Ukwazisa

Kulawulo lwangoku, inkqubo yokwenziwa komthetho yenye yemisebenzi ephambili ephunyezwa libutho labantu. Wonke umthetho ogqithisiweyo, nawuphi na umthetho owiswe, kwaye wonke umgaqo woluntu oxhaswe ngqo uchaphazela intlalo-ntle yezigidi. Izibonda ziphezulu, kwaye umda wempazamo mfutshane. Kwiminyaka engamashumi, abenzi bemithetho baye baphikisana nombuzo wendlela yokwenza izigqibo ezisoloko zivelisa iziphumo ezifanelekileyo. Impendulo, ngokuqhubekayo, ixhomekeke kwimigaqo-siseko sobungqina .

Inkqubo esekelwe kubungqina asiyongcamango entsha, kodwa ukubaluleka kwayo kukhule ngendlela ephawulekayo kwixesha lengxaki, elidityanisiweyo (ukusuka kwizifo ezimandundu kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu ukuya kumgangatho wezoqoqosho kunye neengxaki zempilo yoluntu). Ngaphandle kwesiseko sobungqina, izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zibeka umngcipheko wokumisela imithetho yokuchitha ubuncwane, ukubangela umonakalo ongenakucetywa, okanye ukungaphumeleli ukuhlangabezana nezizathu ezingundoqo zeengxaki. Eli nqaku lihlola indima ebalulekileyo yobungqina ekwenzeni kwesigqibo somthetho, ukuchaza iinzuzo zaso, ukuvavanya imiqobo ekuthandweni kwayo, nokunikela ngemimiselo yokubungenisa ngokunzulu kwinkqubo yokwenza inkqubo.

Ukuchaza uMgaqo-nkqubo woBubungqina

Embilinini wayo, inkqubo esekelwe kubungqina ngumgaqo wokuba izigqibo malunga noko makwenziwe, kwaye nendlela yokukwenza ngayo, kufuneka zifundiswe ngelona cebo likhoyo. Le nkcazelo ingafumaneka kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo, kuquka iimvavanyo ezilawulwa ngokungalindelekanga, uphando olude, ugcino-lwazi lolawulo, uhlolo olucwangcisiweyo, kunye novavanyo lwenkqubo. Injongo kukubuyisela ukwenziwa kokuqagela nolwazi, ukuvavanya iintelekelelo, nokufunda koko kusebenze ngako-(* kwaye oko kungakhange kuchazwe ngokwemongo ezifanayo.)

Le ngcamango isuka kakhulu kunyango olusekelwe kubungqina, olwaguqula ukhathalelo lwempilo ngokugxininisa ukuba izigqibo zezamayeza zifanele zikhokelwe zizinto ezifunyenweyo kuphando kunokuba zikhokelwe yisithethe okanye ithuku. Ngendlela efanayo, inkqubo esekelwe kubungqina ifuna ukuzisa ubungqongqo benzululwazi kubuchule bokulawula. Ayithethi ukuba amaxabiso, imilinganiselo, okanye igalelo likawonke-wonke ziyatyeshelwa; kunoko, kuthetha ukuba oko kuthetha ukuba oko kuqwalaselwa kubekwe phezu kwesiseko esiqinileyo.

Imeko

Imvelaphi yenkqubo esekelwe kubungqina ingalandelelwa phakathi kwinkulungwane yama-20, xa izazinzulu zentlalo zaqalisa ukusebenzisa iindlela zokulinganisa iinkqubo zikarhulumente. Imfazwe kuMahlwempu eUnited States ngexesha loo 1960, umzekelo, iquka uvavanyo olukhulu olufana novavanyo lwe-Infeating Taxies kunye novavanyo lwe Perry Preglage Studydys, olunika imizekelo yokuqala yendlela yokuyila inkqubo. [FLT:] kunye no-2000, imibutho efana “nomsebenzi” kwiUnited Kingdom kunye nomthetho osekelwe kuyo. Uphando lwe-SDS, olukhokelela ekudalweni kwemibutho enje [[FLT:]

Imigaqo Engundoqo

Imigaqo esekelwe kubungqina esebenzayo isekelwe kwimigaqo emininzi engundoqo:

  • [[UMTL:0] Sebenzisa ezona nkcukacha zobunjani obuphezulu – hayi nayiphina idata, kodwa ugcino-lwazi oluthembekileyo, olusebenzayo, nolunxulumene nomongo wesigqibo esithile.
  • [[UMTL: 0] umahluko kwiindlela nemithombo [ – ukuze ubungqina bukwazi ukuhlalutywa, ukuphinda-phinda, kwaye bucelwe.
  • Imfundo eqhubekayo kunye notshintsho – imigaqo-nkqubo kufuneka ithathwe njengengcinga eziza kuvavanywa, zicociwe, okanye zithathelwe indawo njengoko kuvela ubungqina obutsha.
  • [[Ukwahlulwa komongo wobulali] - ubungqina obuvela kwenye imeko kufuneka buqhelaniswe ngocoselelo kwizinto zentlalo, ezoqoqosho, nezenkcubeko zelinye icandelo.

Indima Yogcino-lwazi Nophando Kwizigqibo Zomthetho

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zale mihla zijongene nobuninzi obungaqhelekanga benkcazelo. Iincwadi, iindlebe, iileta, izinto ezitsala abantu, kunye neengxelo zejelo leendaba zingquzula abenzi besigqibo suku ngalunye. Ngaphandle kocwangciso lobungqina, kuba lula kakhulu ukuthembela kwilizwi elivakalayo okanye kwezona zihloko zendaba zakutshanje. Ugcino-lwazi nophando lunika indlela ecwangcisiweyo yokusika ingxolo nokuchonga oko kuyinyaniso.

Indima yobungqina ingahlulwa ibe yimisebenzi emininzi eyahlukeneyo:

  • Ukwahlula okuzinzileyo: ugcino-lwazi lunceda abamisi-mthetho baqonde indalo, isikali, kunye nokusasazwa kwengxaki. Umzekelo, ugcino-lwazi lolawulo kwizikolo lungatyhila izithuba ezizingisileyo zokuphumeza phambi kokuba babe ziindawo zokuthetha kwezobupolitika.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isizukulwana se-'FLT' esifutshanisiweyo''''' uhlolo lwenkqubo lweenkqubo ezikhoyo zingacebisa ukuba zithembise iindlela eziye zazanywa kwenye indawo, ukugcina ixesha kunye noovimba ekuphuhliseni izicelo ezintsha.
  • [[Uvavanyo:0] olusebenzayo: uvavanyo lokuxela kwangaphambili kunye nohlalutyo lwexabiso lomntu lungaqikelela iziphumo ezinokwenzeka zomthetho ocetywayo phambi kokuba udluliswe, uvumele abenzi bomthetho ukuba balinganise urhwebo.
  • ulwahlulo kunye nolungiso: Xa inkqubo imisiwe, ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi oluqhubekayo kunye nohlolo lubonisa ukuba iyalufikelela na usukelo lwayo, nokuba ngaba kufuneka ulungiso oluphakathi.

Lo mjikelo awuzenzekeli; ufuna izibonelelo, njengamaqela ophando olunikezelwayo ngaphakathi kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho, amaqabane neeyunivesithi, nokufikelela kwiinkqubo zogcino-lwazi zikarhulumente. Amazwe afana neKhanada ne-Australia aye afaka imali eninzi kwezo zibonelelo, neziphumo eziphawulekayo.

Iingenelo zomgaqo-nkqubo osekelwe kubungqina

Xa iphunyezwe kakuhle, inkqubo esekelwe kubungqina inika uludwe lweengenelo zekonkrithi ezingaphaya kolwaneliseko lwengqiqo.

Iziphumo eziphucukileyo

Eyona nzuzo icacileyo kukuba iinkqubo ezibhengezwe ngobungqina zinokuba zinokufikelela iinjongo zazo. Utshintsho lwemfundo olusekelwe kwiimvavanyo ezithe gqolo olubonisa ukuba ukuqeqesha uvavanyo oluninzi ngokuqinisekileyo luza kuvelisa utshintsho olusekelwe kwingcamango ethandwayo kodwa engavavanywanga. Ngokufanayo, ungenelelo lwempilo loluntu olulandela ugcino-lwazi oluphathelele ukudluliselwa kwezifo `ngokufana namaphulo okugonya ubomi obuninzi kunamathuba angenamsebenzi abonisa ukuba azihoyi iprojectdimiology.

Isiphumo-

Oorhulumente basebenza phantsi koqingqo-mali olulinganiselweyo. Inkqubo esekelwe kubungqina inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba oovimba abalinganiselweyo bajoliswe kwiinkqubo ezinika imbuyekezo enkulu kutyalo-mali. Umzekelo, uhlolo olungqongqo lweenkqubo zobuntwana bangaphambili lubonise ukuba idola ngalinye elichithwa ngomgangatho ophezulu kwisikolo sesikolo sesikolo sesikolo semfundo encinane lifumana imali enokuba zii-$7 kwimali ezigcinwe ixesha elide ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho oluncitshisiweyo, ingeniso ephezulu, kunye neziphumo ezingcono zempilo. Ngaphandle kobungqina, ezo dolarrandi zinokuqukumbela kwiinkqubo ngomlinganiselo omncinci okanye ngeziphumo.

Ukuthenjwa Nomthetho

Abemi banokuthembana kakhulu ngezigqibo zikarhulumente xa bebona ukuba ezo zigqibo zisekelwe kuhlalutyo olunenjongo kunokuba zisekelwe kwintsebenziswano yezobupolitika okanye kwiingcamango. Ukubonisa ngaphaya kobungqina obungaphantsi kwenkqubo kunganciphisa ukwenziwa kwemimandla esukkileyo kwaye kwakhe inkxaso ye-bipartis. Umzekelo, xa abenzi bemithetho bomthetho abavela kuwo omabini amacala banokubonisa into enye ebonisa ukuba ityala elithile lolwaphulo-mthetho linciphisa ukupheliswa komthetho, kuba lula ukubeka umthetho onokuthi ngaphandle koko unqandwe yi-gridrock.

Ukulungelelaniswa Nokuzivumelanisa

Inkqubo esekelwe kubungqina ayimi ndawonye. Ngenxa yokuba isekelwe kugcino-lwazi, ingazivumelanisa njengoko ulwazi olutsha lusibakhona. Ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, umzekelo, imigaqo yempilo kawonke-wonke isoloko ihlaziywa ngokusekelwe ekuvuleni uphando olumalunga nokusasazeka, ukunqanda ukuthintelwa, kunye nokusebenza kwemichiza. Oku kubhetyebhetye-bhetyeshela kuvumela oorhulumente ukuba baphendule ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi kwimeko etshintsha ngokukhawuleza. Indlela yengqiqo epheleleyo ibiya kuba ngqongqo kakhulu kwaye ingasebenzi kakhulu.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Ekufezekiseni Inkqubo Esekelwe Kubungqina

Nangona iluncedo, inkqubo esekelwe kubungqina ijongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo. Ukuqonda olu celomngeni kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwayo.

Ukuchaswa Kwezobupolitika

Mhlawumbi umqobo omkhulu nguwo wobuzwilakhe. Ubungqina obuphikisanayo nenkolelo ebambelele kakhulu okanye iqela elinamandla lenzala linokungahoywa, licinezelwe, okanye lide ligxekwe. Abenzi bomthetho bangamisa inzuzo emfutshane yexesha elide kuncedo olude, iinkqubo zenkxaso-mali ezithandwayo kodwa ezingasebenziyo ngoxa zinqumla ezo zisebenzayo kodwa zingenako ukubonakala. Ukuxhathisa oku kufuna utshintsho lwenkcubeko kunye nenkqubo yezikomfakelwayo .

Umda We-data

Ubungqina bomgangatho ophezulu abusoloko bufumaneka. Imibuzo emininzi ebalulekileyo yenkqubo ayizange ihlolwe ngokungqongqo. Ugcino-lwazi lungangangaphelelanga, luphelelwe lixesha, okanye luqokelelwe ngeendlela ezingenisa ikhethe. Kumazwe asakhasayo, iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi zisoloko zibuthathaka, zisenza kube nzima ukulandelela iziphumo. Kwanalapho ugcino-lwazi lukhona, lungahlulwa ngokwahlulahlula amasebe kwaye kube nzima ukudibanisa. Ukuveliswa kweenkqubo zogcino-lwazi ezidityanisiweyo ezilandela abantu abangaphaya kwemfundo, impilo, kunye nomsebenzi .

Ixesha Elinzima

Imithetho isoloko isebenza kwimimiselo engqongqo, kunye namatyala ahamba ngeekomiti nakwimigangatho kwiiveki okanye kwanangeentsuku. Ukuhlola ngokucokisekileyo okanye ukuhlola okucwangcisiweyo kungathatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka. Abenzi-nkqubo maxa wambi kufuneka benze izigqibo ngaphambi kokuba ubungqina bufike. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, inkqubo esekelwe kubungqina ithetha ukusebenzisa ulwazi olungcono olukhoyo ngexesha eli.[1] nokuba ngaba alufezekanga, kwaye kufuneka baphinde baphinde bahlole isigqibo.

Ubuntsonkothile kunye nemeko

Iingxaki zentlalo aziqheleki. Inkqubo enciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho kwesinye isenokusilela kwesinye ngenxa yokwahlukahlukana kwamanani, imisebenzi yamapolisa, okanye iimeko zezoqoqosho. Ubungqina obusuka kuvavanyo olulawulwayo bungaguqulela ngqo kwinyaniso yenkqubo ye-scale system enkulu equlunqweyo. Oku “kuvavanya ukusetyenziswa kwe-" ukuvavanya kuthetha ukuba ubungqina kufuneka bucaciswe ngokhathalelo, kwaye ukuqhuba nokuqhelaniswa kwasekuhlaleni kuyimfuneko.

Uphando lwemeko lomgaqo-nkqubo osekelwe kubungqina

Imizekelo ecacileyo inceda kuboniswe amandla enkqubo esekelwe kubungqina esebenzayo.

Impilo Kawonke - wonke: Ukulawula Icuba

Ukunciphisa okuphawulekayo kwenani lokutshaya kumazwe amaninzi libali elifundwayo lempumelelo. Iminyaka engamashumi yophando lwezifo ezibulalayo yaveza uqhagamshelwano phakathi kokutshaya nomhlaza, isifo semiphunga, kunye nesifo sentliziyo. Iimvavanyo ezingakhethiyo kunye nohlalutyo lwezoqoqosho zabonisa ukuphumelela kwerhafu, iilebhile ezibonisa isilumkiso, nemithetho yokungatshati. Oorhulumente abalandela ubungqina bokunyusa iirhafu zecuba, ukuvalela ukubhengezwa kweminxeba, kunye nokuxhasa ngemali ukuyeka ukutshaya ziyanda ngama-50% okanye ngaphezulu. Ubungqina babonisa ukuba ekugqibeleni baphumelela inkcaso ekrakra yoo ekhuni.

Imfundo: Iingenelo eziphumelelayo ekufundeni

EUnited States, iZiko lemfundo lixhase amakhulu amalingo alawulwa ngokungacwangciswanga okuchaza oko kusebenzayo kwimfundo. Enye inkcazo ekhoyo yiReading Recovery, inkqubo enye-enye yokufundisa abaqalayo abazama ukufunda. Uvavanyo oluninzi lufumanise ukuba inkqubo ivelise inkqubela ebalulekileyo, ehlala ixesha elide kwimfundo. Iphondo lesikolo elamkela iReading Recovery ngokusekelwe kobu bungqina lwabona inkqubela elungelekayo ekufundeni ubuninzi, ngoxa izifunda ezixhomekeke kubafundi abangakhange bazame zazisoloko zibona inkqubela encinane.

Ubulungisa Obesaphula Icala: Ukuphelisa Ukufuna Ukuphelisa Uhlanganiso

Imodeli ye-Washington’s Seace-Needs-Responsvakation (RNR) ibonisa indlela obunokuguquka ngayo ubungqina bokulungiswa. Ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zovavanyo lomngcipheko ezisebenzayo ukudibanisa amabanjwa ngokweemeko zawo zokuphinda aphinde aphele, kwaye emva koko athelekise kwiinkqubo zokubuyisela ubuchule obusekelwe kubungqina obusekelwe kubuchule. Njengenkqubo yonyango lwezifundo kunye nonyango lweziyobisi . Yahington inciphisa amazinga e-redificidism ngo-15% ukuya ku-20%. Ezi ndlela zogcino-data-drensive ziye zafunyaniswe kwezinye iindawo, zigcina amawaka ezigidi kwiindleko zokuzibo zokhuseleko ngexa kuphuculwa ukhuseleko lukawonke wonke. [[FLT:]] Isiko sesizwe seJanolvice lwamast [[FLT]

Umgaqo - siseko Wemekobume: Imozulu Iyatshintsha

Inkqubo esekelwe kubungqina ingundoqo kwimigudu yokulwa nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Ukufuzisela imozulu, ugcino-lwazi olukhupha ukhupho, kunye nohlalutyo lwezoqoqosho luye lwafumanisa ukuhlaziywa kongenelelo olukhoyo lokungenelela kwezixhobo zokuxhasa amandla, imilinganiselo yokusebenza kakuhle kwamahlathi, kunye nokulondolozwa kwehlathi okunganciphisa iigesi ezishushu ngexabiso eliphantsi. Amazwe asebenzisa ikharbon esekelwe kobu bungqina, njenge-Sweden neBritish Columbia, aphumele ekuncipheni kwemiphelo ephawulekayo ngaphandle kokwenzakalisa ukwanda kwezoqoqosho.

Ubuchule bokukhuthaza umgaqo-nkqubo osekelwe kubungqina

Ukusuka kumnqweno ukuya kuqhelisela kudinga ukwenza izinto ngamabomu kumgangatho ohlukahlukeneyo.

Ingeniso Kulawulo Logcino-lwazi

Ngaphandle kogcino-lwazi oluthembekileyo, olufike ngexesha, inkqubo esekelwe kubungqina ayinakwenzeka. Oorhulumente kufuneka bakhe iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi ezidityanisiweyo ezidibanisa iingxelo ngaphaya koorhulumente ngeli lixa bekhusela iindawo zobuqu. Kufuneka baxhase uvavanyo oluqhubekayo lweenkqubo ezinkulu, besebenzisa imimiselo engqongqo njengeemvavanyo ezilawulwa ngokungakhethiyo kunye neendlela zobuchule.

Ubuchule bokwakha

Imimiselo ingenza ii-ofisi zophando ezingangeni nxaxheba, ezifana neNkonzo yophando lweKhomishoni (CRS) eUnited States okanye i-ofisi yePalamente yeScience kunye noBuchwepheshi (POST) eUK, enika ubungqina obufutshane, uqikelelo lwexabiso, kunye nohlolo. Ezi ofisi kufuneka zifakwe ngabahlalutyi abaqeshi abaqeqeshiweyo kwaye zigqunywe kwinkqele yezobupolitika.

Abaqeqeshi nabaqeshwa

Abenzi benkqubo abaninzi abanaluqeqesho olusesikweni ekutolikeni ugcino-lwazi okanye iindlela zophando. Ukunikezela ngoomatshini bokusebenzela, unxulumano, kunye noovimba be-intanethi kwinkqubo esekelwe kubungqina ``````I-PAL'''' e-MIT.

Unxulumano lwangaphakathi nabaphandi

Imisebenzi engachananga, iintloko-mikhosi, nemibutho yophando inganika ubuchule nogcino-lwazi olungekhoyo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Amaqabane afana nobuchule bophando (RPPs), aqinisekisa ukuba uphando lunxulumene neemfuno zomgaqo-nkqubo kwaye oko kufunyaniswe kuko kuthethwa kwiifom

Cela Ubungqina Kwinkqubo Yomthetho

Amanye amagunya amisele imithetho efuna ukuba umthetho omkhulu ukhatshwe luhlolisiso olusekelwe kubungqina. Umzekelo, “inkqubo esekelwe kubungqina” ka-Oregon igunyazisa ukuba amaqumrhu karhulumente asebenzise iinkqubo eziye zangqinwa zisebenza ngophando olungqongqo. Ezi mfuneko zidala“ okumiselweyo” okukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kobungqina.

Imigaqo yexesha elizayo ukwenzela inkqubo esekelwe kubungqina

Njengokuba ubugcisa buhambela phambili kwaye ugcino-lwazi lusanda, ukubonelela ngenkqubo esekelwe kubungqina kuya kukhula. Ubuchule bokwenziwa kunye nokufundwa komatshini kungahlalutya iinkcazelo ezinkulu zokuchonga imilinganiselo kunye neziphumo ezithelekelelwayo, nangona ezi zixhobo kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngobulumko ukukhusela ukuqinisa ucalucalulo. Iibhodi zogcino-lwazi lwexesha lokwenene zinganika abayili-nkqubo ulwazi oluya kubuchule bokuvelisa. Ubuchule benzululwazi bobuchule busetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo ukwenza imigaqo ekhuthaza abemi ukuba bakhetheke kakuhle, ngokuvavanya ngobuchule babo bokuqinisekisa ukuphumelela.

Kwangaxeshanye, ibala lixakekiswa zii-critiques ezibalulekileyo. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi ukuxhomekeka ngokugqithiseleyo kubungqina obungalinganiyo bungadibanisa ingqiqo yomgca ukusuka kuluntu oluchaphazelekayo ngemigaqo. Abanye babonisa ukuba into ebalulekileyo “kukuziphendulo” idla ngokukhethwa ngabo banegunya, kwaye amalizwi aphantsi kufuneka aqukwe kwinkqubo. Isizukulwana esilandelayo senkqubo esekelwe kubungqina buzakufuna ukuquka, ukubonakala okungaphaya, nokuqhelaniswa ngakumbi nokuvumelana nomongo wamandla.

Isiphelo

Imeko yenkqubo esekelwe kubungqina iyanyanzelisa. Xa abamisi-mthetho bemisa izigqibo zabo kuphando oluqinileyo kunye nogcino-lwazi, bavelisa imithetho esebenzayo ngcono, exabisa kancinci, kwaye bayalela ukuthembana okungakumbi noluntu. Kodwa indlela esuka kwingcamango yokusebenza igcwele imiqobo //imeko-bume, inkqubano, inkqubano, kunye nendlela yokusebenza. Ukuzikhupha kufuna kufuneke utyalo oluqhubekayo kugcino-lwazi, ubuchule, notshintsho lwenkcubeko. Kufuna kwakhona ukuthobeka: ukuqonda ukuba ubungqina busoloko busoloko buhleliwe, okokuba imigaqo kufuneka ivavanywe rhoqo ize ihluzwe, kwaye isukele, kwaye eyona njongo ayikokuphelisa umgwebo umgwebo womntu, kodwa ukukwazisa ngolwazi olulungileyo olukhoyo.

Kwixesha lemingeni yomhlaba wonke, ```i-pandemic'', ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ukungalingani, kunye nokuphazamiseka kobugcisa'.' Imfuneko yokulawula okusekelwe kubungqina ayizange ikhule kakhulu. Ngokuzenza izinto, nangokuthembeka ngoko kungahambi kakuhle, abenzi bomthetho bangakha ikamva elingekusebenzi nje kuphela, kodwa elinobuchule obungakumbi.