Ukwazisa: Ungquzulwano Lwesiseko

Ukudibana kwamalungelo abantu kunye nomthetho-siseko kwenza isiseko solawulo-bume lwamaMelika. (8) Amalungelo oluntu akhuselwayo kwaye akhuphiswano. Ukuqonda ukuba la mazwe mabini anokusetyenziswa ngokulinganayo kunye nenkululeko ekucalucalulweni (*) asiyoenjongo ezingekho ngqiqweni; azizibo ezigunyaziswayo ngokusemthethweni ezisekelwe kumGaqo-siseko wase-U. kunye nokupheliswa kwawo. Lo mthetho wezomthetho-siseko, unika isiseko, isiseko, isiseko, ukuchazwa kobugxaki, kunye neengxaki ezihlala zicacisa ulwalamano oluqhubekayo phakathi kwamalungelo abantu kunye nomthetho-ogxampyutha eUnited States. Ngokuhlola la magunya, sifumana umfanekiso ocacileyo wendlela asebenza ngayo umGawula-siseko kunye nokulawula umanyano.

Imeko Yembali: Ukusuka Ekufunyanisweni Kuya Kukwakhiwa Kwakhona

Imvelaphi yamalungelo abantu eUnited States isukela emva kwixesha lokusekwa, kodwa umGaqo-siseko wokuqala wawunezinto eziphazamisayo ekukhotyokisweni nasekuvoti. Icandelo lesithathu le-ffiths (Umzobo I, Icandelo 2) ubala abantu abakhotyokisiweyo njengesithathu se-fesenti yomntu ngenjongo yokumela, kwaye ikhoboka elibhabhabhayo lifuna ukubuya kwamakhoboka asindayo. La malungiselelo afake umahluko wobuhlanga kumthetho.

Uhlaziyo lokuHlaziya i-Pranson Amendments (1865) lwabuphelisa ubukhoboka nobukhoboka obungeyomfuneko, ngaphandle kwesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho. [[FLT:] 14th [1] IsiHlanzi somphetho [[FLT:] [16]] [1865] sanika bonke abantu abazelwe okanye abadaliweyo] kwaye baqinisekisa ukukhuselwa ngokulinganayo kwemithetho kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo. [[FLT:] 15.15] Umshenxiso wolwaphulo-mthetho [FLT] [FLT] [12] [14] [1870]) ukwaliwa kohlanga olusekelwe kwivoti, okanye i-omatilo-mthetho engaphambili, okanye i-omatika obusemthethweni, zibekwe ngokwezicwangciso zexesha elizayo, nangona kushiyeke ukukhuliswe kumashumi eminyaka eemini e-CFLT] ukunyukelele kwemithetho echaza ingu-CFLD.

Ukusuka ekupheleni kwe-Reconsoleon ukuya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, iNkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko imisela umlinganiselo wokufikelela koMphetho-mva we-14. [FLT] Pnety v. Ferguson[FLT]] [1896], iNkundla ixhasa ukuma kohlanga phantsi kwe-"imfundiso elinganayo, ngokunempumelelo ivumela ucalulo lwezwe phantse amashumi amathandathu eminyaka, ibonisa indlela ukutolikwa komgaqo-siseko okunokuqhubela phambili okanye amalungelo abantu. Imfazwe yokulwela amalungelo abantu kwinkulungwane yama-20 yayiyimfazwe kungekuphela kwendlela yokulawula uluntu kodwa kwanolwazi olubanzi lobugqeqesholo.

Amalungiselelo angundoqo omgaqo-siseko akhusela amalungelo abemi

Ngapha koko kuhlaziywa kweSinyuko, amanye amalungiselelo aliqela kwiBhili yamaLungelo nakukulungiswa kamva asebenza njengemiqobo ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu. Ukuqonda la malungiselelo kubalulekile ekuqondeni isiseko somthetho esixhasa amalungelo abantu anamhlanje.

Uhlaziyo Lokuqala

UHlaziyo Lokuqala lukhusela inkululeko yonqulo, ukuthetha, ushicilelo, indibano, nelungelo lokucela urhulumente. Le migaqo isisiseko samalungelo abantu, ivumela abantu namaqela ukuba balungelelanise, baqhankqalaze, bafune iinguqu ezisemthethweni. INkundla Ephakamileyo ichaze uMphengululo wokuqala ukugubungela intetho efuziselayo (umz., ukutshiswa kweflegi) namalungelo omanyano, eziye zafuneka kwimibutho yamalungelo abantu njenge-NAACP. Ngaphandle kwale migaqo emininzi, imikhosi ebalaseleyo yamalungelo abantu ekwakungakho okunokwenzeka ukuba ithethe intetho yomfuziselo (umz.m....., ukutshiswa kwemibutho ebhaliweyo yezo .

IsiHlomelo Sesine, Sesihlanu Nesesithandathu

Ezi zindululo zikhusela abantu ekuphathweni korhulumente kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho. Uhlaziyiso lwesine lukhusela ekuphengululweni okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhwaleka, uMphengululo wesihlanu uqinisekisa inkqubo efunekayo kunye nokhuseleko olufunekayo kwisenzo sokuzithethelela, kwaye isiHlanziso seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza nokuchotshelwa kwabantu, ijaji engenamkhethe, kunye nesiluleko esisemthethweni. La malungiselelo abaluleke ngokukhethekileyo ekuthetheni nokucalucalucalucalucalulo lobu-calulo lobuhlanga kwinkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho. [[FLT:][5] [FLT] [FL:][FL:1]] [FT]] [5]] [5] [indective v.PGenerve][5]

IziHlaliso Zesi - 1000 Nezeshumi

ISinyuso se-Ninth siyavuma ukuba amalungelo angabalwanga ngqo kumGaqo-siseko asagcinwa ngabantu. Oku kuye kwasetyenziselwa ukuxhasa iimpikiswano zamalungelo angakhange aqhubekeki, njengamalungelo obuqu, ayila izisekelo zezigqibo ku . Connecticut[[FLT]] [65] [[65] [[FLT] [iilungelo lokufumana [iii-[FLT]] [iiiiiiindlela] [ii-Roce].[FLT][12][5] [7] [iiiiindawo ezigcina i-mentelligence] [iiiiiiiiinte][3] [iiiiitileti] [iiiiindawo ezilishumi elingagunyathiweyo ezingagunyaziswanga kurhulumente woooma okanye abantu, eziye ngamanye amaxesha athelela amalungelo oluntu, athe athe athe xa athe

IziHlanziso Zokuhlawulela Zamva

Iziphetho ezininzi ze 20-century zolungiso oluqhubela phambili lwamalungelo abantu. [[FLT: 0]] ISinyuso se19th sokuvota (2020) salwalela ucalulo olusekelwe kwisondo, ukwandisa unyulo lokuquka amabhinqa. [[[FLT:]]24] UHluliso-LT [1964]]) lwaphelisa irhafu yovolo, eyayisetyenziselwa ukususa irhafunxa, eyayisetyenziselwa ukuphelisa ingeniso ephantsi kwengeniso nevoti encinane. [[FLTLT:] 26] IsiHlumplisombululo [ [6]] [4] [4] [4] [4] I-1964] Ithoba iminyaka yokuvota [ngelela u18,4] ngexesha eliphakathi kwabakhulileyokunyaka wemfazwe yemfazwe yaseVietnam.

Uphawu lwetyala eliphakamileyo leNkundla lujongela phantsi amalungelo esizwe

INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekutolikeni umthetho womgaqo-siseko ukuba wandise okanye ubeke umda wamalungelo abantu. Amatyala ophawu lwelizwe amisele imizekelo eqhubeka ichaza ummandla osemthethweni. Ngeli ngezantsi ziziphumo ezingundoqo ezidityaniswe ngomxholo.

Ukuphelisa uHlukano lweMveli

v. Ibhodi yemfundo[FLT] [1954] mhlawumbi sisigqibo esitheth'esona sithenjiweyo samalungelo abantu kwimbali yembali ye-U.S. iNkundla yavakalisa ukuba ukucalucalulana kohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke wonke kwaphula uKhuselo olulinganayo lweSiphendulo se-14, ukubhukuqa u-"imfundiso kodwa elinganayo" ye- kunye ne-Py v. Ferguson[FL:5]. Isigqibo asizange sitshaye izikolo zikawonke, kodwa sanikezela ngesiseko somthetho-siseko samalungelo esizwe kunye nomthetho onjengoMthetho ka-1964 kunye nomthetho we-OFLTT.

Ukukhusela Umtshato Nentsapho

[[NTLT:0] i-'v. Virginia[FLT] [1967]) yawisa imithetho evala i-styheed with with, ibambe ukuba imithetho enjalo yayaphula yombini uKhuselo olulinganayo kunye ne-'Act Croement Claussss'. Malunga nesiqingatha senkulungwane kamva, [FLT][5] [5] [5] [5] [iiindlela yokuqiqa-mslanisa yoluvo olufanayo phakathi kwabantu ababini abanesini. Le meko ibonakalisa indlela ulungelenelo lwenkululeko nokuzimo olungelulo lwe-ibhulo.[FLT] [2015] [20.]

Ukuvakalisa Amalungelo nomelo

Ukunika isiseko samalungelo abantu. [FLT] Shelby County v. Umphathi (2013]) wabetha ilungiselelo elingundoqo loMthetho wamalungelo oluntu ofuna ulawulo oluthile olunembali yocalulo ukuze kufumaneke uhlaziyo lwangaphambili phambi kokutshintsha imithetho yokuvota. Isigqibo sadambisa ulawulo lwezimo zovota, nto leyo ekhokelela kugalelo lwemiqathango entsha yemiqathango yevolo. Umzekelo ubonisa ukuxinzelo oluqhubekayo phakathi komthetho womthetho wowiso-mthetho-mvume lwamalungelo amakhaya kunye negunya lonyulo, uxinzelo oluvalelwe kulawulo lomthetho-mthetho-siseko.

Ukufumana Imfundo Namathuba Alinganayo

Imeko ezifana [[FLT: 0]. [FLT] Ijijiti yeYunivesithi yase California v. Bakke [1988] ne [FLT:][[FLT]]] [FLT]] ixhasa ukusetyenziswa kohlanga njengefekta enye phakathi kwezininzi, ichaza umdla othelekisayo kwingxube. [FLT:] [2003] [FT] [FT] [1] [1] [1] [1] iNkunye iprojekT] [[FLT] [iiiiiced,[12] kwaye i- projectsssions syst synd] i- syncf. [igconv]

Umanyano nonyanzelo lwamalungelo asekuhlaleni

Umxholo ophindaphindwayo kumalungelo oluntu nomthetho-siseko luxinezeleko phakathi kwamandla orhulumente norhulumente. UKhuselo loMphetho-mda lwe-14 noMqathango we-'Act Claus' olinganayo noMsebenzi weNkqubo ka-1987 umisela ummiselo wesizwe, kodwa umlinganiselo wegunya lesizwe lokunyanzelisa amalungelo abantu uphikiswa kuyo yonke imbali yeMelika. Ngexesha lokuvuselelwa kwakhona kwexesha, iNgqungquthela idlulise i-Candelo yamaLungelo ka-19666 kunye neNkqutyana lezenzo zobuGawula zangophelelo-18679 kunye no-19871 ukulwa nomkhosi omhlophe. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo kwiNtloko i-[FLT][5][5][5][5] [5] i-FLT] i-FLT] i-FFT] i-extractivem] emalungend [ection, i-G.[7]

Ithuba lamalungelo abantu langoku laba nokubuya komthetho womthetho phantsi koMthetho weCommunication Claus kunye noMphengululo we-14. UMthetho wamaLungelo waMaLungu ka1942, owalela ucalucalulo kwizindlu zoluntu kunye nomsebenzi, waxhaswa kakhulu yiNkundla phantsi kolawulo lweBhunga lezorhwebo kugunyaziso lwe-15 loMkhosi. [FLT] [1] i-Atlantat yaseAtlanti Motel v. United States[FLT][FL:2][FLT] [[1964]] [1964]. Umthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho we-Gawulayo. Ukuqonda ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwe-mthetho wesizwe nowokuhlola amalungelo asekuhlaleni asekuhlaleni.

Ukuhla kocelomngeni kuMthetho wamalungelo oMntu nowomGaqo-siseko

Phezu kwayo nje inkqubela ebalulekileyo, kusekho iingxaki ezininzi ekudibaneni kwamalungelo abantu nomthetho - siseko.

Ukwahlukana Kwabantu Ngokweenkqubo Nokusesikweni Kwezaphuli - mthetho

Ukwahlulwa kobuhlanga kumsebenzi, isigwebo, nokuvalelwa kwemiqathango kubhalwe kakuhle. Imingeni yomGaqo-siseko isoloko ijolise kukwaliwa kweSine soMgaqo-nkqubo wokuphengulula nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni, ilungelo leSithandathu loMphengululo weSiluleko, nokuvalwa koMphetho-mda wesi-8 kwesohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga. Utshintsho lweNkqumrhu, njengemimiselo efuna uphando lwendlela yokusebenza ngobuchule beSebe loBulungiseleli, luxhomekeke kwigunya elilawulayo kodwa lukwalo lwemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yokwahlula.

Ucinezelo lolawulo nokhetho

Emva kwesigqibo seSizwe seShelby, amazwe amaninzi amisela imithetho engqongqo ye-ID yabavoti, acoca iirolo, kwaye anciphisa amathuba okuvota kwangethuba. La manyathelo ngokungenakuthelekiswa namathuba okuchaphazeleka, ingeniso ephantsi, kunye nevoti-goti. Ingxoxo yemithetho-siseko igxininisa ukuba imithetho enjalo iyawuphula umthetho olinganayo uClaus noMlawuli we-15. Umthetho we-Federal njengoJohn Lewis Voting Rights Adment Act ufuna ukubuyisela iproject, kodwa umgaqo-siseko wayo uyaqhubeka umbandela wokuphikisana. Iinkundla ziyaqhubeka ziqhubana nezilangazelelo zonyulo ezijongelwayo ngokuchasene nokhetho olungundoqo kwivoti.

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo Nenkululeko Yonqulo

Emva [[Nkundla Ephakamileyo: 0] , ukulwela amalungelo abantu okwandisiwe kuquka ukhuseleko olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesini kunye nobufanasini emsebenzini, indlu, neendawo zokuhlala zikawonke-wonke. Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo sikwalela ukucalucalulwa [[FLT][3] UBhostbrock v. County[[FLT]][FLT][FLT]][20]] [20]) yakholelwa ukuba iSihlomelo VII samaLungelo aBandleko eMithetho kaNosa ka 1964 sithintela ucalulo olusekelwe kwimpatho yesondo neempawu zesifana nezobufana nezobufana. Noko ke, izingqubano phakathi kweLGTQ+ amalungelo enkululeko yonqulo ziye zavela, ngokukodwa ngokuphathelele iinkonzo zomtshato kunye neenkonzo zobugqeqesho oluphantsi kobuhlanga phantsi kwemigaqo zomthetho zomthetho wokuqala.

Isenzo Esiqinisekisayo Nemfundo Epheleleyo

Isigqibo sakutshanje saphawula ukutshintsha okukhulu kumthetho welizwe owenzelwe ukulaliswa kwabantu ngokwesizwe. Abaxhasi bomGaqo-siseko wombala ongaboniyo baphikisa ngelithi i-Uncil Protection Claus iyalwalela naluphi na ulwahlulo lobuhlanga, ngelixesha abaxhasi bobulungisa bobuhlanga bemimiselo yokuba umGaqo-siseko uvumela amanyathelo athelekelelwayo ukukhuthaza ukwahlukahlukana kunye nokunyanga ucalucalulo. Ngaphandle kwemfundo ephezulu, ukuhlulwa kwemali yesikolo, ingqeqesho, kunye nokufikelela kwimfundo enobunjani ihlala ingulo olucinezela kumthetho womthetho-siseko kunye nemimiselo karhulumente njengeSiHlelo VI.

Indima Yemfundo Ekujolisweni Kwamalungelo Abemi

Imfundo isesona sixhobo sibalulekileyo sokukhuthaza ukuqondwa kwamalungelo abantu nomthetho-siseko. Ngokudibanisa le mixholo kwizifundo zesikolo nakwintetho yesidlangalala, abahlohli banokuxhobisa abafundi ngolwazi nangobuchule bokucinga obubalulekileyo obufunekayo ukuqhuba imicimbi entsonkothileyo engokwasemthethweni nengokwentlalo. Imfundo yamalungelo abantu ephumelelayo ayicaci ukutshintsha kwezimo kunye namatyala; ikhuthaza abafundi ukuba bahlolisise umongo wembali, bahlolisise iinkcazelo eziphikisanayo, baze baqwalasele iziphumo zokwenene zezigqibo zomthetho.

  • Ukukhuthaza ukuhlalutya amatyala aphawulekayo nokusebenza kwawo ngokuqhubekayo.
  • Ukukhuthaza iingxubusho ngokulungelelana kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye nolungelelwano lukarhulumente.
  • Ukugxininisa igalelo lamagosa alwayo, amagqwetha nabemi abaqhelekileyo abaphembelela inkqubela yamalungelo abantu.
  • Ukukhuthaza uvelwano ngokuphanda ngamava aphilayo abantu abaphantsi.
  • Ukuphuhlisa ukuqonda kwabafundi indlela yokunxulumana nenkqubo yomthetho njengabameli, abachopheli-gwebi nabavoti.

Iinkqubo ezinjenge i-Custialione Rights Foundation kunye ne iziko lemfundo yezeeJaji [ zinikezela ngezifundo ezinceda abafundisi-mfundo nabafundi bahlole le mixholo. Ngaphezu koko, iProjekthi ye-[FLT:]Oyez [ inika ushwankathelo olufikelelekayo kunye nesandi senkundla ephakamileyo yenkundla, yenza umthetho wesomGwalelo ungeneke ngakumbi kubangeyo abangeyo ababalulekileyo.

Isiphelo: Imidlalo edibanisa ngamandla

Ukudibana kwamalungelo abemi nomthetho-siseko akumi ndawonye; kuyaguquguquka ngolwazi lwesizukulwana ngasinye lokulingana nokusesikweni. Ukusuka ekuhlaziyweni kwakhona kweMimiselo yeNkundla Ephakamileyo ukuya kwisigqibo samva, umGaqo-siseko unika ikhaka nekrele abo bafuna ukukhusela nokwandisa amalungelo abantu. Kodwa iziqinisekiso zomgaqo-siseko azizinqumlisi ngokwazo. Zifuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho-mthetho, ukunyanzeliswa, nokuthelelwa kwasekuhlaleni. Ucelomngeni lobuhlanga, ukufikelela kwenkqubo yesizwe, ukuvota, kunye nocalucalulo ngokuchasene namaqela asezantsi luhlala luqinile kwibutho laseMerika, kwaye iinkundla zodwa azinako ukuzicombulula. Inkqumkelo olunzulu lomthetho-mthetho-siseko nokuzinikela komthetho-mthetho-siseko womthetho-mthetho-siseko, lufuneka ngokufunda nokuqhubeka kwenkqubela phambili. Ngokufunda nokungenela kwesombululo lwezomthetho, nokuzibandakanya kwabahlalo lwesizwe, kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuba abafundisi bomGasticine ngesithembiso sobugqesho-mthetho wonke.

ukuqhubekeka kokufunda, ukuhlolisisa umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. uqwalaselwa yiThala leeNcwadi leeNgqungquthela i-Ayahlulelwe kunye ne-Canment Rights Registration of the Department www.grovt