Unyulo lungumsebenzi oyintloko wolawulo-demokhrasi, unika inkqubo elungelelanisiweyo apho abemi behlabathi banokuvakalisa khona izikhethelo zabo, baphembelela inkqubo kawonke-wonke, baze bagcine ityala. Ngaphezu kokuba kuqheliselwa ngokwesiqhelo, inkqubo yokunyulwa iquka umgaqo wolawulo oluqhelekileyo .Ingcamango yokuba igunya elisemthethweni lezobupolitika lifumaneka ngokuvuma kwabo balawulwa. Kumazwe asemhlabeni wonke, imbonakalo yonyulo ayingomntu onegunya kodwa ikwanomgaqo wemithetho yesizwe, ukwabiwa kwanelisa intsebenziswano yentlalo-ntle phakathi kwamazwe nabemi bawo. Ukuqonda indima ekhoyo yonyulo-ntlalo-ntle kwibutho labantu kubalulekile ukuxabisa impembelelo yayo enzulu kulungiso lwezopolitiko, impucuko, kunye nokusasa kwamandla akhoyo.

Indima Yokhetho Lolawulo - melo

Embilinini wayo, idemokhrasi isekelwe kwisiseko sokuba abemi abaqhelekileyo banelungelo kunye namandla okugqiba indlela abalawulwa ngayo. Unyulo lusebenza njengenkqubo yokuqala yokuguqulela le nkcazelo ekusebenzeni. Benza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo: banika abemi amandla okukhetha abameli, badala ukuphendula ngokunika abavoti amandla okususa amagosa aphantsi kolawulo oluphantsi kolawulo lwedemokhrasi, kwaye bamisela igunya elisemthethweni kwigunya likarhulumente. Ngaphandle kolawulo oluthe rhoqo, ngaphandle konyulo, olukhululekileyo nokhetho olufanelekileyo, akukho nkqubo inokuzibanga ukuba yidemokhrasi; unyulo lungumtshato oweleyo ohlula ulawulo lwedemokhrasi kulawulo lolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Umsebenzi wonyulo onika amandla awunakuchazwa ngokugqithisileyo. Xa abantu befaka ibhola, ababonisi nje kuphela ukhetho; banenxaxheba kwisenzo sokwenza izigqibo ezimanyeneyo ezimisela ukwenziwa kwezindlu zowiso-mthetho, ukukhethwa kwabalawuli, nokusetyenziswa kwezicelo zemigaqo. Oku kukhuthaza ingqiqo yombutho phakathi kwabemi, kugxininisa inkolelo yokuba iimbono zabo zixhomekeke kwaye zinokuguqula kwimijelo esemthethweni. Ngaphezu koko, unyulo lunika iindlela zoxolo zokucombulula iingxabano zezobupolitika, ukukhokelela ekukhuphiseni okulungelelaniswano olucwangcisiweyo kwevoti kunokwenza abantu bafumane ingqiqo yemiqathango kunokwenza ugonyamelo okanye ulawulo.

Ukuphendula kulelona lalelona isiseko lenkqubo yabavoti. Amagosa aqatshelweyo ayazi ukuba kufuneka ajonge abavoti rhoqo, kwaye eli themba liwenza abe noxanduva lolawulo. Amagosa angakwaziyo ukunikela izithembiso, abandakanyeke kwinkohlakalo, okanye angazihoyi iimfuno zobungozi bawo obuvotelwe ngaphandle kwesikhundla. Eli cebo lokuhlola iziganeko zomhlazolo. "$3] Abavotesi abagwebi abagwebi abajonge kwimisebenzi yabo esekelwe kwimisebenzi yabo", iinkonzo ziqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uhlala esabela kukuthanda koluntu. Uphando lwenzululwazi yezobupolitika lubonise rhoqo ukuba ukuphendula komvotiso lomntu osebenzayo ukuphucula iziphumo zenkqubo kwaye unciphisa i-Malfeasavence, ingakumbi xa abavotiveli benolwazi oluthembekileyo malunga nemisebenzi yabo.

  • Amandla abemi – unyulo lunika abantu isandi esingqalileyo ekukhetheni iinkokeli nasekulungiseni inkqubo ephambili, ukuqinisa umbutho woluntu.
  • ukuhlawulwa kwamagosa anyuliweyo – unyulo oluthe rhoqo lunika abavoti inkqubo yokuvuza okanye yokohlwaya abavoti ngokusekelwe kwimisebenzi, ukudimaza ukunganyaniseki nokungakhathali.
  • Ukungagunyaziswa kukarhulumente - Oorhulumente abaphuma kunyulo oluthembekileyo bafumana ukwamkelwa okubanzi kukawonke-wonke, okunceda ukuthobela imithetho kunye nentsebenziswano namaziko karhulumente.

Imbali Yokhetho

Ingcamango yonyulo iye yavela ngokuphawulekayo kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, ibonisa ukutshintsha okuthe kratya kwentanda-bulumko yezobupolitika, ibutho labantu, kunye nobugcisa. KwiAthene yamandulo, ngokufuthi ekhankanywe njengendawo yokuzalwa kwedemokhrasi, abemi babenenxaxheba ngqo kwiindibano kodwa babexhomekeke ekukhetheni ````````arandom'''' ukukhethwa kolawulo kunezikhundla ezininzi zolawulo kunokuba kuphikiswe unyulo. IRiphabliki yeRoma yasungula iinkqubo zokuvota ezithelwe ngokusemthethweni, nangona inxaxheba yayiphelekwa kwiqela elincinane labantu abaphezulu. Noko ke, ukulawulwa kwembali yabantu kwakulawulwa ngulawulo olusisiseko kunye nolawulo olunempathonolawulo apho abantu babengenazo iziko okanye babengenazo izibakaliso ezisesikweni ekukhetheni iinkokeli.

Ukubila kolu Khanyiso lwengqondo ngenkulungwane ye-17 neye-18 kwaguqula ngokusisiseko iingcinga zobupolitika. Iingcali zentanda-bulumko ezifana noJohn Locke, uJean-Jacques Rousseau, noMontesquieu zachaza iingcamango zolawulo oluqhelekileyo, izivumelwano zentlalo, kunye nokwahlula amagunya aphikisa ilungelo lobuthixo lookumkani. Ezi ngcamango zafumana imbonakalo esebenzayo kwimibutho yenguquko yamaMelika (1775/17833) kunye neNguquko yamaFrentshi (789-1799) efuna ukuseka oorhulumente abagunyaziswe ngokuvuma ulawulo. AmaMerika, ngokukodwa, asungula uluvo lonyulo oluqhelekileyo njengophawu olungundoqo lolawulo lweRiphabliki, nangona ishiye ingunda emhlophe kumashumi eminyaka emininzi.

Iziganeko Ezibalaseleyo Embalini

Iqela ledemokhrasi elilawula unyulo liphawulwe yiziganeko eziphawula iziganeko ezandisa inxaxheba, amalungelo akhuselekileyo, neenkqubo ezifanelekileyo ezilungiselelwe abantu. Ezi ziganeko zibonisa ukulwa kweenkulungwane namaqela aphantsi kwemida ukuze afumane ibhokisi yeloti kunye nabaguquli ukuqinisekisa ukuba unyulo lumela ngokuchanekileyo ukuthanda kwabantu.

  • IMagna Carta (1215)---nanjalo iMagna Carta yaseka umgaqo wokuba ukumkani wayengengangaphezulu komthetho nokuba amalungelo athile ayengenakuphulwa ngokungekho mthethweni, ebeka isiseko sophuhliso lwamva lwezomgaqo-siseko.
  • IMvukelo yaseMerika (1775-1783) – Imvukelo yavelisa irejikhrasi entsha esekelwe kumgaqo wolawulo oluqhelekileyo, ngonyulo oluthe rhoqo lweeofisi zowiso-mthetho kunye nezolawulo, nangona ekuqaleni i-suffrev yayithintelwe.
  • INtlanganiso yeSuffge (inkulungwane ye-19th-20) – ICandelo lokufunxa amabhinqa, ukulingana kobuhlanga ekuvoteni, nokususwa kweemfuno zempahla kwandisa unyulo ngokuthe ngcembe, kwenza unyulo lungaququki kwaye lube ngummeli.
  • Umthetho wovolo lwamalungelo onyaka ka1965 (United States) – Lo mthetho ophawulayo walwalela ucalulo lobuhlanga kwimisebenzi yokuvota, ukususa imiqobo uJim Crow-era eyayihluze izigidi zabemi baseAfrika.
  • Isiphelo seMfazwe Yomlomo (1989-19991) – Ukuwa kolawulo lobukomanisi kwiMpuma Yurophu nakwiSoviet Union kwabangela ukukhutshwa kolawulo lolawulo lwedemokhrasi, kunye namazwe amatsha azimeleyo amukela umgaqo-siseko kunye neenkqubo zokukhetha ezisekelwe kunyulo lokhuphiswano.

Iintlobo Zokhetho

Isixokelelwano sedemokhrasi sisebenzisa iintlobo-ntlobo zemisebenzi yokukhetha, nganye isebenza iinjongo ezahlukeneyo kwisakhiwo solawulo olubanzi. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela zicacisa indlela eyahlukileyo yokumila kokhetho, umelo, kunye nokubophelela uwonke wonke.

Unyulo ngokubanzi

Unyulo ngokubanzi zezona ziganeko zibonakalayo nezineziphumo ezicwangcisiweyo kwinkoliso yedemokrasi. Zimisela ukwenziwa kweendlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe kunye, kwiinkqubo zolawulo lomongameli, ukhokelo oluphezulu. Kwinkqubo zepalamente, unyulo jikelele lukhetha ngokunempumelelo urhulumente, njengeqela okanye umbutho wezihlalo ezininzi ngokwesiqhelo ubumba ikhabhinethi. Unyulo ngokubanzi lusenzeka ngokwemimiselo emiselweyo . [1] Kwiminyaka emine okanye emihlanu kwidemokhrasi yolawulo-siseko sesizwe. .

UKhetho lweFonti

Unyulo lokuqala lusebenza umsebenzi wangaphakathi phakathi kwamaqela ezobupolitika, luvumela amalungu eqela ukukhetha abaza kumela iqela kunyulo jikelele. Ii-crimes zingavalwa (zingavunyelwa ukuba zingenelele amalungu eqela abhalisiweyo), zivule (zivumela nawuphi na umvoti ukuba athathe inxaxheba), okanye kancinane. Inkqubo ephambili, ngokukodwa ebalaseleyo eUnited States, inika amalungu eqela akwisigaba kunye nefayile athetha ngokuthe ngqo ngokukhetha umndilili, ukunciphisa amandla eqela labalawuli bokuchonga ngesandla. Ngoko, abaphathi-Primenti bangabafaka abangeni ekubheneleni kwimvo egqithisileyo, njengoko abaveleli bedla ngokunjalo abaveleli bebonke bethetha ngokusuka kwisigaba esiphambili kunokhetho jikelele.

UKhetho lwangaphakathi

Unyulo lwengingqi lulawula oomasipala, izikolo, amaqumrhu esikolo, kunye namanye amagunya aphantsi kweminye imiba ephantsi kwemigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe. Ngelishwa, abathathi-nxaxheba kwimiba yezobuzwe kune-media, unyulo lwasekuhlaleni lunempembelelo engqalileyo nekhawulezileyo kubomi babemi bemihla ngemihla. /ukuqokelela irhafu yempahla, imigaqo yokhuseleko lukawonke wonke, ukuqokelelwa komgqomo, kunye nokungalingani kwezikolo. Ngelishwa, umvotisi usoloko efumana iliso eliphantsi, ngamanye amaxesha lithoba ngaphantsi kwama-20 ekhulwini. Olu lwabiwo-mali lungabangela ukuba amagosa asekuhlaleni ajonge imicimbi engakumbi.

Imisonto

IiReferendendim zivumela abemi ukuba bavote ngqo kwimibuzo ethile yezomgaqo-nkqubo kunokuba batshate nabatshatileyo. Bangaqaliswa yizindlu zowiso-mthetho (ii-arhenterals ezithenjiweyo) okanye ngesicelo sobumi (ii-arhente). IiReferendendi zisetyenziselwa ukugqiba ngokupheliswa komgaqo-siseko, utshintsho olungundoqo lwenkqubo, okanye imiba ephikisanayo enjengokubekwa komchamo ngokomthetho, ukwanda kwerhafu, okanye imida yelizwe. Ngoxa ukuthelekisa i-anteums ekhomba ngqo idemokhrasi, kwakhona kusetyenziswa ukukhathalela ubuchule bovoti lwabiwo-mali, impembelelo yemali ekuququlunqenisweni kwamaphu, kunye nomthetho omkhulu wokurhoxisa amalungelo angoomantlu.

Impembelelo Yokhetho Loluntu

Unyulo luye lwasetyenziswa kuyo yonke imiqathango yobomi bentlalo nezobupolitika. Lubumba kungekuphela nje ukuba ngubani olawulayo kodwa nendlela abemi abanxulumene ngayo norhulumente, indlela oovimba abasetyenziswa ngayo, nendlela abantu abaziqonda ngayo. Impembelelo yonyulo inokuhlalutyiswa ngeelens eziliqela ezidityanisiweyo: iziphumo zenkqubo, ukuququzelelwa kwezentlalo, ukusetyenziswa kwezoqoqosho, kunye nokumelwe komgangatho woluntu.

Ukusetyenziswa

Iziphumo zokhetho ziphembelela ngokuthe ngqo iphulo lokuqulethwe komjelo kunye nolwalathiso lukarhulumente. Iphulo lolawulo kumaqonga elithembisa izenzo ezithile zemithetho-siseko `irhafu, ukusetyenziswa kwezonyango, imimiselo yemekobume, utshintsho lokufuduka, njalo njalo. Xa bethabatha iofisi, abahlohli abaphumeleleyo basebenza ngokusemthethweni ukumisela ezi zithembiso, nangona kufuneka basebenzise imiqathango yezopolitiko enjengenkcaso yemithetho-mthetho, i-inkqubela-mthetho ye-intellitia, kunye nohlalutyo lwezomthetho. Impembelelo yenkqubo yonyulo ichazwa ngokukhethekileyo ngemigaqo yeqela elinamandla, apho unyulo olunye lunokuvelisa utshintsho olukhulu kwiindawo ezisuka kwimiqatha kumazwe asuka kumalungelo oluntu.

Uphando lwezibonelelo lubonisa ukuba iziphumo zonyulo zineziphumo ezinokuvela kwiziphumo zenkqubo. Umzekelo, uphando lufumanise ukuba unyulo lwabatsha abathe bathelela phambili lunxulunyaniswa nokusetyenziswa kwemali kwiinkqubo zentlalo-ntle, ngelixa unyulo lwezinyulo ezithe ngxi ngemiqathango yokunyulwa nokukhutshwa kwerhafu. Ngaphezu koko, isisongelo sesohlwayo sonyulo sinokuba nempembelelo kwinkqubo naphambi kokuba unyulo luvele, njengoko kusenziwa ngonyulo lwezincomo zovotisi kwaye lulungise iindawo zabo ngokunjalo. Oku "ukulindela okuqhelekileyo" kuthetha ukuba inkqubo yokhetho ibhekiselele kukhetho kungekuphela kukhetho lwamaxhoba kodwa kwakhona kungoko kokuziphatha kwabalawuli abafuna ukhetho.

Ubungqina

Ukuthatha inxaxheba kweze-oyile kuxhomekeke ekuboneni ukuba kulungile xa kuthe kwadityaniswa i-octive. Abantu abavotayo banokubandakanyeka kwezinye iintlobo zokuthathi-nxaxheba kwezobupolitika, baya kudibana namagosa anyuliweyo, baya kwiintlanganiso zasekuhlaleni, banikele kumaphulo, baxubushe nezobupolitika nabamelwane. Kwakhona ukukhuthaza ulwazi lwezopolitiko: isenzo sophando nabacholi-zincwadi kunye nemibandela phambi kokuba unyulo lwakhe isiseko sokwazi ukufunda nokwenza uluntu esingena kwezinye imimandla yobomi babantu.

Noko ke, ulwalamano phakathi konyulo kunye nokubotshwa kwemibutho lungaphinde luphinde lujoliswe. Ngoxa ukuvota kukhuthaza ukuganana, ukuthembisana kukwakhuthaza ukuvota. Abahlali abanezibonelelo ezinamandla zoluntu, `amaqumrhu okuzithandela, amajelo eendaba azimeleyo, kunye nolwazi olufikelelekayo(acet) ukujika okuphezulu. Ngokuchasene noko, xa unyulo luthathwa njengongakhuthazi mdlamko, owonakeleyo, okanye ongenantsingiselo, abemi basenokuhlulwa kungekuphela nje kukuvota kodwa kwiintlobo zonke zezopolitiki. Oku kungadala umjikelezo onzima apho ukubandakanyelwa koorhulumente abangenanxaxheba ekungathobelweni kwenxaxheba.

Ukuhambelana

Unyulo lungaqinisa okanye lucinezele isithethe sentlalo yoluntu. Xa luqhutywa kakuhle kwaye luquka, unyulo lukhuthaza ingqiqo yokuzichaza kunye nenjongo eyahlukeneyo. Isenzo sokuvota, kwanaxa abemi bexhasa abathathi-nxaxheba abahlukeneyo, baqinisekisa ukuzinikela okuqhelekileyo kwizithethe zedemokhrasi kunye nesigqibo soxolo. Kumazwe ahlukeneyo, unyulo lungasebenza njengethuba lokuphelisa incoko kunye nokuthetha, ukuququzelelana kohlanga, unqulo, kunye nodidi olwahlulwa ngolwimi oluhlukeneyo lobumi.

Kanti unyulo lungaphinda lube lukhulu ulwahlulo lwentlalo, ingakumbi xa luphikiswa ngohlanga okanye ngamahlelo. Kwiingingqi ezahlulwe ngokunzulu, ukhuphiswano lonyulo lungaphela kuxanduva olunee-stem apho ukuphumelela kubaluleka ngakumbi kunenkqubo yedemokhrasi. Ubuchule benkamkelo buthi uloyiko okanye intiyo, budibene nokusebenzisa ucoselelo, bungabangela inkxwaleko kwaye bukhokelele kugonyamelo. Ucelomngeni lwamaqumrhu olwedemokhrasi luyilo lwenkqubo yonyulo kunye nemigaqo yephulo ekhuphisana ngobuchule bomdla ngokululayo ngoxa ludibanisela phantsi kweminxela.

Impembelelo Yezoqoqosho

Iziphumo zezoqoqosho zonyulo zininzi kwaye zininzi. Unyulo lwenza inkqubo engaqinisekiyo, enokudambisa utyalo-mali nokuqesha kwiinyanga ezikhokelela kwivoti. Noko ke, isigqibo sokungaqiniseki konyulo `akanye iziphumo ziyaziwa . "Ngokufuthi, iinguqu zenkqubo zabaphumeleleyo zichaphazela iziphumo zezoqoqosho: inkqubo yemali, izivumelwano zorhwebo, imigaqo-siseko solawulo, kunye nemithetho yemali yonke yeziphumo zokhetho.

Ngapha koko iziphumo zenkqubo, unyulo luphembelela indlela yokuziphatha kwezoqoqosho ngempembelelo yazo kumgangatho wolawulo. Amazwe aneenkqubo zokhetho ezithembekileyo athambeka ekubeni nolawulo olungcono, ukonakala okusezantsi, kunye nokusingqongileyo okuthelekelelwayo kwezoshishino , qha zonke ezikhuthaza ukukhula okude kwezoqoqosho. Ngokuchasene noko, amazwe apho unyulo ludla ngokukhohliswa okanye lusetyenziswe khona ngokuqhelekileyo lungachaphazeleka kumalungelo abuthathaka empahla, ubukapitalisi-capitaliste, kunye nezixhobo ezifunekayo.

Umelo

Unyulo luyinkqubo ephambili yokuqinisekisa ukuba intlalo-ntle yebutho ibonakaliswa kumaqumrhu alo alawulayo. Idemokhrasi yabameli ixhomekeke kwingcamango yokuba amagosa anyuliweyo aza kuxhasa izilangazelelo neembono zeenkonzo zawo. Noko ke, umlinganiselo apho unyulo lufikelela khona umelo oluchazayo, [1] apho iimpawu zobuni babasemagunyeni abanyuliweyo basekuhlaleni zibonisa abo bahlala kwiindawo eziqeqeshiweyo.

Inkqubo yoyilo lwendlela yobuchule idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubonakaliseni umelo. Iinkqubo zomelo zidla ngokuvelisa izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezibonisa ngokusondele ngakumbi ubufana, ubuzwe, kunye neengcamango ezahlukahlukeneyo zokhetho, ngelixa iinkqubo zobukhenkethi zinokungaphantsi kwamaqela amancinane. Ukucaphula nezihlalo ezigciniweyo zinokunyusa ngakumbi umelo kuluntu olukwimbali ephantsi kwembali. Xa unyulo luvelisa amaqumrhu abameli akhangeleka njengebutho abalawulayo, abemi basengozini yokuthemba urhulumente kwaye bavakalelwe ukuba izilangazelelo zabo ziyaqwalaselwa.

Ucelomngeni Neembambano Ezikukhetho

Nangona ibalulekile indima yabo kulawulo-demokhrasi, unyulo lujamelene nocelomngeni oluninzi olunokudodobalisa ingqibelelo yabo kunye nokusebenza kwabo. Ukuqonda olu celomngeni kubalulekile ekuyileni utshintsho olukhusela inkqubo yokunyulwa nokuqinisekisa ukuba unyulo luzalisekise isithembiso sabo solawulo-moya.

Ucinezelo lwe Voter

Unyanzelo lweVoter lubhekiselele nakuwuphi na umgudu, nokuba ungokwasemthethweni okanye ungekho mthethweni, ukudimaza okanye ukunqanda abemi abafanelekileyo ekufakeni iivoti. Ii-Tactic ziquka imithetho engqongqo ye-ID echaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa ingeniso ephantsi kunye nevoti encinane, ukususwa kwemisongo eqokeleliweyo efunekayo, ukuncitshiswa kwendawo ekunyulweni kwemida ebekelwe intlawulo esemthethweni, ukuncitshiswa kweziphumo eziphezulu zabavoti abambalwa, kunye nemiqobo yokuvota. La manyathelo, asoloko ethetheleleka njengayimfuneko ukunqanda ukuqhatha (okunqatheka okunqabileyo kwizixhobo ezininzi zedemocracki (ezinokuphekatha), anesiphumo sokususa iimfuno ezifanelekileyo zokuvota kunye nokurhoxakeka kovolo olusemthethweni kwiziphumo eziphezulu ze-omatiko.

Uphando lweBrennan Center yeJaji luchanile ukuba imithetho ye-ID evoti inciphisa ukuguquka phakathi kwabavoti abambalwa nabangenayo ngokweepesenti eziliqela, ngokwaneleyo ukutshintsha iziphumo zonyulo olusondeleyo. Ngokufanayo, ukuvalwa kweendawo zokuvota kwimimandla ebanzi yama-Afrika-Melika efana neGeorgia neTexas iye yanyanzela abanye abavoti ukuba bahambe imigama emide kwaye balinde iiyure zokuphosa umvoti. Ukurhoxisa kufuna ukhuseleko oluqinileyo olusemthethweni, inkxaso eyaneleyo yolawulo lonyulo, kunye nemilinganiselo esetyenziswayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abami abafanelekileyo bangathabatha inxaxheba.

Gerrymandering

UGerymandering ngumkhwa wokuzoba imida yesithili sonyulo, abenzi bemaphu banika elinye iqela lezobupolitika inzuzo phezu kwabaxhamli balo. Ngokuhlanganisana ngononophelo isithili esiqokelela abavoti kwinani elincinane lesithili (apho bachitha amandla abo okuvota) okanye bawaqhekeze ngaphaya kwemimandla emininzi (apho bambalwa kakhulu ukuba baphembelele iziphumo), abenzi bemaphu bangacwangcisa ngokunelisa iziphumo zonyulo. Eli gama lifumaneka ku-Elbridge Gerry, irhuluneli yaseMassachusetts eyasayine imaphu yesithi edityaniswe ngo1812 efana nesamarander.

Ukuzibophelela kwale mihla kuye kwaphuculwa, kwancedwa yi-software enamandla evumela abenzi bemaphu ukuba baxelise izigidi zokumiselwa kwesithili okunokwenzeka kwaye bakhethe leyo yandisa uncedo lwabaguquli. Iziphumo zinzima: isithili eziqhutywayo zivelisa unyulo olungakhawuleziyo, zinciphisa ukhetho lovoti, kwaye zinciphisa ukuqokelelwa kwabepolitiki abangopolitiko. Ngenxa yokuba igergermerder ikhusela iindidi ezibalukileyo kwityala lokhetho lokhetho lokhetho lwedemokhrasi, ijongelanisa umgaqo wedemokhrasi ongundoqo okhetha abameli bazo kunokuba abamele abameli babo abakhethe. Imigudu yotshintsho ijolise kwiiko oluzimeleyo lweenkokeli, ii-metrictures, ii-s ezisesikweni zezibalo zezibalo ze-agraccounter gerders.

Ulwazi oluphosakeleyo

Ukusasazeka kolwazi olububuxoki okanye olulahlekisayo ebudeni bamaphulo onyulo kubangela isisongelo esikhulayo kwingqibelelo yonyulo. I-Misformation ingathatha iindlela ezininzi: amabali eendaba awenziweyo, imifanekiso esetyenzisiweyo kunye neevidiyo, iingcamango zozungulo malunga neenkqubo zokuvota, kunye namayelenqe obuxoki malunga neendawo okanye imvelaphi. Amaqonga onxibelelwano lwezentlalo, ngokukhuthazwa kwawo okuqulethwe yiminwe eshukumachithi, ikhawuleze isantya nokufikelela kwinkohliso, iyenze ibe nzima ukuvota ngokwahlula inyaniso kwintsomi.

Umonakalo obangelwa lubuxoki udlulela ngaphaya komntu ngamnye olahlekisiweyo. Ubuxoki obusasazekileyo bungaphelisa ukuthembana kwinkqubo yonyulo ngokwayo, bukhokelela abemi ukuba bathandabuze ukufaneleka kweziphumo zonyulo. Kwiimeko ezinzima, ukuxokiwa kwenkohliso kuye kwabangela ugonyamelo, njengaxa izityholo zonyulo ezibuselayo zikhuthaza uhlaselo kuMphathiswa-ndaba we-Capitol. Ukuthetha iintetho zentelekelelo kufuna indlela edityanisiweyo: imfundo yolwazi lokufunda nokubhala ukuze ixhobise abemi ngobuchule bokucinga obubalulekileyo, iimfuno zokwazisa ezopolitiko, inte ezigcina amanyathelo, kunye nemigaqo yeqonga enciphisa iintsholongwane zobuxoki.

Imali yeCandelo

Indima yemali kwezobupolitika kukuxhalabela okuqhubekayo impilo yedemokhrasi yonyulo. Iphulo lifuna ubuncwane obuninzi bemali kwizibhengezo, abasebenzi, abasebenzi, abathathi-nxaxheba, kunye nabavoti abanokuphakamisa imali eninzi ngokufuthi banenzuzo ephawulekayo. Nangona igalelo lephulo linokuba luhlobo oluthile lokuthatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika, ukuxineneka kweminikelo phakathi kwabantu abazizityebi kunye nemibutho kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuba amagosa anyuliweyo anokusabela kusini na kubantu abaqhelekileyo.

Uphando lwezopolitiko lubonise ukuba amagosa ezobupolitika axhase iinkqubo ezithandwa ngabanikeli abazizityebi, kwanaxa ezo nkqubo zingqubana nezikhethelo zikawonke wonke. Imimiselo yezenkcitho yemali . "ezinjengemiqathango yomnikelo, iimfuno zentengiso, kunye neenkqubo zemali kawonke-wonke] ukunciphisa impembelelo yemali kunye nomgangatho webala lokudlala. Noko ke, izigqibo zenkundla kwezinye iidemokhrasi, ingakumbi iU.S. iNkundla ePhakamileyo yezezoshishino-yoMkhosi ePhakamileyo [[FLT:]] ilawula, ikhulula imiqathango ekusetyenzisweni kwezobupolitika, ivumela iinkcitho ezingenakulinganiswa yimiqatha yemibutho kunye nemibutho. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo yezemali eqhubekayo kwizentengo yezentelekeleleko yezo zezopolitiki kwi-demokhrasi.

Ukungakhathali

Urhoqo lovoti lulucelomngeni olusasazeke kakhulu kulawulo-lwazi olumiselwe. Xa amacandelo amakhulu okhetho engaphumeleli ukuvota, iziphumo zonyulo azinakubonisa ukuthanda kwabantu bephela. Ukungakhathali kuvela kwimithombo emininzi: inkolelo yokuba ukuvota kukabani akunto ibalulekileyo (ukungaqhelani" nengxaki), ukudimazeka kwinkqubo yezobupolitika, ukunqongophala kolwazi malunga nabathathi-nxaxheba okanye imiqobo esebenzayo enjengamaxande okuhlawulwa okanye ukunqongophalaza okanye ukunqongophala kwezithuthi.

Imiphumo yokujika kancinci ibalulekile. Uphando lubonisa ukuba abangengobavoti abancinane, abangamahlwempu, nabangenamfundo ininzi kunabo, okuthetha ukuba izinto ezikhethwayo zezi qela zithe zadluliselwa ngokweenkqubo. Oorhulumente abanyulwe ngokucocekileyo ngokucocekileyo bangaqinisekisa izilangazelelo zabantu abadala, abatyebileyo, nabavoti abafunde kakhulu, abakhuphi bobuntlalo kunye noqoqosho. Utshintsho lokuthetha ngomvoti luquka ukwenza iholide yokhetho, ukuzalisekisa ubhaliso oluzenzekelayo, ukwandisa ubhaliso lokuqala kunye nokuvota, kunye nokwamkela ukuvota okunyanzelekayo (njengoko kuqheliselwa e-Ostreliya, eBelgium, eBelgium, kunye nezinye iidemo zolawulo-odosa.

Isiphelo

Unyulo alungomthetho nje wobukho belizwe; lusisiseko apho ulawulo lwedemokhrasi lwakhiwe khona. Ngonyulo, ngabemi basebenzisa ulawulo lwabo, bagcina iinkokeli zinobutyala, kwaye balungise indlela yebutho labo. Indaleko yembali yonyulo . Ukusuka kwiindibano ezithintelweyo ze-Athene yamandulo ukuya kukhuphiswano olude nolunolwazi lwanamhlanje, olubonisa umzabalazo oqhubekayo woluntu wokwakha amaziko ameleyo nanempumelelo.

Kodwa idinga lonyulo asilololo oluzenzakalelayo. Lufuna utshintsho oluthi lwandise uthotho, ukukhupha ihlomelo, ukugqwetha, ukungalingani kwezemali, kunye nokungakhathaleli kovoti konke kusongela ukuphelisa ingqibelelo yenkqubo yokukhetha. Ukukhusela nokuqinisa unyulo kufuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo kubemi, abalawuli bemithetho, nemibutho yasekuhlaleni. Lufuna utshintsho olwandisa inxaxheba, ukuvelisa ukukhanya, nokuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abavoti bangaphosa ibhola yodwa ngokukhululekileyo okanye ingaxhaphazamisi. Intlangano enjenge Brenan Center yeJanut yeJanual[FLT:], [[FLT:]], i-P] Pluw uphando lophando olubalulekileyo. [FFLT], kunye ne-GeneticernGeneral [F]

Njengoko sisebenzisa ulawulo oluntsonkothileyo lwe 21%, impilo yonyulo lwethu ihlala ingumsebenzi odityanisiweyo. Wonke ummi obhalisayo ukuba avote, wonke umsethi wonyulo osebenza kwindawo yokuvota, ngamnye umcholacholi-ndaba okhangela inyani kwisigqibo somvotelwa, kwaye wonke ummeli oqhuba imithetho elungileyo unegalelo ekuziyiseleni amaziko edemokhrasi. Unyulo lulodwa alunako ukuqinisekisa ukuba ibutho labantu elinobulungisa, kodwa ngaphandle kwabo, akukho butho labantu linokuzibanga ukuba linedemokhrasi. Ngoko, kucacile: lukhusela ukuthembeka konovote, ukwandisa ukufikelela kwibhokisi yebhola, kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba ilizwi ngalinye liviwe kwiprojekthi enkulu eqhubekayo yokuzilawula ngokwalo.