Yintoni Ukufunda Nokubhala?

Ufundo lwe-kivic luyisiseko solwazi olunceda abantu baqonde indlela abasebenza ngayo oorhulumente babo, oko bakuko, nendlela abanokuba nenxaxheba ngayo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Kuquka okungaphaya kokwazi nje amasebe amathathu karhulumente; kuquka ukuqonda umGaqo-siseko, iBhili yamaLungelo, inkqubo yokunyulwa, indima yoorhulumente bengingqi, nemisebenzi yenkqubo karhulumente. Ubuchule bobuGcisa bubandakanya ubuchule obunjengokuqiqaqa, ukuvavanya imithombo yolwazi, nokubandakanyeka intetho yamakhaya. Ngaphandle kokukhuphisana, abemi abaxhotyiwanga kakhulu ekuqhubeni ulawulo lwezopolitiki oluntsonkothile kwaye banokukhutshwa kwimi elawula ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla.

Ingcamango yokufundiswa kwabantu iqala kumaGrike amandulo, abethelela ukubaluleka kommi ofundileyo kwimpilo ye-. EUnited States, abasunguli baphikisa ngelithi iriphabliki ingasinda kuphela ukuba abantu bayo bayazi. UThomas Jefferson wabhala, "Andazi siseko esikhuselekileyo samagunya apheleleyo ebutho kodwa abantu ngokwabo; kwaye ukuba sicinga ukuba abakhanyiselwanga ngokwaneleyo ukuba balawule ngengqiqo elungileyo, unyango alukho ukuthatha iprojekthi kubo, kodwa luzazisa ubulumko babo." Lo mbono uyaqhubeka usithi, uThomas Jefferson uyakwazi ukukhusela amagunya aphezulu ebutho kodwa uyakwazi abantu ngokwabo; kwaye ukuba abacinga ukuba abaqondisindisile ngokwangenkulungwane ye-18.

Kule nkulungwane yama-21, ukubhalisa nokubhala kubaluleke ngakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili. Ukusasazeka okukhawulezileyo kwenkcazelo ephosakeleyo, ukuncitshiswa kokuthenjwa kwamaziko, nokuntsonkotha kwemigaqo-nkqubo kuchaphazela imicimbi ngezantsi ukusuka ekutshintsheni imozulu ukuya ekuphuculeni kwempilo---(demanry) iqumrhu lobumi elinokucinga kakubi kwaye lisebenze kakuhle. I-Civic ekwazi ukufunda nokubhala kunika abantu amandla okwahlula isibakala, ukuxhasa izilangazelelo zabo, nokugcina amagosa anyuliweyo ebeke ityala.

Ukubaluleka Kokufunda

Kutheni wonke umntu, kungakhathaliseki ubudala, umsebenzi okanye udidi lwezobupolitika, efanele azabalazele ukuphucula ukufunda nokubhala kwakhe?

Ukuxhobisa nokuzixhasa

Xa uyiqonda indlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente, unelungelo elingcono lokuzithethelela wena kunye nebutho lakho. Ngokomzekelo, ukwazi ukufaka izicelo zamaxwebhu kawonke-wonke, ukuthetha kwintlanganiso yebhunga lesixeko, okanye indlela isiko eliba ngumthetho ngayo kukuvumela ukuba uphembelele izigqibo ezichaphazela ikhaya lakho, isikolo sakho, nentsapho yakho.

Ulongiso

Unyulo luyindawo ephambili yedemokhrasi yabameli. Kodwa ukuvota ngaphandle kokuqonda imibandela, iindawo zabatshatiswa, kunye nempembelelo yamanyathelo okuvota anokuba neziphumo ezingasebenziyo. Abavoti abakwaziyo ukufunda nokubhala banokukwazi ukuvota, baqonde isakhiwo sorhulumente wabo wasekuhlaleni, kwaye baqonde iziphumo zenyathelo elintsonkothileyo labathathi-nxaxheba. Abakho nakancinane ukuba baphenjelelwe zizinto ezivuselela iimvakalelo okanye izibhengezo ezilahlekisayo.

Ukuphendula nokulawula

Umninimzi onolwazi ujongwa kakuhle kwigunya likarhulumente. Xa abantu beyiqonda inkqubo yoqingqo-mali, indima yabahloli jikelele, kunye nendlela yokuphatha (njengokuva kwequmrhu okanye iijaji ezinkulu), banokubeka amagosa kawonke wonke etyala ngezenzo zabo. Ukuxilonga nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla kudla ngokukhula ebumnyameni; ukufundela ubugcisa boluntu kukhanyisa.

Ubungqina

Ukuthembisana nge-compuble kungaphezulu kokuvota. Kuquka ukunikela ngokuzithandela kwiibhodi nakumaziko asekuhlaleni, ukuya kwiintlanganiso zeholo yedolophu, ukuba nenxaxheba kwiintlanganiso zengingqi ezikufuphi, nokukhonza kumaqumrhu eethafa. Abantu abaqonda isakhiwo nomsebenzi worhulumente wasekuhlaleni basenokuzibona njengabafaki-tyala kwikamva lasekuhlaleni. Oku kukhokelela kumaqhina oluntu awomelele ngakumbi kunye nabantu abahlala apho.

Ukuqonda Isiseko Sikarhulumente

Oorhulumente abaninzi bedemokhrasi banendawo efanayo: ukwahlulwa kwamagunya phakathi kwamasebe amathathu, ahluleleneyo, awisela umthetho, kunye nezomthetho. EUnited States, le nkqubo ichazwa ngokubhekele phaya ngokubhekiselele kulawulo lorhulumente, owahlula amandla phakathi korhulumente wesizwe norhulumente. Ukuqonda esi sakhiwo kubalulekile ukuze wazi ukuba ngubani oza kudibana nembambano ethile nendlela izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo.

Isebe Elilawulayo

Isebe elilawulayo linembopheleleko yokumisa imithetho edluliselwe lisebe lowiso-mthetho. Kumgangatho worhulumente, likhokelwa nguMongameli, osebenza njengentloko yorhulumente kunye nentloko karhulumente. Amagunya kaMongameli aquka: ukusayina okanye ukubeka umthetho; ukumisela imikhosi yezixhobo; ukumisela iijaji zephondo, iikhabhathi-mthetho, kunye nee-arhente; kunye nokuqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe, kuquka izivumelwano (ezinemvume yeBhangene). Isebe eliphetheyo likwaquka isebe elikhulu lorhulumente elinjengoMgangatho-majoni, imfundo, iSebe, iMpilo, kunye neeNkonzo zoluntu, kunye namasebe anjenge-Ageometmental Agestrivement (EPA) kunye ne-Cofrederal Guagement (FI).

UMongameli unyulwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine edlula kwi-Electoral College, inkqubo ebangela ukuqhawulwa konxibelelwano phakathi kwevoti ethandwayo kunye nesiphumo. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo `imiyalelo ekhutshwe nguMongameli onolawulo olunamandla ."Iziko lemiyalelo ziba sisixhobo esinamandla sokulungisa inkqubo ngaphandle kwemvume yengqungquthela. Umzekelo, uMongameli Barack Obama’s Defered Action for Childhoo Privals (DACA) kunye noMongameli uDonald Trump's zivaliwe zombini izithintelo zohambo zisetyenziswa ngemiyalelo yomphathi-mthetho. Ngoxa ezi miyalelo iphantsi kokuhlola ikomiti elawulayo, zicacisa igunya elibalulekileyo eliphethwe lisebe eliphetheyo.

Kwinqanaba likarhulumente, irhuluneli isebenza njengentloko, inegunya elifana neloMongameli kodwa elilinganiselweyo kwimicimbi karhulumente.

Isebe Elisemthethweni

Inqaku I leSigqeba seMigaqo-siseko lifaka onke amandla owiso-mthetho kwiBhunga, iqumrhu le-baobal eliquke iNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi. Indlu inamalungu angama-435, ngalinye elimele isithili sombutho sahlulwa ngabantu; amalungu akhonza amabinzana eminyaka emibini. IBhunga linamalungu ali-100, amabini asuka kwiphondo ngalinye, asebenza iminyaka emithandathu. Le njongo yayikulalanisa phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu nanamancinane (Ukunikezela okuKhulu kowewaka li-1787) kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba abemi nolongamo lukarhulumente lumelwe ekwenzeni umthetho.

Umsebenzi oyintloko weBhunga kukwenza imithetho. Umthetho kufuneka udlulise omagumbi omabini afanayo kwaye utyikitywe nguMongameli (okanye ugqithe phezu kweveto kunye nezigidi ezibini ezithathu) ukuze ube ngumthetho. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho intsonkothileyo: iintlawulo zibhekiswa kwiikomiti, impikiswano, idityanisiwe, kwaye ivotelwe. Iikomiti `ezinje ngeeNdlela zendlu kunye neMathetho okanye iKomiti yeNtsimbi ye-Judiciary .]

Abemi banokunxibelelana nesebe lowiso-mthetho ngokuqhagamshelana nabameli babo kunye namaqumrhu abo, ukunikela ubungqina ekuchotshelweni, okanye ukuthatha inxaxheba kumaxesha okuphendula ekucetyweni kwemigaqo. Ukuqonda inkqubo yekomiti kunye nocwangciso lokuva kunceda abameli bahlasele imigudu yabo ngokunempumelelo.

Isebe Eligwebayo

Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho lize liqinisekise ukuba ziyavumelana nomgaqo-siseko. Kumgangatho worhulumente, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ime njengenkundla yezonyulo zokugqibela. Ngasezantsi yiNkundla yeZibheno ezili-13 (iinkundla zeSibheno) kunye namaBhunga eSithili angama- 94 (iinkundla zamatyala). Iinkqubo zenkundla zephondo zibonisa esi sakhiwo, kunye neenkundla eziphakathi, neenkundla zenkundla zetyala, kunye nenkundla ephakamileyo yephondo.

Enye yezona zixhobo zinamandla zejudiary luhlolo lwezomthetho,() amandla okubetha imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo ezichasene nomGaqo-siseko. Eli gunya lamiselwa ngumzekelo wesiphawuli Marbury v. Madison [183]. Ukususela ngoko, izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zibuyile ubomi baseMelika ngeendlela ezinzulu: brown v. ibhodi yemfundo yemfundo[FLT] [1954] [195]) yaphelisa i-location kwizikolo zikawonke wonke; [FLT:].[5] v[FLT].[7]

Abagwebi bamaPhondo, kuquka abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, batyunjwa nguMongameli kwaye baqinisekiswa yiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Basebenza amadinga obomi bonke (ngokuzithoba kwihambo entle), abenza bakhuseleke kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kwaye aqinisekise inkululeko engokobulungisa. Abagwebi baseburhulumenteni badla ngokunyulwa okanye bamiselwe ngeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo, ngokuxhomekeke kumgaqo-siseko weli lizwe.

Imisebenzi kaRhulumente

Oorhulumente bakhona ukuze balungiselele ucwangco, ukhuseleko, kunye neempahla zikawonke-wonke ezingenakunikezelwa ngokunempumelelo. Imisebenzi engundoqo yorhulumente wale mihla iquka:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukugcina uMthetho noLungelelo:[[FT:1] Ngamapolisa, iinkundla, kunye neenkqubo zolungiso, urhulumente unyanzelisa imithetho kwaye ukhusela ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke.
  • IiNkonzo zikaRhulumente eziPhicothiweyo:[ Iindlela, iibhulorho, izikolo zikawonke-wonke, amathala eencwadi, iipaki, neenkonzo zogutyulo zixhaswa kwaye zilawulwa ngurhulumente kumgangatho owahlukeneyo.
  • Ukungaguquguquki nokwanda koqoqosho: uRhulumente ulawula iimarike zemali, ulawula inkqubo yemali (iFederal Reserve), unika inshorensi yokungaqeshwa, kwaye usebenzisa inkqubo yemali ukuphembelela uqoqosho.
  • Ukhuselo lwesizwe: Ukukhusela ilizwe kwizisongelo zangaphandle ngumsebenzi ongundoqo worhulumente, owenziwa liSebe loKhuselo kunye namaziko ahlangeneyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inethi yokhuseleko: Iinkqubo ezifana noKhuseleko lweNtlalo, iMedicare, iMedicaid, kunye noncedo lokutya lunceda abantu abasengozini.
  • Ukhuseleko lwezenkcubeko: namasebe karhulumente amisela imilinganiselo yomoya ococekileyo namanzi, alawule amazwe kawonke-wonke, kunye nemithetho yemo yebhastile enyanzelisayo.

Le misebenzi isoloko yabelwana phakathi koorhulumente borhulumente borhulumente norhulumente, inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi- dederalis. Umzekelo, imfundo ingumsebenzi oyintloko karhulumente kunye nowasekuhlaleni, kodwa urhulumente wezwe unika inkxaso-mali kwaye umisela imigaqo ebanzi efana ne-Everses Fraevect (ESA). Icandelo lamagunya ngamanye amaxesha lingakhokelela ekudideni, umzekelo, xa kugaleleka kwentlekele yendalo, abemi abanalwazi ukuba badibani na no-FEMA (umlawuli) okanye umbutho wolawulo lukarhulumente.

Ufundo lweBhunga lunceda abantu basebenzise la maqela angenayo. Ukwazi ukuba ngawaphi amanyathelo karhulumente anceda abantu bakwazi ukukhokela ii-ask kunye nokulawula kakuhle.

Ukuqhelisela ukufunda nokubhala

Ukuqonda indlela elungeleleneyo nesebenzayo yorhulumente kusisiqingatha semfazwe. Ukufunda nyhani kudinga ukusebenzisa olo lwazi kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Nazi ezinye iindlela ezisebenzayo zokusebenzisa ukufunda nokwenza:

  • Ukuphakamisa kunyulo ngalunye qha qha, hayi iminyaka yobumongameli, kodwa ephambili, phakathi kwexesha, lobulali, kunye nonyulo lwebhodi yesikolo. Izigqibo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo zenziwa kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni.
  • Hlanganisa abameli bakho abanyuliweyo ngemibandela oyikhathaleleyo. Enye ephengululwe kakuhle, i-imeyile ecacisiweyo okanye umnxeba wefowuni inokuba nempembelelo.
  • Intlanganiso zikawonke-wonke zebhunga lesixeko sakho, ikomishini yengingqi, okanye ibhodi yesikolo. Ezi ntlanganiso zidla ngokuvulelwa uwonke wonke kwaye zinika ukuqonda ngendlela izigqibo zengingqi ezenziwe ngayo.
  • Ukukhonza kwijaji yetyala xa ibizwa. Inkonzo ye Jury yindlela ecacileyo yokuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yokugweba nokuqinisekisa iimvavanyo ezifanelekileyo.
  • Libazisa ngokufunda imithombo emininzi yeendaba, ngokukhangela iiwebhsi zikarhulumente ezisemthethweni (njenge [[FLT: 2]] USUSA.gov), kwaye usebenzisa izikhokelo ezingezo epartistan ezifana [[[FLT:]Vote411. org ukusuka kuManyano lwabafazi Voters.

Iingxaki Zokufunda

Nangona kubalulekile, abantu basekuhlaleni bajamelana nemiqobo ephawulekayo eUnited States nasemhlabeni wonke.

  • IMidaba yonikezelo: Izikolo ezininzi ziye zanciphisa imfundo yoluntu. Uhlolisiso lwama-2020 lwe-Anntenberg Policy Center lufumanise ukuba malunga nesiqingatha sabantu abadala baseMelika banokuthize onke amasebe amathathu karhulumente. Imigangatho karhulumente karhulumente yoluntu yahluka ngokubanzi, kwaye abafundisi-fundisi abaninzi abanalo uqeqesho okanye izinto zokufundisa lo mbandela ngokunempumelelo.
  • [[NTLA:0] Imisformation kunye neDisformation: Imithombo yezentlalo yoluntu nemithombo yeendaba idla ngokusasaza inkcazelo ebubuxoki okanye elahlekisayo ngeenkqubo zikarhulumente, ukuvota, kunye nenkqubo. Oku kunciphisa amandla abemi okwenza izigqibo zolwazi.
  • Ukulawula: Imeko yale mihla yolawulo inkulu kwaye intsonkothile. Ukuqonda uqingqo-mali lwemali lwezwelonke, ikhowudi yerhafu, okanye inkqubo yonyango kufuna umgudu wokuba abantu abaninzi bangazimisele okanye bangakwazi ukutyala imali.
  • UbuCynic: Abanye abemi bakholelwa ukuba ilizwi labo alibalulekanga okanye urhulumente wonakele ngokwemvelo. Oku kunokukhokelela ekulahlekeni, okungabangela ukuphenjelelwa.
  • Ulwimi-lwimi kunye noFikelelo: Isithethi esingasetyenziswayo samaNgesi, abantu abakhubazekileyo, nabo bangenayo i-intanethi encinane basenokuzama ukufumana okanye ukuqonda ulwazi loluntu.

Indlela Yokuphucula Ukufunda

Ukusingatha ezi ngxaki kufuneka unyango oluneenjongo ezininzi olubandakanya abafundisi-mfundo, iinkokeli zoluntu, imibutho yamajelo eendaba, kunye nabemi ngokwabo. Nazi iindlela ezisebenzayo:

Uqeqesho lwe Cvics

Izikolo kufuneka zijonge amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni njengomxholo ongundoqo, ecaleni kwezibalo kunye nokufunda. ICurturikha kufuneka iquke izandla ekufundeni, njengonyulo lwentelekelelo, iintlanganiso zemithetho efanisiweyo, kunye nohambo lwasentsimini kwizakhiwo zikarhulumente. Iintlangano ezinjenge ii-Civicts (esungulwe yiJaji yeNkundla ePhakamileyo Sandra Day O’Connor) inikela ngesisa, imidlalo kunye nezicwangciso zezifundo. Kumgangatho wekholeji, amaziko anokufuna ikhompathiso yezelelwanowa.

Ukukhuthaza ukufundwa kwezixhobo zekhompyutha nolwazi

Ukufundwa kwencwadi yesandla kunye nokufundwa kwezixhobo zekhompyutha. Abami kufuneka bayazi indlela yokuvavanya ukuthembeka kwemithombo yeendaba, ukuchonga ikhethe, kunye nokukhangela iziphumo zenyani. Iinkqubo ezifana ne yeAntenberg Policy Policy Center[ inikela ubuncwane kule mixholo. Amathala eencwadi kunye namaziko oluntu anokungenisa iiprojekthi zokubhala iingxelo ezifihlakeleyo nokusebenzisa iiwebhsayithi zikarhulumente.

Ukukhuthaza Ubandakanyeko Loluntu

Imibutho yasekuhlaleni − njengoManyano lwaManyano lwaMantokazi, iYMCA, kunye nee-Rotary dads", i-acn nongeyoparatistan, iingxoxo zomtshato, kunye neentlanganiso zokusebenzela ukulungiselela isikhundla. Ezi ziganeko zakha ubuchule boluntu kwaye zikhuthaza ingqiqo yoluntu.

Ubuxhakaxhaka be-evercage kunye nogcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo

Oorhulumente banokuphucula ulwazi loluntu ngokwenza ulwazi lube lula kwi-intanethi. Ngoku izixeko ezininzi zipapasha uqingqo-mali, iintlanganiso, neengxelo zokuvota kwizibuko logcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo. IiApps neewebhusayithi ezichaza umthetho ngolwimi olucacileyo "njenge-GovTrack".w okanye i-OpenConref.

Ukufunda Ngomzekelo

Ukubhalisa nokubhala asiyonto iphunyezwe kanye. Abantu abadala kufuneka baqhubeke befunda ngemithetho emitsha, izigqibo zenkundla, kunye neenguqu zenkqubo. Ukunikezela kumaphetshana angenayo ipartinal, ukuya kwizindlu ezincinane, nokuxubusha iziganeko zangoku nentsapho nabahlobo zizinto ezilula ezigcina neziphucula ulwazi lwentlalo-ntle.

Isiphelo

Ufundo lweziko lungundoqo kwirepublic esempilweni. Xa abantu beqonda isakhiwo nemisebenzi karhulumente wabo, banikwe amandla okuba nenxaxheba, baphendule iinkokeli, balungise imigaqo-nkqubo echaphazela ubomi babo. Njengoko uThomas Jefferson elumkisayo, ukhuseleko lwedemokhrasi luxhomekeke kuluntu olukhanyiselweyo. Ucelomngeni lwenkcazelo ephosakeleyo, ukuntsonkotha kwezemfundo, nokungakhathalelwa kwemfundo kwenza imfundo yezentlalo ingxamise ngakumbi kunanini nanini na ngaphambili. Ngokuqalisa imfundo yezemfundo yezentlalo-wonke kuzo zonke izikolo ukuya kumaziko oluntu ukuya emagumbini okuhlala kuwo.