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Ukuqonda IsiHlomelo Seshumi Eline: Ilungelo Lakho LomGaqo-siseko Lonyango Olufanelekileyo

Uhlaziyo lweshumi elinesine loMphetho-mva luye luyenye yezona ntlobo zitshintshayo nezineziphumo zokongezelela kumGaqo-siseko waseUnited States. Luqinisekisiwe ngoJulayi 9, 1868, kwiziphumo zeMfazwe Yamakhaya, olu tshintsho ngokusisiseko luye lwalungisa ulwalamano phakathi kwabemi ngabanye norhulumente wabo. Lwaseka ukhuseleko oluqatha oluqhubeka luphembelela umthetho waseMerika, amalungelo abantu, kunye nokusesikweni kwezentlalo emva kweminyaka engaphezu kwe- 150 yamkelekile.

Lo khokelo lunentsingiselo uphando loMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine ngobunzulu, uhlolisisa umongo walo wembali, amalungiselelo angundoqo, izicelo ezingundoqo, kunye nokubaluleka okuqhubekayo kwibutho lamaMelika akhoyo. Enoba ungumfundi, umfundisi, ugcisa-mthetho, okanye ummi othembisiweyo, lo mnikezi uza kukunceda uqonde indlela eli lungiselelo lomgaqo-siseko elikhusela ngayo amalungelo akho asisiseko ekunyangweni kunye nenkqubo ekufuneka phantsi komthetho.

Imongo Yembali: Isizathu Sokuba Kufuneke UMthetho Wokwenziwa Kwe - 14

Ukuze siqonde ngokupheleleyo ukubaluleka koMchithi weshumi elinesine, kufuneka siqale siqonde iimeko zembali ezabangela ukuba ulwelwe. Emva kokuphela kweMfazwe yamakhaya ngo1865, iUnited States yajamelana nocelomngeni olukhulu lokwakha uhlanga olwahlulekileyo kunye nokudibanisa izigidi zabantu ababengamakhoboka kwibutho lamaMelika njengabemi abakhululekileyo.

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesithathu, esagunyaziswa ngo-1865, sabuphelisa ubukhoboka kulo lonke elase-United States. Noko ke, amazwe amaninzi aseMazantsi akhawuleza amisela imithetho eyaziwa ngokuba yi-"Mithetho Emnyama" eyawamisela ngokungqongqo amalungelo nenkululeko yaseAfrika. Le mithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho yazama ukugcina inkqubo yokuthotywa kweentlanga kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwezoqoqosho eyayifana ngokusondeleyo nobukhoboka kuzo zonke izinto kodwa. Imithetho eBlack America elinganiselweyo apho amaMerika anokuhlala khona, umsebenzi, uhambo, kunye nempahla, ngokunempumelelo iwakhaba ingafuni inzuzo yobumi.

IBhunga lavuma ukuba ukuphelisa nje ubukhoboka akwanele ukuqinisekisa inkululeko yokwenyaniso nokulingana. Eli lizwe lalifuna inkqubo esemthethweni ukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu abazelwe okanye abadaliweyo eUnited States baya kunandipha amalungelo apheleleyo okuba ngabemi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba baluphi uhlanga okanye imeko yobukhoboka ababenayo ngaphambili. Oku kwakhokelela ekubhalisweni nasekuphahlweni kweSindululo seshumi elinesine, nto leyo eya kuba yisiseko somgaqo-siseko sokukhusela amalungelo abantu kwizizukulwana ezizayo.

Amacandelo Amahlanu OMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Weshumi Elinane

Uhlaziyo lweshumi elinesine luquka amacandelo amahlanu ahlukeneyo, ngalinye lithetha ngeenkalo ezahlukeneyo zobumi, amalungelo, kunye negunya likarhulumente. Ngoxa icandelo lokuqala lifumana eyona ngqwalasela iphambili kwaye liye lavelisa eyona nkqubela ibalulekileyo engokomthetho, ukuqonda onke amacandelo amahlanu kunikela umzobo opheleleyo weli lungiselelo lomGaqo-siseko.

Icandelo 1: Ubumi, Amalungelo, Inkqubo elindelekileyo, noKhuselo olulinganayo

Icandelo 1 liqulethe ulungiso olubalulekileyo nolucatshuliweyo rhoqo. Luqala ngokusungula ingcaciso ecacileyo yobumi: "Bonke abantu abazalwe okanye abadaliweyo eUnited States, kwaye phantsi kolawulo lwalo, ngabemi baseUnited States kunye noRhulumente apho bahlala khona. Eli candelo lobumi layiguqula iqhinga elibi likaDrede Scott v. Sandford, elalikholelwa ukuba amaMelika aseAfrika akazukuba ngabemi baseUnited States.

Eli candelo liqhubeka ngezigaba ezintathu ezigxekayo ezakha umphambili wokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko wamalungelo abantu. Priviges okanye i-Immunies Clause ichaza ukuba akukho rhulumente oya kukhusela amalungelo okanye ukukhusela abemi baseUnited States. Ngelixesha eli binzana litolikiwe ngokushwankathela ziinkundla kwaye liphumeza indima elinganiselweyo kumthetho wale mihla wesiseko, lalijoliswe ekukhuseleni amalungelo asisiseko obumi besizwe ekuphazanyisweni ngurhulumente.

I- I-Due short Process Claus iyawuthintela umgaqo-nkqubo wokuntywila nawuphi na umntu wobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho. Eli lungiselelo libonisa imfuneko efunekayo yeNkqubela-Mgqibo yesihlanu, esebenza kurhulumente wezwe, kodwa likwandisa olu khuselo kwizenzo zikarhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni. I-ST Processional Clausce itolike itoliwe ukuquka zombini inkqubo efunekayo, efuna iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo phambi kokuba urhulumente ahluthe izilangazelelo ezikhuselekileyo, kunye nenkqubo efunekayo, ekhusela amalungelo athile angundoqo ekungeneni kwenkqubo karhulumente kungakhathaliseki ukuba isetyenziswe.

I-Eququal Protection Claus ichaza ukuba akukho rhulumente oza kumkhanyela nabani na kwigunya lakhe ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho. Eli binzana liye laba ngowona mthombo ubalulekileyo wokucalucalula komgaqo-siseko kwaye liye lasetyenziswa ukucel ’ umngeni imithetho kunye noqheliselo kwimimandla yonke yobomi baseMelika. I-Ecult Protect Classiale ifuna ukuba urhulumente aphathe abantu ngendlela efanayo kwaye athintele ucalucalucalulo oluneyo okanye olungenangqiqo.

Icandelo 2-5: Umelo, ukhuphiswano, amatyala, kunye nokunyanzeliswa

Icandelo 2 lomelo lwedilesi kwiBhunga yaye lenzelwe ukukhuthaza ukuba amaphondo anike amalungelo okuvota onke amadoda. Linikela ukuba ukuba urhulumente akalamkeli ilungelo lokuvota nawuphi na ummi wabemi abangamadoda oneminyaka engaphezu kwama-21 ubudala, ngaphandle kokuba abe nenxaxheba kwimvukelo okanye kwezinye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, umelo lukarhulumente kwiBhunga-mthetho luza kuncitshiswa ngokulinganayo. Ngoxa eli candelo lingakhange linyanzelwe, limele ingxelo ebalulekileyo ngokuvota ngexesha lolawulo.

Icandelo 3 elingamkelekanga kwisikhundla sikarhulumente okanye sikarhulumente nabani na owayekhe wafunga ukuxhasa umGaqo-siseko waza wabandakanyeka kwimvukelo okanye kwimvukelo nxamnye neUnited States. Eli lungiselelo lajoliswe kumagosa angaphambili angumNxulumani kwaye lenzelwe ukubathintela ekubuyeleni ngoko nangoko kwizikhundla zegunya likarhulumente. IBhunga linokususa esi siphene ngevoti yesibini yesithathu kuzo zombini izindlu.

Icandelo 4 lathetha ngeziphumo zemali zeMfazwe Yamakhaya ngokuqinisekisa ukuba amatyala kawonke-wonke aseUnited States aphucukile ngoxa livakalisa ukuba amatyala afunyenweyo aphuthileyo ukuxhasa iKhontrakthi. Kwakhona lalela nayiphi na imbuyekezo yokulahlekelwa kwabantu abangamakhoboka, liqinisekisa ukuba abakhonzi bezo mfazwe abangesokuze bahlawulelwe ukuhlawulwa kwabo babeboshwe ebukhobokeni.

ICandelo 5 linika iNkqutyana amandla okunyanzelisa amalungiselelo oMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine ngomthetho ofanelekileyo. Eli gunya lokunyanzelisa ukuba iNkqutyana ikwazi ukudlulisela umthetho obalulekileyo wamalungelo abantu, kuquka noMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964, uMthendeleko Wamalungelo Abantu, kunye neminye imithetho emininzi elungiselelwe ukukhusela amalungelo abantu nokukhusela ucalucalulo.

Inkqubo Elindelekileyo KaClaus: Ukukhusela Amalungelo Enu Okulungisa Iingcamango Nenkululeko Esisiseko

The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment serves two distinct but related functions in American constitutional law. Understanding both aspects of due process is essential for citizens who want to know how the Constitution protects them from arbitrary or unfair government action.

Inkqubo Elindelekileyo: Ilungelo lokulungisa

Inkqubo efunekayo yenkcazelo ifuna ukuba urhulumente alandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo phambi kokuba ahluthe umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo ezifunekayo zixhomekeke kwisimo senzala esesibondeni nakwiimeko zetyala. Ubuncinane, inkqubo efunekayo ifuna isaziso sesenzo sikarhulumente, ithuba lokuviwa, nesigqibo somenzi-mthetho ongathathi cala.

Kumongo wobulungisa, ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo lwenkqubo lukhulu kwaye lumiselwe kakuhle. Luquka ilungelo lokuxelelwa ngezityholo, ilungelo lokucebisa, ilungelo lokuthetha namangqina, ilungelo lokunikela ubungqina, ilungelo lokuvavanywa kwetyala kumatyala anzulu, kunye nemfuneko yokuba ityala libonakale ngokungenakuphikiswa. Ezi zikhuseli ziqinisekisa ukuba abantu abamangalelwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho bafumana ukuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba bagwetywe.

Inkqubo efunekayo yenkcazelo iyasebenza nakumaziko amaninzi asekuhlaleni. Umzekelo, ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente aphelise iinzuzo zentlalo-ntle, ahluthe ilayisensi yobugcisa, amise umfundi esikolweni sikawonke-wonke, okanye athathe ezinye izenzo ezichaphazela izilangazelelo ezikhuselweyo, kufuneka ngokuqhelekileyo inike isaziso kunye nohlobo oluthile lokuva. INkundla ePhakamileyo ivelise uvavanyo lokulinganisela inkqubela efunekayo ukufumanisa ukuba yeyiphi inkqubo ekhoyo kwiimeko ezithile, evavanya umdla wobuqu ochaphazelekayo, ingozi yokungaphazanyiswa kwempazamo, kunye nomdla karhulumente ekulawuleni kakuhle.

INkqubo ePhambili: Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo asisiseko

Inkqubo esisiseko esisiseko engekho ngqiqweni idlulela ngaphaya kokusesikweni ukuze kukhuselwe amalungelo athile asisiseko ekungeneleni korhulumente, kwanaxa urhulumente elandela iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo. Le mfundiso iyaqonda ukuba inkululeko ethile ibaluleke kakhulu kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye nesidima kangangokuba urhulumente akanakuwachasa ngaphandle kokuwanyanzela.

INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yachaza amalungelo angundoqo ahlukahlukeneyo akhuselwe yinkqubo ephantsi, kuquka ilungelo lokutshata, ilungelo lokuba nabantwana, ilungelo lokukhokela nokukhulela abantwana, ilungelo lokuthembeka emzimbeni, nelungelo lokufumana ilungelo lokuba wedwa. Xa isenzo sikarhulumente sithwele ilungelo elisisiseko, iinkundla zisebenzisa "ukuhlolwa kweqonga," ukufuna urhulumente ukuba abonise ukuba isenzo sakhe silungiselelwe ngokumfutshane ukufikelela umdla karhulumente onyanzelisayo.

Inkqubo esisiseko esisiseko iye yaphikiswa kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, abagxeki bephikisa ngelithi ivumela abagwebi ukuba banyanzelise amaxabiso abo kunokuba bachaze umbhalo womGaqo-siseko. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi kuyimfuneko ukukhusela inkululeko ebalulekileyo abanokungayazi abaxhasi bomGaqo-siseko. Ngaphandle kwale ngxoxo, inkqubo encinci efunekayo ihlala ingumthombo obalulekileyo wokhuseleko lwesiseko samalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Ukhuseleko Olulinganayo LukaClaus: Ukuqinisekisa Unyango Olulinganayo Phantsi Komthetho

I-Acticome Protection Claus ingenye yezona zixhobo zinamandla zokulwa nocalucalulo nokuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho waseMerika uphathwa ngendlela efanelekileyo. Eli lungiselelo lifuna ukuba urhulumente abaphathe ngokulinganayo abantu kwaye abakwaleli ukuba bakhethe abantu ngendlela engekho ngqiqweni. Ukuqonda indlela iinkundla ezizihlolisisa ngayo izibhengezo zokuzikhusela ezifanayo kubalulekile kubemi abafuna ukucel ’ umngeni ukuxhatshazwa ngokungekho sikweni.

Amaqondo ophando kuhlalutyo lokhuseleko olulinganayo

Asizizo zonke iinkalo zikarhulumente ezichaphazelekayo ezichaphazelekayo ngokulinganayo phantsi kohlalutyo olulinganayo lokhuseleko. Iinkundla ziye zaphuhlisa imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yokuhlolwa ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lokwahlulwa kwengxelo namalungelo achaphazelekayo. La manqanaba okuhlola abonisa ukuba kuya kuba nzima kangakanani ngorhulumente ukuthethelela isenzo sakhe sokuphatha icala.

Uphando lwe-Sctrict lusebenza kuludwe olusekelwe kuhlanga, kwimvelaphi yesizwe, okanye kwizenzo zikarhulumente ezithwele umthwalo osisiseko. Phantsi kohlalutyo olungqongqo, urhulumente makabonise ukuba ukulungelelaniswa kwawo ukuze kufunyanwe umdla karhulumente onyanzelekileyo. Oku kungumgangatho onzima kakhulu ukudibana, kwaye inkoliso yemithetho ebekwe ekuhlolweni ngokungqongqo ibethelelwe phantsi njengengathathi cala. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ichaze ngokungqongqo njenge "uqikelelo, kodwa itsho ukuba itsho nyani""

Uphando lwe-Intermeterte incator lusebenza kukhetho olusekelwe kwisondo okanye kwisini kunye nokuhlelwa kokuchaphazela abantwana abangekho mthethweni. Phantsi kwalo mgangatho, urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba ukuhlelwa kwawo kunxulumene kakhulu nomdla obalulekileyo karhulumente. Oku kungumgangatho onzima ofuna urhulumente ukubonisa ukufaneleka okusondeleyo phakathi kwendlela anayo kunye neziphelo zakhe, kodwa akunyanzeleki kakhulu kunoxanduva olungqongqo.

Isiseko sesiseko sophindo olufanelekileyo lumgangatho obekelwe umphambili wokuhlola kwaye lusebenza kuzo zonke ezinye iinkalo, kuquka ezisekelwe kubudala, ukukhubazeka, ubutyebi, okanye izilangazelelo zezoqoqosho. Ngaphantsi koqikelelo, umthetho uzakuxhaswa ukuba unxulumene fanelekileyo nomdla ofanelekileyo karhulumente. Iinkundla ziqikelela ukuba imithetho isekelwe kumGaqo-siseko phantsi kwalo mgangatho, kwaye umcebisi uthwele umthwalo wokungqina ukuba umthetho ungowaqikelelo okanye ungenasihlahla. Imithetho emininzi iya kuhlala ihlola ngokusengqiqweni.

Ukusebenzisa Imigaqo Yokhuseleko Engafaniyo Kwimeko Engafaniyo

I-Acticome Protection Claus iye yasetyenziswa ukucel ’ umngeni ucalucalulo phantse kuyo yonke imimandla yobomi baseMerika. Kwimfundo, yayisisiseko sesigqibo seBrown v. Ibhodi yemfundo ngo 1954, eyavakalisa ukuba ukwahlukana ngokweemvelaphi ezikolweni zikawonke wonke kuyawuphula umGaqo-siseko. INkundla yaqonda ukuba izakhiwo zemfundo ezahlukeneyo azilingani ngokwemvelo kwaye ukukhetha inxalenye yomgangatho oyingozi oyonakalisa iintliziyo neengqondo zabantwana abambalwa.

Kwimisebenzi, imigaqo elinganayo yokukhusela iyabathintela abaqeshi bakarhulumente ekukhetheni abaqeshi ngokwesizwe, isini, okanye ezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo. Ngoxa abaqeshi bobuqu belawulwa ngokuyintloko yimithetho efana neSihloko seSihloko samaLungelo esinguNobumba-mthetho kunokuba kube ngumGaqo-siseko ngqo, abaqeshi bakarhulumente kufuneka bavumelane neemfuno ezifanayo zokukhusela. Oku kuthetha ukuba urhulumente noorhulumente abanakwenza izigqibo zemisebenzi ezisekelwe kwimiqathango engalungelelwaniyo ngaphandle kobulungisa obufanelekileyo.

Kumalungelo okuvota, i-Auncime Protection Claus ifuna ukuba ivoti yomntu ngamnye inikwe ubunzima obulinganayo. Umgaqo "womntu omnye, omnye uvota" uqinisekisa ukuba isithili sowiso-mthetho sitsalwa nabemi abalingana kakhulu, sithintela ukuncitshiswa kwamandla okuvota. Ukhuseleko olulinganayo lukwalela ukupheliswa kohlanga kunye nezinye iindlela ezicetyelwe ukunciphisa impembelelo yezobupolitika yabavoti abambalwa.

Kumthetho womtshato nowentsapho, kusetyenziswe ukhuseleko olulinganayo ukuphelisa imithetho ecalucalulo esekelwe kuhlanga okanye kwisini. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yaphelisa imithetho ethintela ukutshata kwabantu abahlukeneyo ngokwezizwe kwiLoving v. Virginia, kwaye kutshanje ikholelwa ukuba izibini ezitshatileyo ezingokwabelana ngesondo zinelungelo lokutshata e-Obergefell v. Hodges ngo- 2015. Ezi zigqibo ziyaqonda ukuba umtshato lilungelo elingundoqo elingenakukhanyelwa ngokweembono ezinokusekelwe kwimithetho efuna ikhethelo.

Uphawu lwetyala leNkundla Ephakamileyo Olutolika IsiHlamlo Seshumi Eline

Intsingiselo yeSinyusi seshumi elinesine itshilo yeNkundla Ephakamileyo ifikelele kwiminyaka engaphezu kwe- 150. Ukuhlolisisa amatyala angundoqo kunceda kubonise indlela oluye lwasetyenziswa ngayo ulwimi olubanzi kwiimeko ezithile nendlela ukhuseleko lwayo oluye lwaguquka ngayo ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (1954)

Mhlawumbi akukho tyala libonisa bhetele ukutshintsha kweMpanzi-Mpanzi weshumi elinesine kunokwenzeka kuneBrown v. Ibhodi yemfundo. Kwesi sigqibo sangqinelwano, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke lungavisisani noKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claus, lungquzulanisa imfundiso "yohlukene kodwa elinganayo" eyasungulwe kwiPlessy v. Ferguson ngo1896. IJaji eyintloko uEarl Warren wabhala ukuba ukwahlula abantwana ezikolweni ngenxa nje yohlanga lwabo kubangela ukuziva umgangatho onokuthi uchaphazela iintliziyo neengqondo zabo ngendlela engenakuze iphinde iphenduke. Brownalyz wawa ivule ints amalungelo amakhaya angoku kwaye wamisela ukuba umGaqonga woMgaqo-siseko uluko-siseko ululo-siseko ulungxeko.

Virginia (1967) enothando

Kwi-Loving v. Virginia, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa imithetho ethintela umtshato weentlanga ezahlukeneyo, isithi imithetho enjalo iyawuchasa uKhuselo olulinganayo noMsebenzi kaClaus noMsebenzi weNkqubo kaClaus. Inkundla yasichasa isigqibo sikaVirginia sokuba umthetho wayo wawungumGaqo-siseko kuba wawusebenza ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke iintlanga, iqonda ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwayo akuwulondolozi umthetho owenzelwe ukugcina ubungangamsha bobulungu. Isigqibo samisela ukuba umtshato ulilungelo elingundoqo kwaye imilinganiselo yeentlanga yemithetho yomtshato ayinakumelana nokuqwalaselwa ngokungqongqo.

Reed v. Reed (1971)

Reed v. Reed yaphawula okokuqala iNkundla Ephakamileyo yawisa umthetho osekelwe kucalucalulo lwezokuziphatha ngokwesini phantsi koKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claus. Ityala lalibandakanya umthetho we-Idaho owawuzikhethela ngokwawo amadoda ngaphezu kwamabhinqa ekumiseleni abalawuli bezabelo. INkundla yathi olu khetho lubophelele lwaphula ukhuseleko olulinganayo, imisela ukuba imigaqo esekelwe kwisini imele ibe nolwalamano olufanelekileyo nomgaqo osemthethweni. Ngoxa uReed wasebenzisa ingqwalasela nje kuphela esengqiqweni, yamisela indlela yokuvavanya ngokunzulu ikhethe ngesondo kwiimeko zamva.

Umgangatho ophezulu wecandelo

KuRoe v. Wade, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi iThe Bault Processol Claus ikhusela ilungelo lebhinqa lokukhetha ukuqhomfa phambi kobengo. Inkundla yaqonda ukuba eli lungelo aligqibekanga kwaye kufuneka lilungelelaniswe nemfuno karhulumente ekukhuseleni impilo kunye nobomi obunokwenzeka. ICetaded Parence v. UCasey waqinisekisa ukubambeka okungundoqo kweRoe ngoxa elungisa isakhiwo sakhe, emisela ukuba akunakubeka "umthwalo onzima" kwilungelo lomfazi lokukhetha ukuqhomfa ngaphambi kokuba kusebenze. Ezi meko zibonisa indlela yokukhusela imilinganiselo engundoqo enxulumene ngayo nemigaqo esisiseko ye-IGlobalm nengqibelelo.

EUnited States v. Virginia (1996)

Eli tyala lalibandakanya inkqubo yokuvunywa kwamadoda kuphela kwezesondo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yathi ukususwa kwamabhinqa e-VMI kwaphula i-Unime Protection Claus, kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo oluphakathi ukuze kugqitywe ukuba iVirginia ayikhange ibonise "ukuthethelela ngokugqithisileyo" ukujongwa kwayo ngokwesini. Esi sigqibo sacacisa ukuba imigaqo esekelwe kwisondo ifuna uthetheleleko oluqinileyo kwaye ayinakusekelwa kwiindlela ezithe jikelele malunga neetalentengiso ezahlukeneyo, ubuchule, okanye izinto ezikhethwa ngamadoda namabhinqa.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Ku-Obergefell v. Hodges, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi ukuHlakulelwa kweMimiselo yeshumi elinesine kufuna imithetho evumela imitshato phakathi kwezibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo nokuqaphela imitshato efanayo eqhutywa ngokusemthethweni kwamanye amazwe. INkundla yafumanisa ukuba ilungelo lokutshata linelungelo elibalulekileyo elikhuselwe zombini i-CS Procesme Clause ne-Moncial Protection Classiale. Esi sigqibo savuma ukuba izibini ezingobene-ziphene zinelungelo elifanayo kwisidima, ukuzinza, nokuqonda ukuba umtshato unika izibini ezichaseneyo.

Ukukhuthuzwa: Ukusetyenziswa Kwamalungelo Koorhulumente Belizwe

Enye yezona ziphumo zibalulekileyo zoMphetho-Mphetho weshumi elinesine obalulekileyo kukuqukwa kwamalungiselelo amaninzi eBhili yamaLungelo ukuba asetyenziswe nxamnye noorhulumente bakarhulumente. Ekuqaleni, iBhili yamaLungelo yayithintele urhulumente wesizwe kuphela, hayi urhulumente okanye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni. ISindululo soMqathango seMqathango seshumi elinesine seSiphengululo saguqula olu lwalamano ngemfundiso yokubandakanya.

Imfundiso equkelele ikholelwa ukuba i-Acts Procession Claus yeSinyuso seshumi elinesine yenza ukhuseleko oluninzi kuMalungelo lusebenze kumaphondo. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaquka amalungelo ngokukhetha eemeko ngexesha elithile, ihlolisisa enoba ilungelo ngalinye lisisiseko kwinkqubo yethu yenkululeko yomyalelo okanye isekelwe ngokunzulu kwimbali nesithethe sohlanga lwethu. Ngoku phantse yonke iBhili yamaLungelo ngoku isebenza kurhulumente kunye norhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Amalungelo aquka inkululeko yokuthetha, yokushicilela, yonqulo nendibano evela kuMphengululo Wesibini; ilungelo lokuphatha izixhobo kwiSihlaziyo Sesibini; ukukhusela ukuphandwa ngokungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhwaleka okuvela kuMphetho wesine; ilungelo lokungaphindi ucalucalulo nokukhuseleka ngokuphindwe kabini kwiSindululo Sesihlanu soMphengululo; amalungelo okucetyiswa, ukuchotshelwa kwamangqina, nokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza nokucinwa kwabantu ngokubanzi kwiSiphendulo Sesi - Sithandathu; nokukhuselwa kwinkohlakalo nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga kwiSiphendulo Sesibhozo.

Kuphela ngamalungiselelo ambalwa kuphela eBhili yamaLungelo angafakwanga, kuquka uthintelo lweSithathu soHlaziyo, ummiselo omkhulu weSihlalo soMphengululo, imfuneko yeNkqubela-mthetho yesihlanu, ilungelo leSebengethi lokuchophela amatyala asekuhlaleni, kunye nomthetho weSindululo seSesibhozo owenzelwe ukuhlawuliswa ngokugqithisileyo. Imfundiso ebandakanya ukwandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko wamalungelo omntu ngamnye ngokuqinisekisa ukuba elo lizwe kunye norhulumente wasekuhlaleni kufuneka bahlonele inkululeko esisiseko efanayo norhulumente.

IiNkqubo Ezisebenzisekayo: Indlela IsiHlomelo Seshumi Elinane Esikukhusela Ngayo

Ukuqonda isiseko soqikelelo lweziphene zeshumi elinesine sibalulekile, kodwa ukuqaphela indlela esisebenza ngayo kwiimeko zemihla ngemihla kubaluleke ngokufanayo. Ukhuseleko lokhuseleko luchaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bentlalo, ukusuka kwimfundo nasemsebenzini ukuya kulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nolwalamano lwentsapho.

Amalungelo emfundo nokufikelela ngokulinganayo

ISindululo seshumi elinesine siqinisekisa ukuba izikolo zikawonke-wonke azinakucalula ngokusekelwe kuhlanga, imvelaphi yesizwe, isini, okanye ezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo. Abafundi banelungelo lokulingana namathuba emfundo kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi yabo. Oku kuquka ukufikelela kwiinkqubo zemfundo, imisebenzi yasemva kwesikolo, amathuba emidlalo, kunye nobuncwane bemfundo. Izikolo kufuneka zinike abafundi bolwimi lwesiNgesi uncedo olufanelekileyo, kwaye abafundi abaneziphene banelungelo lokufumana iindawo zokuhlala neenkonzo ezifanelekileyo.

Imigaqo efunekayo ixhomekeke ekuthini ingxengxezo engakumbi, efuna ukugxothwa ngokusemthethweni. Abafundi abajongene nokuxolelwa okanye ukugxothwa kwisikolo sikawonke-wonke banelungelo lokuphawula izityholo ababekwa kuzo kunye nethuba lokuvalelwa kwabo ngaphambi kokuba kubekwe uqeqesho. Iinkqubo ezifunekayo zixhomekeke ekuthini lukhulu koqeqesho, ngokuxolelwa nokugxothwa okude okufuna imigaqo engakumbi esesikweni. Abafundi banamalungelo oMphengululo wokuqala wokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo namazwi, nangona la malungelo enokuthi athintelwe kakhulu xa bephazamisa imekobume yemfundo.

Ukufumana Umsebenzi Namathuba Ezoqoqosho

Abaqeshi bakarhulumente kufuneka bavumelane neemfuno zokhuseleko ezilinganayo, okuthetha ukuba abanakucalula ekuqeshweni, ekunyusweni, ekuhlawulelweni, okanye ekuphelisweni okusekelwe kuhlanga, kwiintlobano zesini, kwimvelaphi yesizwe, okanye kwezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo ngaphandle kokugwetywa ngokwaneleyo. Abaqeshwa bakawonke-wonke banamalungelo afanelekileyo akhusela abasebenzi ekutshayelweni ngokungenamiqathango. Ngoxa abasebenzi abasebenza apho beza kuqeshwa ngokubanziswa nasiphi na isizathu okanye kungekho sizathu, abasebenzi abanomdla kwimfuno yempahla kwimisebenzi yabo, njengabafundisi-bafundisi okanye abaqeshwa okanye abasebenzi abakhuselwe izivumelwano zombutho, banelungelo lokuphawula nokuphulaphula nokuva phambi kokurhoxiswa kwabo.

Kwakhona uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine lukhusela inkululeko yezoqoqosho, nangona iinkundla ngokuqhelekileyo zithobela imimiselo yezoqoqosho karhulumente phantsi kwesiseko esifanelekileyo. Urhulumente akanakukwazi ukuthintela abantu ukuba baqhubeke nomsebenzi osemthethweni okanye babandakanyeke kwimisebenzi yezoshishino esemthethweni. Noko ke, imigaqo esengqiqweni, impilo nokhuseleko, neminye imithetho yezoqoqosho igcinwa lo gama nje benolwalamano olufanelekileyo neenjongo ezifanelekileyo zikarhulumente ezisemthethweni.

Okusesikweni Kwezaphuli - mthetho Nokuphathwa Ngokufanelekileyo

Ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo lwenkqubo ye 14th Amendment lubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwinkqubo yobulungisa. Ngokubandakanya, abamangalelwa kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho zikarhulumente bafumana ukhuseleko olufanayo lomgaqo-siseko njengabamangalelwa kwinkundla yephondo. Oku kuquka ilungelo lokucebisa, ilungelo lokuhlala buthule, ilungelo lokuthetha namangqina, ilungelo lokumangalelwa kwityala labagwebi, kunye nokukhuselwa ekuphandweni ngokungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzumeni.

Imigaqo elinganayo yokukhusela inqanda ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwisigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho. Abatshutshisi abanakungawafaki ecaleni amatyala asekelwe kuhlanga, amapolisa akanakuhlasela abantu ngenxa yokumisa okanye aphengulule ngokusekelwe ekufuneni iziphumo ezisekelwe kubuhlanga, kwaye izigqibo zokugweba azinakusekelwa kwikhethe lobuhlanga. Ngoxa ukungqina injongo yokwahlula i-cawa kusenokuba lucelomngeni, i-Concilement Protection Clause inika isixhobo esibalulekileyo sokucel olucel ucalucalucalucalucalulo kwinkqubo yezo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Abantu abavalelweyo banelungelo elithile lomgaqo-siseko, kuquka ukukhuselwa kwisohlwayo senkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga. Iimeko zasentolongweni kufuneka zihlangabezane nemilinganiselo ephantsi yesidima, kwaye amabanjwa anelungelo lokufumana unyango olufanelekileyo, ukukhuselwa kugonyamelo, neemeko zokuphila kobuntu.

Ukuncomela Amalungelo Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwezobupolitika

Ukhuselo olulinganayo lukhusela ilungelo elisisiseko lokuvota kwaye luqinisekise ukuba ukuvota komntu ngamnye kuthwala ubunzima obulinganayo. Amazwe akanakunyanzela imiqobo engekho ngqiqweni ekuvoteni okanye ekunciphisa amandla okuvota amaqela athile. Izithili ezisemthethweni mazitsalwe ngokulinganayo nabemi ukuqinisekisa ukuba ivoti nganye inempembelelo ephantse ibe nye kwiziphumo zonyulo.

Ngeli xesha amazwe enegunya eliphangaleleyo lokulawula ixesha, indawo, kunye nendlela yonyulo, imiqathango yokuvota akufunekanga ibeke imithwalo engafanelekanga kwilungelo lokuvota. Iinkundla zihlola ukuba imimiselo yokuvota isengqiqweni na kwaye ayikhethi, ilungelelanisa izilangazelelo zikarhulumente ekulawuleni ngokufanelekileyo unyulo nxamnye nomthwalo obekwe ngabavoti. Imiqathango enzima ebeka umthwalo onzima wokuvota mayilungiswe ngokucutheneyo ukuze kusebenze izilangazelelo zemeko ezinyanzelisayo.

Amalungelo Eentsapho Nokuzihambela Kwabantu

UMthetho - siseko weshumi elinesine ukhusela amalungelo asisiseko anxulumene nomtshato, intsapho, kunye nokuzilawula. Ilungelo lokutshata lilungelo elisisiseko elingenakungavunyelwa ukuba lisekelwe kuhlanga okanye kwisini. Abazali banelungelo elisisiseko lokwenza izigqibo eziphathelele inkathalo, ilungelo lokugcina umntwana, kunye nokulawula abantwana babo, kuquka izigqibo eziphathelele imfundo, inyameko yezamayeza, kunye nokukhuliswa konqulo. Ngoxa eli lungelo lingenako ngokupheleleyo yaye linokusikelwa umda xa kuyimfuneko ukukhusela abantwana ekonakaleni, urhulumente umele abonise umdla onyanzelekayo ngaphambi kokuba uphazamisane namalungelo abazali.

Inkqubo esisiseko enxulumene nokuthembeka komzimba kunye nezigqibo zobuqu. Abantu abakhulileyo banelungelo lokulwala unyango olungafunekiyo, kwaye abantu abadala abakwaziyo ukwenza izigqibo eziphathelele ukunyanyekelwa kwempilo yabo ngaphandle kokungenelela korhulumente, phantsi kwemiqathango ethile.

Iimbambano Zexesha Elizayo Nocelomngeni Oluqhubekayo

Ukuqonda ezi mpikiswano ziqhubekayo kunceda abemi ukuba babandakanyeke kwiimbambano ezingokwasemthethweni nezezobupolitika ezikhoyo ngoku yaye baqonde indlela ukuchazwa komGaqo-siseko okutshintsha ngayo ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Isenzo Esizinzileyo Nezenzo Zobupolitika Bohlanga

Enye yeembambano zokhuseleko ezilinganayo ibandakanya uvumo lweenkqubo ezithi zithathe ulwamkelo lohlanga njengendima ekuvulweni, ekuqeshweni, okanye kwizigqibo zomxhasi. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi iinkqubo ezinjalo ziyimfuneko ukucombulula ikhethe elidlulileyo nokukhuthaza iinguqu, lo gama abagxeki bephikisa ukuba nakuphi na ukusetyenziswa kohlanga kuyawulwaphula umgaqo wonyango olulinganayo. INkundla ePhakamileyo ikholelwa ukuba imigaqo yohlanga ephandle kwimfundo ephakamileyo inokuhlala iqwalaselwa ngokungqongqo ukuba balungiselwe ngokufutshane ukufikelela umdla onyanzelekileyo kwimizimba yabafundi eyahlukeneyo, kodwa iNkundla ikwagxininisa ukuba iinkqubo ezinjalo zimele ziwubeke umda ngexesha elinye kwaye ayinakusetyenziswa ubuhlanga.

INGXELO ENGOKUQALEKILEYO

Emva kokuvunywa kokulingana komtshato kwi-Obergefell v. Hodges, iingxoxo ziyaqhubeka malunga nomgangatho wokukhuselwa komGaqo-siseko kubantu abangoo-LGBTQ. Imibuzo iyaqhubeka enoba ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesini okanye ye-i-genean kufuneka luhlolwe ngakumbi phantsi koKhuselo olulinganayo noKhuselo luka-Claus, kwaye nendlela yokulungelelanisa inkululeko yonqulo kunye nenkxaso-lucalucalucalulo. Le mibandela ivela kwiimeko ezifana nokusuka emsebenzini nakumakhaya ukuya kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke kunye neenkonzo zokufumana abantwana.

Ukufuduka

ISinyuso soBumi seshumi elinesine soBunani bukaClaus, esinika bonke abantu abazalwe eUnited States, ibingumbandela wengxoxo yakutshanje. Abanye baye babuza ukuba eli lungiselelo lifanele lisebenze kusini na kubantwana abazalwa bengaxelelwanga, nangona umbhalo kunye nokuqondwa kwengxelo yengxelo yeli binzana kuxhasa ubumi. Isehlo sikwafuna ukuba amagunya anike ukhuseleko olulinganayo kubo bonke abantu abakwilizwe labo, hayi abemi nje, ithetha ukuba abaphambukeli abaphambukeli bagcine amalungelo athile omgaqo-siseko nangona benokuba banokugxothwa.

Ubuxhakaxhaka, Imfihlo, kunye noMdla

Njengoko ubugcisa buhambela phambili, kuphakama imibuzo emitsha mayelana nendlela esetyenziswa ngayo inkqubo efunekayo yeMimiselo yoLawulo yeshumi elinesine kwimigaqo, ekujongweni, nakuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi. Iinkundla kufuneka zigqibe enoba abantu banolindelo olusengqiqweni lwemfihlo kunxibelelwano lwabo lwamanani, kugcino-lwazi lwendawo, nakwimisebenzi yabo ye-intanethi. Le miba ifuna ukuhlaziywa komthetho ngokuchasene namalungelo obuqu ngexesha elinamandla angazange abonwe ngaphambili.

Ukungalingani Kwezoqoqosho Namalungelo Entlalo

Abanye abaphengululi nabaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi uMphetho weshumi elinesine ufanele uchazwe ukukhusela amalungelo athile entlalo nezoqoqosho, njengokufumana izindlu ezaneleyo, ukunyamekela impilo okanye imfundo. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibisoloko ingakufuni ukuvuma ukuvunywa kwamalungelo eengenelo okanye iinkonzo zikarhulumente, endaweni yoko igxininisa ekuthinteleni ucalucalulo nokhuseleko olubi lwenkululeko. Ingxoxo ziyaqhubeka enoba le ndlela yokufumana imigaqo elungeleleneyo neyokungalinganiyo kwamalungu esemthethweni, nokuba umGaqo-siseko ufanele uchazwe ukuqinisekisa imilinganiselo encinane yelungiselelo lentlalo.

Indlela Yokuqinisekisa Amalungelo Akho E - 14 Ohlaziyiweyo

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho omgaqo - siseko kubalulekile, kodwa ukwazi indlela yokuwaqinisa nokuwakhusela kubaluleke ngokufanayo. Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho e - 14 oMphetho - melo aye aphulwa, kukho iindlela eziliqela zokufuna ukubuyiselwa.

Iindlela Zolawulo Nezikhalazo

Iimeko ezininzi ezibandakanya ukwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko zinokuqwalaselwa kwiinkqubo zolawulo ngaphambi kokuba ubhenele ekuhlawulweni kwemithetho yezolawulo. Ukuba ucalucalulo kwimfundo, ungafaka isikhalazo kwisithili sesikolo sakho okanye kwiSebe lezemfundo le-U.U.S. i-Ofisi yamaLungelo e-Ofisi ingabekwa kwiKhomishoni ye-Unicomment Opportunity okanye amaqumrhu alwela amalungelo abantu. Ezi nkqubo zolawulo ngamanye amaxesha zingacombulula iimpikiswano ngokukhawuleza nangexabiso elingephiyo kunengxelo yenkundla.

Icandelo 1983 Imithetho

Iqhinga eliyintloko lokunyanzelisa amalungelo eSichibiyelo seshumi elinesine ngokuchasene norhulumente namagosa asekuhlaleni lityala elingaphantsi kwama-42 eCandelo le-U.S.C., umthetho wamalungelo abantu wephondo owiswe kunyanzeliso loMthetho we-14. ICandelo lowe - 1983 livumela abantu ukuba bangenise ityala kubadlali bakarhulumente abaphula amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko baze bafune ukonakaliswa, ukuhlangulwa, okanye ukuthotyelwa kwesohlwayo. Ukuze baphumelele kwingxelo yeCandelo lowe199849, kufuneka babonise ukuba ummangalelwa usebenza phantsi kombala womthetho wesizwe kwaye bakuhluthelwe ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko.

Icandelo 1983 linokuba luxanduva, kwaye ukhuseleko olwahlukahlukeneyo lungafumaneka kumagosa karhulumente, kuquka ukukhuselwa kwamajoni afanelekileyo, akhusela amagosa kwityala ngaphandle kokuba aphule amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Ngenxa yezi zinto zinzima, ukudibana negqwetha elinamava amalungelo oluntu kububulumko ukuba ucinga ngeliCandelo lowe-1998.

Ukufuna Uncedo Olusemthethweni

Ukuba awunako ukufikelela kwigqwetha, oovimba abaninzi banokubakho. Imibutho yoncedo olusemthethweni inikela iinkonzo ezisemthethweni ezikhululekileyo kubantu abafumana iinkonzo eziphantsi kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, kuquka eminye imiba yamalungelo abantu. Imibutho yamalungelo abemi enjenge-American Civil Liberations Union, iNaACP yasemthethweni yeNgxowa-ntle yoMnyango, kunye namanye amaqela ahlukeneyo oonoBhangeli-mthetho anokunikela okanye ancedise kwiimeko ezibalulekileyo ezibandakanya umGaqo-siseko.

Ukuze ufumane ulwazi olungakumbi ngamalungelo abantu kunye nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, ungatyelela i- U.S. ISebe leJaji yeCandelo lamaLungelo loMsebenzi okanye ujonge uovimba abavela kwimibutho efana ne- iLiberties Union yeMelika ye-.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezigwebo Kweshumi Elinane Kwimbono Ethelekisayo

Ngoxa uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine luyedwa kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, amanye amazwe amaninzi aye amkela ukhuseleko olufanayo lomgaqo-siseko ukuze alingana kwaye alungele ukulungiselela. Ukuhlolisisa indlela amanye amalungelo olawulo-melo anokuwakhusela ngayo la malungelo asisiseko anokuwanika imbono exabisekileyo kwindlela ajonga ngayo amaMerika aze abalaselise amandla awo kunye neentsilelo zawo.

Umgaqo-siseko wale mihla uquka ulungiselelo olucacileyo lokulingana oluneenkcukacha kuneSibonelelo soMphetho-Mgangatho seshumi elinesine soMlinganiselo ka-Claus. Umzekelo, umGaqo-siseko waseMzantsi Afrika uqulethe ilungiselelo elilinganayo elithe ngqo lalela ukucalucalucalulo olusekelwe kwibala, isini, isini, ukukhulelwa, ubume bomtshato, imvelaphi yesini okanye yentlalo, imbonakalo, isizukulwana, isiphene, unqulo, inkolelo, isithethe, ulwimi, kunye nokuzalwa. ICanadian Charter of Rights and Freedom iqinisekisa amalungelo alinganayo kwaye iyalwa ngokukhethekileyo ukucalucalucalucalucalucalucalulo olusekelwe kwizizathu ezibalwayo.

Ezinye iziko lomgaqo-siseko zikwaquka ukwamkela amalungelo entlalo nawoqoqosho angaphaya kwenkululeko engafanelekanga ekhuselwe ngumGaqo-siseko wase-U. Ezi zisenokuquka amalungelo ezindlu, ezonyango, ezemfundo, okanye ezokhuseleko lwentlalo. Ngoxa uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine lungachazwanga ukuqinisekisa amalungelo afanelekileyo anjalo, ukuhlolisisa ezinye iinkqubo zomgaqo-siseko kuphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo ngomgaqo-siseko nangendima karhulumente ekuqinisekiseni iimfuno ezisisiseko zabantu.

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wamazwe ngamazwe ukwanikela inkxaso ebalulekileyo ekulinganani nasenkquboni efanelekileyo. Isindululo soMbutho Wehlabathi Lonke samaLungelo Oluntu, uMvumelwano Wezizwe Ngezizwe Ngamalungelo Abemi Nawamapolitiki, kunye nezivumelwano ezahlukeneyo zamalungelo abantu zengingqi zimisela imilinganiselo yokuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo nokungagqwethwa kwemithetho elingana nokukhuselwa kweSindululo seshumi Elinane leMigaqo-mviso. Nangona ezi zixhobo zamazwe ngamazwe zingawavelisi ngokuthe ngqo amalungelo anyanzelekayo kwiinkundla zase-U.

Ukufundisa Nokufunda NgoMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Weshumi Elinane

Imfundo ye-BIC malunga noMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine ibalulekile ukuze ibutho labantu ligcine ukulingana nokuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo. Enoba ungumfundisi, umfundi, okanye ummi otshatisiweyo, kukho oovimba abaninzi bokuqinisa ukuqonda kwakho eli lungiselelo libalulekileyo lomGaqo-siseko.

Kubafundisi-mfundo, oovimba bobuzwe banikela izinto ezisisiseko zoncedo kunye nobuncwane bemfundo malunga noMphetho-Mgaqo-siseko weshumi elinesine kunye namanye amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko. IThala leencwadi leKhompathimente, iZiko lomGaqo-siseko weSizwe, kunye nemibutho eyahlukahlukeneyo yemfundo inikela iiplani zesifundo, izinto zokufundisa, kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswayo ezilungiselelwe ukunceda abafundi baqonde imigaqo yomGaqo-siseko.

Ukufunda iimbono zeNkundla Ephakamileyo yenye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo zokuqonda indlela uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine olutolikwayo nolusetyenziswa ngayo. Ngoxa iimbono zogwebo zisenokuba zixinene kwaye zikho ngobuchule, zinika ukuqonda ukuqiqa komGaqo-siseko kunye nendaleko yemfundiso engokwasemthethweni. Ukuqala ngamatyala abalulekileyo njengeBrown v. iBquart yemfundo nokusebenza kwizigqibo zakutshanje kunganceda ukuphengulula ukuphuhliswa kokhuseleko olulinganayo nemigaqo efanelekileyo ngexesha elithile.

Ukuxabana neziganeko zangoku kunye neengxoxo ezingemiba yomgaqo-siseko kunceda ukudibanisa imigaqo engokwasemthethweni engekho ngqiqweni kwiimeko zehlabathi. Emva kokuchongwa kwamatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo, ukufunda uhlalutyo oluvela kubaphengululi abangokwasemthethweni nabagqali-magama, nokuba nenxaxheba kwiingxubusho zamalungelo abantu nomthetho-siseko kunakho ukunyusa ukuqonda kwakho uze uncede ukhulise iimbono zakho ngombandela obalulekileyo.

Ikamva LoMthetho We - 14 Wokwenziwa Komthetho

Njengoko ibutho labantu baseMerika liqhubeka liguquka, ngokungathandabuzekiyo uMphetho-mvakalo weshumi elinesine uza kujamelana nocelomngeni olutsha kunye nezicelo. Ukudibanisa ubugcisa, ukutshintsha kwezithethe zentlalo, ukutshintsha ukuqonda okungalinganiyo nokusesikweni, kunye nentlobo ezintsha zocalulo ziyakufuna iinkundla nabemi ukuba babambene nendlela eli lungiselelo lenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba elinanye lenkxalabo yezomGaqo-siseko elisebenza ngayo kwiingxaki zenkulungwane yama-21.

Ubuchule bokwenza kunye nokwenza imigaqo-mthetho yesigqibo kuphakamisa imibuzo efanayo yokukhusela. Xa abameli bakarhulumente besebenzisa i-algorithm ukwenza izigqibo ngokugwetywa kolwaphulo-mthetho, ukungenelwa, okanye ukwabiwa koovimba, siqinisekisa njani ukuba ezi nkqubo aziqhubeli phambili okanye azikhuphi ikhethe elikhoyo? Ziziphi iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ezifanele zisetyenziswe xa iinkqubo ezizenzekelayo zisenza izigqibo ezichaphazela amalungelo abantu? Le mibuzo iza kufuna ukucingisiswa ngenyameko ngendlela imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko esebenza ngayo kubugcisa obutsha.

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye nokugwetywa kwemekobume kunika omnye umda wokusebenza kweSichibiyelo seshumi elinesine. Njengoko umonakalo wemeko-bume uchaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto abantu abafumana imibala ephantsi, kuphakama imibuzo yokuba imigaqo yokukhusela efanayo ifuna ukuba urhulumente alungise ukungagqibeleli kwemeko-bume. Ngoxa iinkundla bezisoloko zingakufuni ukuwamkela amalungelo okusingqongileyo phantsi koMgaqo-siseko, abaxhasi bayaqhubeka bephikisa ukuba ukuHlaliswa kweMgalelo weshumi elinesine kufuneka kukhuselwe ekuchaphazelweni kolwaphulo-mthetho kwingozi zemekobume.

Umzabalazo oqhubekayo wokulwela ukulunga kobuhlanga uza kuqhubeka ucela isithembiso soMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine sokhuseleko olulinganayo. Nangona kuneminyaka engaphezu kweyi- 150 ukususela oko ukungalingani kobuhlanga kusaqhubeka kwimfundo, umsebenzi, izindlu, ukunyamekela impilo, kunye nokugweba kolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukubhekisa kwezi nkqubo zokungalingani kuza kufuna ukunyanzeleka okuqinileyo kumgaqo ongundoqo wokuba bonke abantu bafanele ukunyangwa ngokulinganayo phantsi komthetho.

ULuhlu olubalulekileyo loLolongo lweshumi elinesine

Ukuze kuncedwe abemi balapho baqonde ngokupheleleyo indlela yokukhuselwa kweMimiselo ye - 14 Yomthetho, nantsi indlela elikhuselwa ngayo amalungelo nokulondolozwa kwalo:

Amalungelo obumi

  • ubumi bokuzalwa obufanelekileyo kubo bonke abantu abazalelwe eUnited States
  • I- I-Citnizeship ngokwenziwa kwendalo nemeko elinganayo kubemi bomthonyama abazelwe
  • ubumi belizwe belizwe [ obusekelwe kwindlu
  • Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo nokhuseleko lobumi besizwe

Ukhuseleko lwenkqubela

  • Inqaku lezenzo zikarhulumente elichaphazela ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla
  • Iyunithi ye-opport evakalayo [ phambi kokuncitshiswa koncedo olukhuselekileyo
  • [[UMTL:0] Umenzi wesigqibo sobuzwe kwimicimbi engqukuva
  • [[UMTL:0] Ekunene ukuya kwisiluleko kwiingxoxo zolwaphulo-mthetho neminye imicimbi yasekuhlaleni
  • Ikhuselwa nxamnye nocalucalulo lobuqu kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho
  • ekunene ukujolisa kumangqina kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho
  • Ekunene kwityala lejaji kumatyala anzulu olwaphulo-mthetho
  • Isiqinisekiso sokungathandabuzi okungaphaya komyinge kwiinkolelo zolwaphulo-mthetho
  • Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo asisiseko kuquka umtshato, intsapho, kunye yimfihlo
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ingqibelelo engokwasemzimbeni kunye nenkululeko yezamayeza kwizigqibo zonyango lobuqu

Ukukhuselwa Okulinganayo Kuqinisekisa

  • Ikhuselwa nxamnye nocalucalulo lobuhlanga kuzo zonke izenzo zikarhulumente
  • Ukhuseleko nxamnye nocalulo lwesondo ngaphandle kothetheleleko olupheleleyo
  • Ukufikelela kwimfundo kawonke-wonke kungakhathaliseki ukuba loluphi uhlanga okanye imvelaphi yesizwe
  • [[UMTL: 0] Amalungelo okuvota kunye nokhuseleko ekuhlakulelweni kwevoti
  • Ukuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo kwisigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho ngaphandle kocalulo lobuhlanga
  • [[UMTL:0] Ulwalamano olulinganayo kungakhathaliseki ukuba loluphi uhlanga okanye isini
  • Amathuba omsebenzi kwimisebenzi karhulumente
  • Ukukhusela nxamnye nocalucalulo olugqithiseleyo kuzo zonke iinkqubo zikarhulumente
  • Ukufikelela okupheleleyo kumalungiselelo neenkonzo zikawonke-wonke ngaphandle kokwahlulwa
  • Ukhuseleko lwabantwana nakanjanina nomthetho wokuzalwa

IBhili yamaLungelo eZiko

  • Inkululeko yokuthetha, yokushicilela, yonqulo, kunye nendibano nombuso ophazamisayo
  • ekunene ukuphatha iingalo ekhuselwe kumda wemeko
  • Ikhuselwa kuphengululo olungekho ngqiqweni kunye nokuxhuzula [[FTL:1] ngamagosa karhulumente
  • umthetho we-Exclorion ukubhabha ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni
  • Ukhuseleko kwingozi eziphindwe kabini kumatyala karhulumente
  • ekunene kwityala elikhawulezayo nelikawonke-wonke kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho
  • [[UMTL:0] Ekunene kwinkqubo enyanzelekileyo ekufumaneni amangqina
  • Ukhuseleko kwisohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga ngamazwana
  • Ukhuselo kwibheyile egqithisileyo kwimicimbi yesizwe

Ukhuseleko olongezelelweyo

  • Ukhuseleko lwabafundi abajongene noqeqesho lwesikolo ngesaziso kunye nokuva
  • Amalungelo abasebenzi bakawonke-wonke ngokuphelisa okugqithisileyo
  • Ukhuseleko lwabamkeli bentlalo-ntle phambi kokuphelisa isiphumo
  • Amalungelo abazali kwizigqibo zokugcina nokulungisa umntwana
  • Ukhuseleko lwamabanjwa kwiimeko ezingezobuntu
  • Ilungelo kubantu abaneziphene ngokuchasene nocalucalulo olungenangqiqo
  • Ukhuseleko lwabaphambukeli[[FLT:] nakanjanina nobume obusemthethweni
  • Incopho kwiinkundla yokuthethelela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko

Conclusion: TheIsithembiso esiphilayo soKhuselo olulinganayo kunye neNkqutyana ePhakamileyo

[UMmiselo weshumi elinesine] umela enye yezona mpumelelo zibalulekileyo kwimbali yomgaqo-siseko waseMelika. Ukuzalwa komlo wokuphelisa ubukhoboka nokumisela ukulingana kokwenene, iye yajika yaba sisakhiwo esibanzi sokukhusela amalungelo abantu kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngokusesikweni phantsi komthetho. Ukusuka kwizikolo ezikhusela amalungelo okuvota, ukuqinisekisa inkqubo efunekayo kwimimiselo yolwaphulo-mthetho yokuqaphela ukulingana komtshato, uHluHlulo lweshumi elinesine luye lwasebenza ekukhuliseni inkululeko kunye nokusesikweni kuwo onke amaMerika.

Kodwa isithembiso sokulungisa sihlala sizalisekisiwe ngokupheleleyo. Ukungalingani okuqhubekayo kwimfundo, umsebenzi, izindlu, unyango, kunye nesigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho kubonisa ukuba injongo yokukhuselwa ngokulinganayo phantsi komthetho ayikafikelelwa ngokupheleleyo. Ngokuqhubekayo iingxoxo eziphathelele umgangatho wokhuseleko olufanelekileyo, umgangatho ofanelekileyo wokuvavanywa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zocalulo, kwaye ulungelelwano phakathi kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye nezilangazelelo zikarhulumente zibonisa ukuba ukucaciswa komgaqo-siseko kuyaqhubeka kuyila.

Kubemi, ukuqonda uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine kubalulekile ukuze uqonde amalungelo akho yaye uphendule urhulumente. Enoba ungumfundi oqinisekisa ilungelo lakho lokufumana amathuba alinganayo emfundo, umqeshwa ocel ’ umngeni ucalucalulo emsebenzini, ummangalelwa ofuna imigaqo esesikweni esemthethweni kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye umntu nje ofuna ukuphathwa ngesidima nangentlonelo ngamagosa karhulumente, uMphengululo weshumi elinesine unikela inkxaso ebalulekileyo.

Ulwimi olubanzi lokulungisa luneenkqubo ezifanelekileyo kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo kubo bonke abantu, lubonisa ukuvunywa ngabasebenzi befreyim ukuba abanakukwazi ukuqwalasela yonke imeko apho le migaqo ifuna ukusetyenziswa khona. Oku kuguquka kuvumele uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine ukuba luhlale lusebenza ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo embalini kunye nobume bentlalo. Njengokuba imingeni emitsha ivela kunye nokuqonda kwebutho labantu ukulingana nokulunga, ukupheliswa kwemiqathango kuya kuqhubeka kusebenza njengesiseko sokukhusela amalungelo asisiseko.

Ekugqibeleni, ukuphumelela koMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine kuxhomekeke kungekuphela nje ekutolikeni kwesigwebo kodwa nakukuzinikela kwabemi kwimigaqo yayo. Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko awazibulali; afuna ukhuseleko oluphaphileyo kunye nengqikelelo esebenzayo. Ngokuqonda amalungelo akho phantsi koMphetho-Mgaqo-siseko weshumi elinesine, ukuhlala waziswe ngemibandela yomgaqo-siseko, nokubandakanyeka kobomi babantu, unokubanceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba isithembiso sokuzilungisa sokhuseleko olulinganayo kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo iba yinto yokwenene kubo bonke abantu.

Uhambo oluya kulingana ngokupheleleyo nokuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo luyaqhubeka. UMthetho-siseko we-14th Wenziwe ngokusesikweni unika izixhobo ezifunekayo kolo hambo, kodwa ukuqonda umbono walo kufuna umgudu othe rhoqo kwisizukulwana ngasinye. Njengabemi bomGaqo-siseko wedemo-siseko, sonke sinembopheleleko yokukhusela le migaqo-siseko esisiseko nokusebenza sisakha ibutho apho wonke umntu efumana intelekelelo elinganayo phantsi komthetho kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo kuzo zonke iinkqubo zikarhulumente. Uhlaziyo lweshumi elinesine alingombhalo wembali okanye imfundiso ecacileyo engokomthetho.