Ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo liyintsika esisiseko yalo naliphi na ibutho ledemokhrasi, elisebenza njengelitye elisisiseko apho uluntu lukholosa khona kwinkqubo yokugweba. Asilosiko nje kodwa sisiqinisekiso esincinci sokuba wonke umntu, kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi yakhe okanye uhlobo lwezityholo ezichaswe kulo, uza kuvalwa yinkundla yezoburhulumente engenamkhethe kwaye agwetywe ngokwemigaqo yomthetho. Eli nqaku linika ukuvavanywa okunzulu kwemigaqo esekelwe kwiimvavanyo ezifanelekileyo, indima enzima yejaji, iziphumo eziphambili zemeko zentlalo, kunye nocelomngeni ezingapheliyo ezisongela ezinjongo zale mihla.

Isiseko Setyala Elifanelekileyo

Ityala elisesikweni linyathelo elisemthethweni elinamathela kwimilinganiselo ehlonelwa lihlabathi lonke yokusesikweni, liqinisekisa ukuba onke amaqela afumana ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo nokuba iziphumo zisekelwe kuphela kumthetho nakubungqina obunikelweyo. Le ngcamango ibekwe kwizixhobo ezininzi zamalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke, ngokuphawulekayo iSigqibo 10 seSindululo soMhlaba Sezizwe Zonke saMalungelo Abantu neQumrhu 14 leMithetho yeZizwe Ezihlangene Ngamalungelo Oluntu (ICCPR). La maxwebhu amisela ukuba wonke umntu unelungelo lokuchotshelwa ngokusesikweni nangokwaselubala ngumntu onegunya, ozimeleyo, nongenamkhethe omiselwe ngumthetho. Ililungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni likwalelo lobulungisa lwenkqubo yamalungelo abantu, njengeSigqendulo 6 seNgqungquthela yezizwe zaseYurophu eMalungelweni oLuntu.

Ngokwembali, ingcamango yokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni okuphuhlisiwe njengendlela yokukhusela amandla karhulumente azimeleyo. Ngokomzekelo, iMagna Carta ka-1215, yayiquka amabinzana aqinisekisa umgwebo woontanga bomntu kunye nomthetho. Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, iinkqubo zomthetho ziye zaziphucula ezi zikhuselwe ngeemfundiso ezifana nenkqubo efanelekileyo, imigaqo yendalo, kunye nenkqubo yabachasi. Kumthetho oqhelekileyo, ukubekwa kobumsulwa nelungelo lokumelana nabamangaleli kwaba sisiseko. Kwinkqubo yomthetho wamakhaya, ukugxininiswa komcuphicothi-zincwadi kunye nenkqubo epheleleyo yexesha elingaphambili kufeza injongo efanayo. Ngaphandle kwesithethe, injongo engundoqo ihlala ingatshintshiwe: ukuthintela ukulahleka kokusesikweni nokugweba nokuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zithembekile kwaye zifanelekile.

Imigaqo Efanelekileyo Yezilingo

Isakhiwo setyala elilungileyo sixhomekeke kwimigaqo emininzi enxulumeneyo. Umsebenzi ngamnye ubalulekile, kwaye umsebenzi wabo odityanisiweyo udala inkqubo ehlonela isidima somntu kunye nomthetho. Ngezantsi, sandisa kwimigaqo engundoqo evezwe ngaphambili, sinika umongo onzulu kunye nesicelo sehlabathi lokwenene.

Ilayini esuka kwilayini ye Marcus

Ilungelo lokumela ngokusemthethweni liqinisekisa ukuba umntu otyholwayo angafumana uncedo lwegqwetha elifanelekayo. Oku akuyomfuneko nje ukuba imicimbi yomthetho intsonkothile, kwaye abantu abangaqeqeshwanga baxhotyiswe ngokungafanelekanga ukuqhuba imithetho ebhaliweyo, imilinganiselo ecacileyo, kunye nomthetho. Ilungelo liquka ukukwazi ukukhetha icebo lomntu, kwaye ukuba umntu akanamali yegqwetha, urhulumente kufuneka anikele ityala lakhe ngaphandle kwexabiso. Izizwe ngezizwe njengeKomiti yamaLungelo engoMbutho woluntu ziqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba ilungelo lokusebenzisa icebiso ukususela kwixesha lokubanjwa okanye lokuvalelwa kweminyanzelo. Ngaphandle komelo olusebenzayo, amanye amalungelo okugweba alungileyo, njengoko amangqina okanye azimeleyo ekhuthane.

Ukusetyenziswa

Mhlawumbi owona mgaqo udumileyo, ukucinga ukuba umntu otyholwayo ugqalwa njengomsulwa, ucinga ukuba wonke umntu omsulwa ugqalwa njengomsulwa de agwetywe enetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Lo mgaqo uguqula umthwalo wobungqina ngokupheleleyo kwityala, ufuna ukuba banikele ubungqina obaneleyo bokuqinisekisa ukuba inyani iyayikhusela intetho egqwethekileyo yamagunya okanye ijelo-ndaba eliphatha ummangalelwa njengonetyala ngaphambi kokuba kufikelelwe kwisigqibo. Oku kuthetha ukuba abamangalelwa abanakunyanzelwa ukungqina, kwaye ukungathethi kwabo akunakusetyenziswa njengobungqina betyala. Ingqibo yokungabi natyala likhusikhuselo ekuchaseni ityala eliphosakeleyo kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente akanakohlwaya ngaphandle kokuyingqina kuqala ityala lakhe.

Ukuva Uwonke Wonke Nokubonisa Imbonakalo

Kufuneka kuqhutywe izilingo ngokubanzi kuwonke wonke ukuze kuqatshelwe uphando ngabantu kunye namajelo eendaba. Oku kuvela ngokucacileyo kusebenza njengovavanyo lwamandla okugweba, ukudimaza ikhethe, ukunganyaniseki, okanye iingcebiso eziyimfihlo ezinokuthi zikhokelele ekungekho sikweni. Ukuvalwa koluntu kukwafundisa uluntu ngenkqubo engokwasemthethweni, ukukhulisa intembelo. Noko ke, kukho okuchaseneyo, njengokukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe, ukhuseleko lwabantwana okanye amaxhoba, okanye ukuphepha ukugweba ukulawulwa kokusesikweni. Kwanaxa inkundla ivaliwe, umgwebo wokugqibela kufuneka wenziwe eluntwini, kwaye i makabhalwe ukuze kuvunywe uphando.

Ukuya Kwityala Elikhawulezileyo

Okusesikweni kulibaziseka. Ilungelo lokuvavanya ngokukhawuleza liqinisekisa ukuba ummangalelwa akashiywanga kwimeko yokungaqiniseki okanye ukuvalelwa ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba kuqulwe ityala ixesha elide ngokungekho mthethweni. Ukulibazisa kunokuzikhusela ngokubangela ukuba iinkumbulo zobungqina ziphele, ubungqina bokulahleka, okanye ubomi bomntu omangalelweyo bokuphazanyiswa ngokungenakulungiseka. Oku kwenza “umthetho” ungafaniyo ngokulawula nangokuntsonkotha, kodwa iinkundla ziseke ukulinganisa ubude bokulibala, izizathu zokuba lilibazise, ukuthethelelwa kommangalelwa, kunye nekhethe. Iinkundla zezizwe ngezizwe, njengeNkundla ye- International Criminational, ikwanelvected Court, ikwazingcelelelela izityholo ezincolo ezincomelayo ngexa kugcinwa ngokusesikweni.

Ityala Elingakhethiyo

Umenzi wesigqibo (------eno-mgwebi okanye umgwebi) kufuneka angakhethi buso kwaye angabi namkhethe, nokuba yeyokwenyani okanye icace. Oku kufuna ukuba inkundla ingabi namdla wobuqu kwiziphumo, ingabi nanxaxheba kwityala, kwaye akukho tyekelo luchasene nommangalelwa okanye ixhasa ityala. Ukungakhethi buso kukhuselwa ngemithetho egqwethayo, imigaqo yokwahlula amagunya. Kwinkqubo ezininzi, izabelo ezingakhethi macala neenkqubo zokukhetha zijolise ekuqinisekiseni ubundilele. Ukubonakala kokungakhethi bubaluleke njengokungakhethi buso; kwanokuqonda ikhethe kusenokukujongela phantsi ukuthemba abantu ngokubanzi.

Eminye Imigaqo

Ngapha koko kudweliswe, eminye imigaqo iquka ilungelo lokuxelelwa izityholo ngokukhawuleza nangenkcukacha, ilungelo lokulungiselela ixesha elaneleyo kunye nezixhobo zokulungiselela ukhuseleko, ilungelo lokuhlola amangqina (ingxelo echaphazelekayo), ilungelo elichasene nokuzithethelela, kunye nokhuseleko kwingozi ephindwe kabini. Yonke le migaqo isebenza kunye ukwenza isiseko esilungelelanisiweyo esilawula amandla ombuso kunye nokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

Indima Yenkululeko Yezakwalizwi Nezeejaji

Ijaji ingumphathi wamalungelo afanelekileyo okuvavanywa. Abagwebi kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba imicimbi ihambelana nemigangatho esemthethweni, okokuba ubungqina buvunywa ngokufanelekileyo, nokuba amalungelo awo onke amaqela ayahlonelwa. Izigqibo zabo zibumba ityala, ukusuka kwimiqathango yangaphambi kwetyala ukuya kwisigwebo. Noko ke, ukuze abagwebi baphumeze le ndima ngokunempumelelo, kufuneka basebenze ngaphakathi kwenkqubo eqinisekisa inkululeko yabo.

Inkululeko Yomthetho

Ukuzimela ngokwamatyala kuthetha ukuba abagwebi bakhululekile ukugqiba amatyala asekelwe ekutolikeni kwabo umthetho nezibakala, ngaphandle kokuphazamisana namasebe aphetheyo, owiso-mthetho, okanye izilangazelelo zobuqu. Le nkululeko ifuna ukwakhiwa: ifuna ukukhuselwa, ingeniso eyaneleyo, kunye nenkqubo yokumisa ecacileyo. Kukwafuneka ukuba kubekho isithethe sokuhlonela izigqibo zomthetho, kwanaxa bengathandwa ngurhulumente. Kumazwe amaninzi, amabhunga azimeleyo okanye amabhunga azimeleyo okanye amagunya ajonge ukutyunjwa kunye nengqeqesho ukunqanda ukuhlaziywa kobuswa kwenkululeko. IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo Ezimeleyo Zesigqeba Ezisisiseko Zenkululeko Yolawulo Lwephondo, kunye nenkqubo ecacileyo zigxininiso-Judiary zigxininisa ukuba abagwebi abagwebi abagwebi benza izigqibo phambi kwazo, ngokusekelwe kwizibakalathiso, nakuvumelana nomthetho, ngaphandle kwemiqatha, iimpembelelo ezingafanelekanga, okanye iingcinezelo ezingafanelekanga.

Ukuzimela geqe akunanto ipheleleyo; abagwebi bahlala benoxanduva lokuhlola, lwemigaqo yehambo, nakwiimeko ezimandundu, ukususwa kwehambo engafanelekanga enzulu. Kodwa ukuphendula akumele kulalanise kwinkululeko. Ulungelelwano olululo phakathi kwenkululeko nokuziphendulela luyinxalenye echaza inkqubo engokomthetho eqolileyo.

Ukuqhelisela Ukungakhethi Buso Kwezigwebo

Ukungakhethi buso kufuna ukuba abagwebi bakhethe iimbono zobuqu kunye nokuphatha bonke abagwebi ngokulinganayo. Oku kunzima kunokuba vakala kuba ucalucalulo olungekho zingqondweni olusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufanasini, imeko yentlalo, okanye amava exesha elidlulileyo lungangena. Amagunya amaninzi ngoku afuna uqeqesho olucacileyo kubagwebi nokukhuthaza izihlalo ezahlukeneyo ukuze kufikelelwe iingcinga ezininzi. Ukusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo yabachopheli-mfatha ukukhumbuza abachongi ngomsebenzi wabo wokungakhethi. Kwiimeko ezinzulu, abagwebi bangayibeka imiyalelo, i-gagsquester gearys, okanye bashele ityala kwisabelo esahlukileyo ukuze balondoloze ukungakhethi.

Ukuphendula komgwebi nokuthenjwa

Ngoxa ukuzimela kubaluleke, uluntu kufuneka luthembe ukuba abagwebi abangaphezulu kumthetho. Iinkqubo ezifana nezigqibo ezipapashwayo, ukuqulunqwa kwenkundla, nokubhena kuqinisekisa ukuba igunya lokugweba alikho ngokomthetho. Xa abagwebi bejongwa njengabanganyanisiyo okanye abathathi-nxaxheba, ukuvavanywa ngokusesikweni kuba yinto engenakwenzeka, kwaye yonke inkqubo yokusesikweni iyabandezeleka. Ngoko ke, ukugcina imilinganiselo ephakamileyo yokuziphatha nokumisela iziphumo zokuziphatha okungafanelekanga kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe umthetho ofanelekileyo.

Impembelelo Yezilingo Ezilungileyo Kuluntu

Iimvavanyo ezifanelekileyo azinakufunyanwa ngabantu ababandakanyekileyo, kodwa ziluncedo ebantwini bonke yaye zikhuthaza uluntu.

Ukukholosa Ngenkqubo Yasemthethweni

Xa abantu bekholelwa ukuba iinkundla zilungile, basenokusebenzisa imijelo esemthethweni ukucombulula iingxabano kunokuba bafune uncedo okanye ugonyamelo. Ukukholosa kwinkqubo yokugweba kwanda ukuthobela imithetho, kukhuthaza intsebenziswano nomthetho, kwaye kukhuthaza ukunyanzelisa impucuko yomthetho. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa iimvavanyo zibonwa njengezixhotyisiweyo, abantu baphelelwa lukholo, kunye nokuncitshiswa kobudlelane. Uhlolisiso lubonise ukuba isigwebo somthetho (*) ingqiqo yokuba izigqibo zenziwe ngenkqubo elungileyo, kwaye zikhuthaza impembelelo enamandla ekunelisekeni kwabantu yinkqubo esemthethweni, kwanaxa iziphumo zingekho mthethweni.

Umthetho Nolungelelwano Loluntu

Izilingo ezifanelekileyo zingundoqo kumthetho, othi bonke abantu, amaziko, kunye namaqumrhu amele aphendule imithetho ebhengezwa esidlangalaleni, enyanzeliswa ngokulinganayo, nenganyanzeliswanga, kwaye ekhutshwa ngokwayo. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuba kwanabona bantu banamandla banokubekwa ityala, izilingo ezisesikweni zithintela ukuchasana nomthetho kunye nolawulo olungenazintloni. Umthetho udala imekobume ezisigxina ukwenzela ukukhula kwezoqoqosho, ukuveliswa kwemali, kunye nenkqubela-phambili yabantu.

Ukuthintela Ukungalungisi Kokusesikweni

Iziphumo ezibonakalayo zeemvavanyo ezifanelekileyo kukuncitshiswa kweenkolelo eziphosakeleyo. Imbali izele ngamatyala apho abantu abangenatyala bagwetywayo ngenxa yokungxengxezwa, ukuphoxeka kobungqina obuchanekileyo, okanye ukugweba okunetyala. I-Innocence Project, umzekelo, iye yasebenzisa uvavanyo lwe-DNA ukuveza amakhulu abantu abagwetywe ngokuphosakeleyo eUnited States, ngokufuthi ityhila ukuba iimvavanyo zokuqala zazingenabulungisa. Ukuvavanywa okusesikweni okusesikweni kukhusela okufana nelungelo lokufumana isiluleko, ukususwa kobungqina obungathembekangathembekanga, kunye nokuhlola i-Brobellaste okungcono .

Iimvavanyo Ezifanelekileyo Zexesha Elizayo

Ngaphandle kwendlela eqhelekileyo, iimvavanyo ezifanelekileyo zijongene nocelomngeni oluninzi kwihlabathi langoku. Olu celomngeni lusuka kwimiqathango yoovimba ukuya ekukhukulisweni kwemigangatho yedemokhrasi.

Ukulingana Kwenkqubo

Ukwahlula ngokwezoqoqosho kusengumqobo omkhulu. Abamangalelwa abafumileyo bangawahlawula amaqela aphezulu asemthethweni, amangqina, kunye nabaphandi-zincwadi, ngeli xesha abamangalelwa abangomaphambili bexhomekeke kubakhuseli bakawonke wonke abaxhotyisiweyo abanoqingqo-mali olulinganiselweyo. Ilungelo lokucebisa alisebenzi ukuba igqwetha elimiselweyo libamba amakhulu etyala ngaxeshanye kwaye lidibana nomxhasi imizuzu embalwa ngaphambi kokuvavanywa. Ikhethe lobuhlanga kunye nolobuhlanga nalo liyaqhubekeka, ngophando olubonisa ukuba abamangalelwa abambalwa basenokuba banokubekwa ityala baze bafumane izigwebo ezingqongqo. Ukunika intetho yezo zifuna inkxaso ukuze kuxhaswe iinkqubo zokukhusela uluntu, ukuqeqesha ukucalulaza, kunye nokulungisa imigaqo efana notshintsho olufana nokunciphisa ukugcinwa kwetyala amahlwempu.

Impembelelo Yeendaba Neembono Zabantu

Umjikelo weeyure ezingama-24 weendaba kunye nezixhobo zokunxibelelana nabantu ezimanyeneyo zingavelisa ucalucalulo olunzulu olo luthethwayo. Iimeko eziphezulu ze-profile zisoloko zibona ukuchotshelwa kwangaphambili kommangalelwa njengenetyala, okwenza kube nzima kwi-panel yolawulo olungakhethiyo. Kwanasemva kokuvavanywa, iingxelo zonxibelelwano zinokukhupha ingqiqo nengcinezelo kawonke-wonke. Nangona ilungelo lokuchotshelwa kwetyala libalulekile, iinkundla kufuneka zililinganisele ekunene ekuthethweni ngokufanelekileyo. Imiyalelo yeGag, ukutshintsha indawo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwetyala kunezigwebo zogwebo zingezinye izicombululo ezifanelekileyo, kodwa azisoloko zanele.

Iinqobo zecebo

Iinkundla ezivunyiweyo zilwa namatyala, nto leyo ekhokelela ekulibaziseni okude okuchasene nelungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza. Kwamanye amazwe, ukuvalelwa kwangaphambili kunakho ukudlula iminyaka, ukubohlwaya ngokunempumelelo abantu ngaphambi kokuba bagwetywe. Ukungabikho kobuncwane kuchaphazela ubunjani babatoliki benkundla, iintatheli, kunye nokuqeqeshwa kwenkundla. Ubugcisa bunganceda iinkqubo zokuqukuqela, kodwa ukuqulunqwa komnxeba kusemngciphekweni, njengohlaselo lwekhompyutha kwiingxelo zenkundla okanye uqhathelo lwemithetho-algalism kwinkqubo ye-filic.

Izisongelo Zenkululeko Yogwebo

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amazwe amaninzi aye ahlaselwa ngozimeleyo olulawulayo ngongenelelo lwezigqeba, ukuphazanyiswa yinkundla, okanye ukukhathazwa ngabagwebi. Xa urhulumente ekwazi ukushenxisa abagwebi abalawula ngokuchasene nayo, okanye xa iinkundla zikhutshelwa igunya kwimicimbi ethile, ukuvavanywa ngokusesikweni akunakwenzeka. Iintlanganiso zezizwe ngezizwe njengeBhunga leVenice Commission yaseYurophu ziye zaphuhlisa imilinganiselo yokukhusela ukuzimela ngokweekomiti, kodwa ukuthobela akufani.

Ubuxhakaxhaka Obudityanisiweyo Namalungelo Afanelekileyo

Ukusetyenziswa kobuchule obungeyoyamvelo ekwenzeni izigqibo ezisemthethweni, umzekelo, izixhobo zovavanyo lomngcipheko ukwenzela ibheyile okanye isalelo,(ukuchanabeka) ngokubhekiselele ekuboneni, ekuchaneni, nakubuqhetseba. Ukuba i-algorithms zizizi okanye ziqeqeshelwe ugcino-lwazi olunengxenge-macala, zingaphinda ziphinde zithathe ikhethe. Ngokufanayo, iindlebe ezikude zisebenzisa ividiyo eziye zasasazeka kakhulu ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, zingayekelela ekuthetheni kwamalungelo ommangalelwayo kunye nekhono likawonke-wonke lokugcina ityala. Iinkundla kufuneka zizenze zilungelelanise ngoxa zigcina imigaqo engundoqo yokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni.

Isiphelo

Iimvavanyo ezifanelekileyo asiyonto yolonwabo; ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yebutho elinobulungisa. Zikhusela abantu kwiinkulungwane ezithe zafunyanwa ngurhulumente, ziqinisekisa ukuba abatyalayo bagwetywa kuphela emva kobungqina obungqongqo, kwaye bagcine intembelo yoluntu kumthetho. Imigaqo yokumela umthetho, imbono yokuba umsulwa, ukuva, ukuvavanywa kwabantu, ukukhawuleza, kunye nenkundla engakhethiyo ingummiselo ebanzi elawulayo elungele ukuhlaziywa kweenkulungwane. Kodwa le migaqo isoloko isongelo phantsi kwemiqathango yokungalingani, ukuphazamisana kwezobupolitika, ukudilika kobugcisa, kunye nokungaqiniseki kwemiqathango yemiqathango. Imigaqo yokuzikongongomela ngokwezomthetho, iqumrhuluko loluntu, kunye nemizimba yezizwe ngezizwe iyimfuneko ukuyiphakamisa. Ekugqibeleni, amandla olawulo-demokhli alinganiswa ngendlela echatshazwa ngayo. Xa ityala elilungileyo, ukulawulwa kwemithetho yemithetho elungileyo.