuxhasa iMbediid. Ityala labalaselisa uxanduva olukwintsebenziswano lwegunya lesizwe kunye nokungavisisani okuqhubekayo malunga nendlela urhulumente wengingqiniyo anokuhamba ngayo kwimigaqo yezonyango.

Ingxoxo ngokhuseleko lonyango iyaqhubeka iyindawo etyhila imicimbi kwingxoxo yegunya likarhulumente. Ii-Protols zenkqubo yokuhlawula enye okanye ukhetho lukawonke-wonke ziphakamisa imibuzo malunga nendima karhulumente karhulumente kwimarike yonyango. Kwangaxeshanye, umgangatho wesizwe wovavanyo lwenkqubo yonyango, njengolwandiso lweMedicaid phantsi kwe-ACA kumazwe athile kodwa hayi amanye, ubonakalisa ukuhambela phambili kolawulo lwamagunya kulo mmandla.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo

Umthetho wemekobume olungelelanisiweyo uye waba ngumthombo woxinezeleko oluqhubekayo phakathi korhulumente wesizwe kunye norhulumente. UMthetho we-Chrean Air noMthetho we-Chrean Act we-Chreat naManzi unika igunya elibanzi le-Environmental Protection ukumisela imigangatho kunye nokunyanzelisa, kodwa amaphondo ajongene nokuzalisekisa uninzi lwale nkqubo. Ulawulo lwe-Obama luzinziso olucocekileyo lweSicwangciso seGunya lamandla, olufuna ukulawula ukukhutshwa kwe-carbon kwimizi yoomatilo-omatilo-ma, lwacekwa yiminqolo yeNku ephakamileyo yeNkunga. Ulawulo lweTrump lunentethelelo yemimiselo yemimiselo yemeko yemozulu kunye ne-Bden luye yanyusa impikiswano ngokulungele ukuhambelana kokulungele kokulungele kolawulo lwegunya lorhulumente kunye negunya.

Igunya elikhethekileyo leKhalifoniya phantsi koMthetho we-Ceac Air Act ukumisela imilinganiselo yayo yokukhupha imoto, amanye amazwe asenokuyamkela, iye yaba ngumba othanda ukuxabana. I-EPA phantsi kwe-Obama neBiden yanika abalawuli beKhalifoniya imvume yokunyanzela imilinganiselo engqongqo, ngelixesha ulawulo lweTrump lwalufuna ukuyiphelisa. Amadabi asemthethweni alawula igunya leKhalifoniya abonisa ukuntsonkotha kwemiqathango yesizwe ne-orhulumente kwimigaqo yemekobume.

Ukufuduka noKhuseleko loMda

Inkqubo yokufuduka ingummandla wegunya elipheleleyo lesizwe, kodwa amaphondo aye afuna ukwenza indima esebenzayo ekunyanzeleni. iS.B. 1070, efuna umthetho wengingqi kunye nowokunyanzelisa ukufuduka kwabantu abadibana nabo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba bakwimeko ebanzi yabantu abadibana nabo nabavalelweyo. INkundla ePhakamileyo e-Ostreliya ] i-Arizona v. United States[FLT] yawisa phantsi amalungiselelo angundoqo omthetho, iqinisekisa igunya lorhulumente lobubanzi phezu kwabafuduki. Sekunjalo, ithetha ukuba iqhubeke nokumiswa kwemithetho enxulumene nokufuduka, efuna ukuqinisekiswa komthetho ngenxa yomsebenzi okanye ukungenisa iinzuzo zikawonke, kunye neenkundla ziqhubeke nokungquzula nemidabi yesenzo sombuso kulo mhlaba.

Iinkqubo zolawulo lolawulo lweBiden zokufuduka, kuquka nendlela yokusebenza komda wasemazantsi kunye nokusetyenziswa kweenkqubo ezifana neDefered Action for Childhood Attals (DACA), ziye zajamelana neengxaki zomthetho ezivela kumagqwetha jikelele. La matyala aphakamisa imibuzo esisiseko malunga nomgangatho wegunya elilawulayo ekunyanzelweni kwezezoshishino zokufuduka kunye nendima efanelekileyo yorhulumente ekuvavanyeni inkqubo karhulumente

Isiphelo

Ukufikelela kukarhulumente karhulumente kukhulu, kwandisa ukuhambelana norhwebo, irhafu, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, unyango, kunye nokufuduka. Kodwa umGaqo-siseko kunye nenkqubo esemthethweni ekhule ijikeleze wona imisela imiqathango ebalulekileyo kwigunya likarhulumente. Amagunya adwelisweyo eBhunga, iBhili yamaLungelo, iSindululo seshumi elinamashumi amahlanu, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya, namandla okuhlola zonke izinto asebenza ekuvaleni umsebenzi wolawulo lwamagunya orhulumente wesizwe neso sizwe. Inkqubo yolawulo lwamazwe, kunye nesabelo sawo sobuchule bolawulo lwaseMerika.

Ukuqonda ulungelelwano phakathi kwegunya lesizwe kunye nomlinganiselo kubalulekile kubemi abanqwenela ukuba nenxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Ukuxambulisana okuqhubekayo ngemibandela enjengeyokunyamekela impilo, umgaqo-meko-bume, kunye nokufuduka kubonisa ukusebenza okuhlala kuhleli kwemibuzo yezomGaqo-siseko malunga nomgangatho wegunya likarhulumente. Njengoko ilizwe liqhubeka liguqula, uxinezeleko phakathi kwesenzo sohlanga kunye nenkululeko yasekuhlaleni luya kuhlala kwintliziyo yobomi bezobupolitika baseMelika, lucelw'incaphu ukuba isizukulwana ngasinye sisebenzise imigaqo yomGaqo-siseko kwiimeko ezintsha nokugcina umlinganiselo onzima oxhomekeke kwi-Riphabliki.