Ukwazisa: Ukuqhuba iNkqubo yoLuntu

Uhambo lwetyala eliya kwiinkundla zamakhaya luyinkqubo ecwangcisiweyo eguqula impikiswano esemthethweni ibe sisigqibo. Le ndlela, esoloko ibizwa ngokuba yi-ligitation bulthkip, ibandakanya amanqanaba amaninzi adityanisiweyo (ukusukela ekuququlezeleni kokuqala kwetyala lesigqibo sokuqulunqwa, ukuhlahlela, okanye isibheno. Kubafundi abafunda inkqubo esemthethweni yaseMelika kunye nabafundisi abalungisa isikolo, ukuqonda olu hambo kuyimfuneko kungekuphela nje kwiinjongo zemfundo kodwa kwakhona nokuqonda indlela amalungelo anyanzeliswa ngayo nokuxambulisana okukhutshwa ngayo. Iqonga ngalinye lithwala lalo lwalo lwemithetho ecwangcisiweyo, uluvo olufanelekileyo, kunye nemigibe. Eli nqaku lilungiselela ukuthembeka okusemthethweni, ukulungiselela ukuqonda nokuchaza okusebenzisekayo kwenkqubo yale nkqubo yanamhlanje.

Isahluko 1: Ukuphelisa Isikhalazo

Ityala lamakhaya liqala ngokusesikweni xa ityala le-partiff lifakela i- complist ngenkundla efanelekileyo. Olu xwebhu lwesiseko kufuneka luqulathe inkcazelo ecacileyo yezibakala ezibangela impikiswano, isiseko esisemthethweni setyala (umz., ukwaphula isivumelwano, ukungakhathali, okanye ukonakalisa amalungelo emithetho e-state), kunye nomthetho ochanekileyo [ urelief, njengomonakalo wemali, isiqabuliso, okanye umgwebo. Isikhalazo kufuneka siphawule amaqela kunye nolawulo lwenkundla (obhobhini-ma) lolawulo (ulawulo lwenkundla).

Ukusilela isikhalazo kubangela ukuba isikhululo senkundla siqalise iqonga elisemthethweni kwaye simisele ixesha lewotshi elisetyenziswayo. Amatyala kufuneka akhumbule okusebenzayo [[FLT: 0]] ukuqaphela imiqathango [, ummiselo wokubekwa kwetyala kufuneka uqaliswe ngawo. Ukungawugqibi lo mqathango ungavalwa ngonaphakade. Kwiinkundla ezininzi zelizwe, isikhalazo sikhatshwa yiphepha elisisigqumathelo soluntu kunye nemali yemali. Kubantu abaqhelekileyo abangakwazi ukuhlawula umrhumo, isicelo sokuqhubeka ukwenzela i-pact:2].

[[UMTL:0] Isiseko sesitshixo sesikhalazo:

  • Ingxelo yokwenziwa kwengxelo echaza inkundla, amaqela, nenani lamatyala.
  • Amatyala abekwa inkundla echaza isizathu sokuba ilive elo tyala.
  • Ingxelo yezibakala ezikwimihlathi edweliswe ngamanani, echazwe ngolandelelwano olusengqiqweni.
  • Amatyala (amanani) axhaswayo.
  • Imfuneko yogwebo echaza isiphumlisi esiceliweyo.

Ukhokelo olunegunya kwimfuno zokukhalaza, Imithetho esesikweni yomthetho wesiXhosa esi-8 imisela umgangatho wokucela, ufuna “umba omfutshane nolula" wento ecacileyo.

ISebe leMicimbi 2: Inkonzo yoMsebenzi

Xa isikhalazo sithe saqukunjelwa, ummangalelwa makaqinisekise ukuba ufumana isaziso esisemthethweni sokumangalelwa. Eli nyathelo, elaziwa ngokuba isebe lenkqubo, liyimfuneko efunekayo emiselwe ngomgaqo-siseko. Ngaphandle koncedo olufanelekileyo, inkundla ayinakusebenzisa igunya lobuqu lommangalelwa, kwaye nasiphi na isigwebo esinikezelwayo siya kuba seliphuthile.

Iindlela zomsebenzi eziquke:

  • Inkonzo yesiqu sakho: ukudlulisela izimemo kunye nokukhalaza ngqo kummangalelwa.
  • Inkonzo elungiselelweyo: Ukushiya amaxwebhu kumntu omdala ofanelekileyo kwindawo yokuhlala okanye indawo yeshishini yommangalelwa, kulandele ukuposa ikopi.
  • Isiqinisekiso seposi: Ivunyelwe kwezinye iindawo phantsi kwemithetho ethile, ngokufuthi ngokuvunywa kwerisithi.
  • Inkonzo yemveliso: isetyenziswa njengendlela yokugqibela xa indawo yommangalelwa ingaziwa, iqheleke kakhulu kwintsapho okanye kwiimeko zempahla.

Izakhelo zexesha lenkonzo ziyahlukahluka. Phantsi kweMimiselo ye-Federal ye-Politiki Procediture, umlahli udla ngokuba neentsuku ezingama-90 ukusuka ekufakeni ifashoni ukuya kunceda ummangalelwa. Ukusilela ukwenza oko kungaphumela ekugxothweni ngaphandle kwekhethe, ithetha ukuba umlobi wetyala angaphinda alungise kodwa abeke engozini iindleko ezongezelelekileyo kunye nolibaziseko. Amanye amazwe abeka ixesha elifutshane.

Kwimeko ezintsonkothileyo ezibandakanya abamangalelwa abakwiqumrhu okanye amaqela amaninzi, inkonzo ingalawulwa yimithetho ekhethekileyo, njengaleyo ifunyenwe ku iMelikan Bar Association's isikhokelo soncedo kwinkqubo[.

Isicatshulwa 3: Indlela Ummeli Asabela Ngayo

Emva kokuba enikezelwe ngokufanelekileyo, ummangalelwa kufuneka afake impendulo kumda wexesha elingqongqo iintsuku ezingama-21 emva kwenkonzo phantsi kwemithetho karhulumente, nangona amaxesha okusebenza karhulumente esuka kwientsuku ezingama-20 ukuya kwezingamashumi amathathu. Ummangalelwa uneenketho ezininzi:

  • Impendulo: Yimpendulo ebhaliweyo evuma okanye ekhanyela ityala ngalinye kwisikhalazo. Impendulo isenokunyusa ukhuseleko lokuvuma (umz., ummiselo wesithintelo, umnikezi, okanye ukungakhathali).
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukukhupha: Kwaziwa njenge RULE 12 [b] intshukumo, oku kucela inkundla ukuba igxothe ityala ngeziphene ezisemthethweni ezinjengokungabikho kwemithetho elawulayo, indawo ezingalunganga, okanye ukungawisi umthetho wokuba isiphi isindululo esinokuthi sinikwe. Ukuba intshukumo ayivunywanga, ummangalelwa kufuneka aphendule ngokukhawuleza.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ibalauerclaim: Ummangalelwa angaqiqa ngokuchasene norhwebo olusuka kwintengiselwano enye okanye ukwenzeka kwayo. Kwezinye iimeko, ii-anticlaims ziyimfuneko/ukuba aziphakanyiswa, zingarhoxiswa.
  • Cross-claim okanye icandelo lesithathu lokukhalaza: Xa amaqela amaninzi ebandakanyekile, abamangalelwayo bangazisa izityholo ngokuchasene ne-conedranders okanye badibanise amaqela amatsha (umncedi).

Ukuba ummangalelwa akakwazi ukuphendula konke, ummangalelwa angafuna umgwebo ongagqibekanga . Noko ke, iinkundla zikhetha ukugqiba amatyala ngeempawu, ngoko ke imigwebo engagqibekanga isoloko ibekwa bucala ekubonisweni kwesizathu esilungileyo.

Isicatshulwa 4: Ubhaqo

Ukufumana okusoloko kulelona qondo likhulu nelokufumana ixesha lokuzithethelela. Kuvumela omabini amaqela ukufumana ubungqina nolwazi omnye komnye nakumaqela amathathu, kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho nto imangalisayo ivelayo xa kuvavanywa. Umlinganiselo wokufumana ubanzi: amaqela angafumana nayiphi na into engeyomfuneko enxulumene nento okanye nayiphi na ingxubevange kunye nolungelelwano kwiimfuno zemeko.

Izixhobo zokufumana ziquka:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Imibuzo ebhaliweyo, esoloko ipheleliselwe kwi25 (kuquka inxenye encinci), emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo iintsuku ezingama 30.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zemveliso: Iimfuno zamaxwebhu, ulwazi olugcinwe nge-electronic (ESI), okanye izinto ezibonakalayo. ngoku eSI lilungu elibalulekileyo, elilawulwa yimithetho ekulondolozweni nasekulungiseni.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Uhlolo lwamaqumrhu okanye amangqina aqhutywe phantsi kwesifungo, nomntu ocholacholayo wasenkundleni. Iziqinisekiso zinokuhlala kangangeeyure ezisixhenxe umntu ngamnye kwaye zisetyenziswa ukutshixa ubungqina okanye ukuvavanya ukuthembeka.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Izicelo zemvume: icela iqela eliphikisanayo ukuba livume okanye likhanyele izibakala ezithile phantsi kwesifungo. Imvume ingayicinezela imiba yokuvavanywa.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Subpoenas: isetyenziswa ukunyanzela ii-others ukuvelisa amaxwebhu okanye ukuvela kogcino.

Ukufumanisa kubandakanya ukutyhilwa kokuqala okunyanzelekileyo, apho amaqhina atshintshiselana ngokuzenzekelayo ulwazi olusisiseko ngamangqina, amaxwebhu, kunye nomonakalo ngaphandle kokulinda izicelo ezisesikweni. Umthetho wobuRhoqo-mthetho woMsebenzi wamaCandelo 26[FLT: 1] uchaza ezi mfuneko.

Iimpikiswano zokophula ziqhelekile. Iinkundla zingakhupha imiyalelo yokukhusela umlinganiselo okanye ukumisela izigwebo zobu bungqina (ukutshatyalaliswa). Kwiligiothi entsonkothileyo, icebo elisisifungo lisoloko liphuhliswa ngexesha lengqungquthela yangaphambi kwentlanganiso yetyala.

Isiqhobosho 5: Intshukumo yangaphambili kunye nokuzinza

Phambi kokuvavanywa, nalinye iqela lingayifayile yemisinga yangaphambili ukusombulula ityala okanye umxinwa wemiba. Okona kubalulekileyo yi imoxilo yomgwebo wesishwankathelo[ [RULA 56]. Inkundla inika lentshukumo ukuba akukho mpikiswano yenyani njengakwento ephathekayo kwaye iqela elihambayo linelungelo lomgwebo njengomba womthetho. Ukuba impumelelo, imeko iphela ngaphandle kokuvavanywa.

[[UMTL:0] Ezinye intshukumo eziqhelekileyo zangaphambili:

  • [[UMTL:0] Umbutho kwi Limine: Ifuna ukukhupha okanye ukuvuma ubungqina obucacileyo phambi kokuvavanywa, ukunqanda ikhethe okanye ukuchitha ixesha.
  • Motion to Compel Discovery: ifayile ifakwe xa iqela lingakwazi ukuphendula ngokwaneleyo kwizicelo zokufumana.
  • I- I-Motion yomgwebo kwiPlayenti: isekelwe ngokupheleleyo kwisikhalazo nempendulo, ngaphandle kokuqwalasela ubungqina obungaphandle.

Ibalulekile ngokufanayo inkqubo ye- yokufumana indawo. Uninzi lwemeko zabemi (ongaphezulu 95%)) phambi kokuvavanywa. Ukuzinziswa kunokwenzeka nakweliphi na ixesha, kusoloko kuqhutywa ziingqungquthela okanye iingqungquthela zezomthetho. Iintlanganiso zivavanya indleko, ixesha, ukungaqiniseki, kunye nomonakalo weemvakalelo ngokuchasene nemiyalelo enikiweyo. Isivumelwano soluntu sisivumelwano esibophelelayo kwaye singaquka izijungqungquthela, ukhutshelwano lwezibo, ukukhutshwa kwemiba, kunye nentlawulo lwemali yemali. Iinkundla zikhuthaza ukuhlahlela ugcino-mali.

Icandelo 6: Ukuvavanywa Kwetyala

Ukuba ityala lisinda kwintshukumo zangaphambi kovavanyo kwaye alihlali, liyaqhubekeka, livavanywe. Izilingo zingaba izilingo zebhenikzi (zicaciswe ngumgwebi) okanye uvavanyo olunzima[. IsiHlamli seSentel sokuHlaziywa kwiU.S. umGaqo-siseko uqinisekisa ukuba unelungelo lokuvavanywa kwityala labemi elibandakanya imiqobo engaphezulu kwe-20, nangona amazwe amaninzi emisele imiqobo ephezulu. Iqela labachongi bomvo kufuneka lifune ukuhlawula umrhumo kunye nesicelo esifike ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

[[Uvavanyo:0] Ulandelelwano lovavanyo:

  • IVoir etshatyalalisayo: ukhetho lwe Jury, apho amagqwetha abuza abagqibi abanokuba nocalulo.
  • Iingxelo ezivulayo: Icala ngalinye linika imaphu yomendo wobungqina abaceba ukubuchaza. Ezi ngxelo azibobungqina kodwa zingumboniso.
  • Umba-woku-phandle: amangqina onxulumano lwamaPlain, unikelo, kunye nokwazisa ubungqina. Ummangalelwa anganqamla i-examine ingqina ngalinye.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umba weDefentant: Ummangalelwa unika ubungqina bakhe namangqina, engokwaphulwa ngokunqamleza ngomngxuma.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukukhutshwa kunye ne- surretal: Icala ngalinye linganika ubungqina obongezelelekileyo bokuphikisa imeko yelinye.
  • [[FLT: 0] Impikiswano ezichazayo: I Attorney zishwankathela ubungqina kwaye ziphikisane ngendlela umthetho ofanele usetyenziswe ngayo.
  • Imiyalelo ecacileyo: Ijaji ichaza umthetho wokuba abachopheli-mthetho bamele bawulandele xa bekhupha umthetho.
  • Ukuququzelela nokukhupha isigqibo: Abachopheli betyala ngasese kwaye babuyisela isigqibo. Kwityala lebhedri, ijaji ikhupha iziphumo zento nefuphelo lomthetho.

Inkqubo yokuvavanya ingahlala kusuku olunye ukuya kwiinyanga eziliqela, kuxhomekeke ekuntsonkothekeni. Imithetho yobungqina, enjengeMithetho eManyeneyo yoBufakazi, ilawula oko kunokuthi kunikelwe. Izinto (umz., ulundi, ukusebenza) zenziwa ngexesha lokwenene, kwaye ijaji ibeka imithetho ngoko nangoko. Ukuvavanywa okunempumelelo kufuna ulwazi oluncinci olusemthethweni nobuchule bokuyekelela.

Isicatshulwa 7: Intshukumo yePosi kunye nezibheno

Emva kwesigqibo, iqela elilahlekileyo lingafuna ukubhukuqa okanye ukulungisa isiphumo nge iintshukumo zommiselo. Ezi kufuneka zigcinwe ngaphakathi kwefestile emfutshane", amaxesha amaninzi iintsuku ezingama-28 phantsi kwemithetho yolawulo. Iintshukumo eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuququzelela amatyala amatsha: ichaza iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni, ukuziphatha okubi kwejaji, okanye isigqibo sichasene nobunzima bobungqina.
  • Ukuqulunqwa komgwebo njengeMatyala oMthetho (JMOL) okanye isigwebo Nangona iSigwebo: I-Argues ezingekho mfanelekiyo umgwebi ofanelekileyo onokuthi afikelele isigqibo esisekelwe kubungqina obunikiweyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Motion ku-Alter okanye Umente uMgwebo: Ifuna ukulungisa impazamo ecacileyo okanye idilesi yobungqina obusandul' ukufunyanwa.

Ukuba ityala alivunywanga, iqela eliphulukana nentlanganiso lisenokuhlola iingxelo zezomthetho, kwinkundla ephakamileyo (ngokuqhelekileyo inkundla yezibheno okanye inkundla ye-U.S. yeZibheno zamatyala karhulumente). Izibheno azivunywanga kwakhona; inkundla ejongelwa phantsi ityala iziphumo zezomthetho, ezithi zichazwe njengemiyalelo engalunganga yenkundla, ezidibeneyo, okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwengqiqo. Iifayile zeqela lezicelo ezinomtsalaneyo zinokuphinda zijongene netyala [[FLT:] ityala iphikisa isizathu sokuba inkundla yetyala iphambuke, kwaye iphendula iifayile eziphendukufutshane. okanye iingxoxo ezithenjiweyo zingagcinwa, emva kokuba kubhalwe iingxelo zeqela lendawo.

Inkqubo ye-appellate ingathatha iinyanga ezininzi okanye kwaneminyaka. Kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-United States inganika i-certari ukusombulula umbuzo obalulekileyo ongokwasemthethweni, kodwa oku kunguwo ocacileyo kwaye kunikwa malunga ne-1% yezicelo.

Enye iNkxaso

Asizizo zonke iimpikiswano zamakhaya ezimele zilandele indlela epheleleyo yolwahlulo. I-Altern Disafe Device [[FTL:1]] inika iinketho ezisebenzayo nezingeyomfuneko. Iindlela ezimbini ezingundoqo yi:

  • I- I-mediation:[ Iqela lesithathu elingathathi-nxaxheba livumela uthethwano phakathi kwamaqela ukuba afikelele kwindawo yokuhlalisana ngokuzithandela. I-Media ayibopheleli ngaphandle kokuba isivumelwano sityikityiwe. Iinkundla ezininzi zifuna ubuncinane ucwangciso olunye ngaphambi kokuvavanywa kwetyala.
  • I-Arbitration: Isihlanganisi sobundilele siva ubungqina kwaye sinikezela ngesidibanisi (okanye ukungabopheleli) isigqibo. Ulwahlulo luxhaphakile kwizivumelwano zentengiselwano, kwizivumelwano zemisebenzi, nakwiimpikiswano zabathengi. Umthetho womanyano lwe-Arbitration Act uyalawula ukugcinwa kwezivumelwano.

I-ADR ingalondoloza iindleko kwaye igcine ulwalamano, kodwa inezinto zorhwebo ezisikelwe umda: ukufunyanwa, akukho lungelo kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala, kunye nohlolo olulinganiselweyo. Amathala adla ngokukhetha i-ADR ngokuzithandela okanye anyanzelelwa sisivumelwano okanye umyalelo wenkundla. U.S. iiNkundla ze ADR kwiphepha zinikeza iinkcukacha zenkqubo.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kokuqonda Uhambo

Ukusukela ekuqulunqeni kwetyala lokuqala ukuya kwisigqibo sokugqibela sokuphendula ityala, uhambo lwetyala loluntu luyinkqubo elungelelanisiweyo kodwa esebenzayo elungiselelwe ukulungelelanisa ubulungisa, ukusebenza, nokufikelela kokusesikweni. Iqonga ngalinye ("ukuncenga okusemthethweni, ukufunyanwa okuninzi, ukuhamba kwendlela ecwangcisiweyo, okanye ukuvavanywa kwenkundla yetyala, okanye ukuvavanywa kwemithetho ehlukeneyo kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwezomthetho.) kubafundi, abafundisi, kunye naye nabani na osebenzisanayo inkqubo esemthethweni, ulwakhela isiseko sokuqonda indlela amalungelo asemthethweni anyanzeleka ngayo nendlela elungiswa ngayo kwibutho le nkqubo yedemokhrasi. Nangona inkqubo isenokubonakala inzima, ibekwa phantsi kwiinkulungwane zezithethe nezomthetho kunye nezomthetho eziqululo ezikhusela onke amaqela. Ukulawula abalawuli aba bantu abasebenzisa imigaqo ukuze balungelene ngokuzithemba.