Uhlaziyo lwamakhaya ludla ngokuba nexabiso, ukuqokelela ixesha, kunye nokukhupha ixesha. Ezi zinto zityhalele unyuko ekusetyenzisweni kwesisombululo seDispute esiziindlela eziluncedo nezicwangcisiweyo zokucombulula iimpikiswano ngaphandle kwenkundla. I-ADR inika isixhobo esithambileyo kumaqela afuna ubuchule, ukhuseleko, kunye nokugcina unxulumano lweziphumo kwiimeko zomthetho wasekuhlaleni. Olu khokelo lunentsingiselo luhlolisisa iintlobo ezingundoqo ze-ADR, iingenelo zawo ezicacileyo, izicelo zehlabathi lokwenene, kunye nokuqwalasela okugxeka nabani na oqhuba impikiswano yamakhaya.

Ukuqonda Enye Impikiswano

Enye iSigqibo seSambulela sigama elisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezilungiselelwe ukunceda amatheko alungise iingxabano ngaphandle kokuvavanywa okusesikweni. Ngeli xesha iindawo ezichanekileyo zisenza izigqibo ezandleni zejaji okanye abachopheli-mthetho, i-ADR inika amaqela aphikisanayo amandla okulawula inkqubo yesigqibo. Umgaqo ongundoqo yintsebenziswano kunokungqubana. Iindlela ze-ADR zidityaniswa ngokukhula kwiinkqubo zenkundla, izivumelwano zomthetho, kunye neesiseko solawulo. Ziyahamba ukusuka kwingxoxo ezilungiselelwe ngokulula ukuya kwiziphumo ezisisigxina ezinyanzelisayo. Ukuqonda iziphumo ezingundoqo zefomu nganye kubalulekile ukuze ziphucule amathuba azo.

Isiseko esisemthethweni se-ADR siyahluka-hluka ngokolawulo, kodwa amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imimiselo ekhuthaza okanye egunyazisa i-ADR kwimicimbi ethile yabemi. Umzekelo, iKhomyutha yase United States yagqithisa uMthetho weDevelopment Dispitate Desigration ka-1998, efuna inkundla nganye yesithili-ove yengingqi ukuba igunyazise kwaye ikhuthaze ukusetyenziswa kwe-ADR. Ngokufanayo, i-Eupanen Directive Directionation on Mediation[ (2008/52/EC]) imisele isicwangciso sokwahlula ulawulo loluhlu-ndaba-ndaba-ndaba-mthetho. Ezi zikhuthaza ukukhuliswa okukhulayokusetyenziswa kwe-ADR njengendlela esemthethweni ye-gqweqweneyo.

Iintlobo Eziyintloko Zesisombululo Senye Impikiswano

I-ADR iquka iindlela eziliqela ezahlukeneyo, nganye inenkqubo eyahlukileyo, imigangatho yesithethe neziphumo ezikhethekileyo. Ukukhetha indlela efanelekileyo kuxhomekeke kwindlela ekhoyo yokuphikisana, ulwalamano phakathi kwamaqela, nosukelo lwawo.

Isicwangciso

Kwindawo yonxibelelwano, iqela lesithathu elingathathi-nxaxheba, --umlamleli udibanisa unxibelelwano phakathi kwamaqela aphikisanayo ukuze awancede athethe ngesivumelwano esamkelekileyo. Umlamli akanyanzeli sigqibo; endaweni yoko, ukhokela incoko, ucacise imibandela, kunye nokuhlola izisombululo ezinokwenzeka. Indima yomlamleli kukukhuthaza ukuqonda nokuchonga umhlaba afana ngawo.

  • [[UMTL:0] Ibhenifit:[ Iqondo eliphezulu lokuthobela ngokuzithandela, ugcino lolwalamano oluqhubekayo, ukucutha uxinzelelo lwemvakalelo, kunye nokufihla imfihlo ngokupheleleyo.
  • ''''''''''' ngesiqhelo iqala ngentlanganiso yamalungu, ilandelwa ziicaucluuse zabucala apho umatshini wokuhambisa phakathi kwamaqela. Yonke inkqubo ingeyokuzithandela, kwaye naliphi na iqela lingarhoxa naliphina ixesha. Izivumelwano zidla ngokubhalwa kwaye zinokwenziwa zibopheleleke ngokusemthethweni ukuba kuyimfuneko.
  • Ezifanelekileyo ukwenzela:[ Iimbambano zentsapho (isukelo, ilungelo lokugcina umntwana), iingxabano zasemsebenzini, iingxabano zoluntu, kunye neengxabano ezininzi zorhwebo apho kugcinwa imicimbi yolwalamano.

Ushenxiso

Udityaniso yinkqubo ecwangcisiweyo apho amaqela aphikisanayo anikela ubungqina kunye neempikiswano kumququzeleli ongenamkhethe (okanye iqela) onikezela ngesigqibo sokubophelela okanye sokungabopheleli. Ngokungafaniyo nesixhobo sokukhupha imiyalelo, umxhasi ulawula inkqubo kunye nokukhupha umngenisi. Iisivumelwano ezininzi zorhwebo ziquka iingxelo ezigunyazisa le ndlela yokuxambulisana.

  • Uhlobo: [FT:] Ad hoc arbitation luqhutywa ngaphandle kolawulo lwesiko; amaqela avumelana kwimithetho yeprocedtura ngokwawo. [[FLT:] I-Institutiontiontion ilawulwa yimibutho efana neAmerican Arbitation Association (AA) okanye i-Mdathatho wezizwe ngezizwe we-CCCC, enika imithetho kunye nenkxaso yolawulo.
  • Izikhuseli ezikhoyo: ngokubanzi] ngesantya esiphezulu kunelitha, imicimbi yenzeko yangasese, kwaye amaqela angakhetha umququzeleli onobuchule kumbandela wempikiswano. IFEDARAL Act [[FLT:]] uqinisekisa ukuba ulwahlulo lwamabhadi lunyanzelekile kwinkundla yolawulo.
  • Ingqwalasela:[ Le nkqubo ingabiza ixabiso, kwaye izizathu ezisikelwe umda zokubhena zithetha ukuba amaqela kufuneka abujonge ngenyameko ubungozi besiphumo esibophekileyo. Ukutyhilwa kusoloko kuthintelwe, okungaba luncedo kunye nokubuyela emva.

Uqukuqelo

Ukuxilonga yinkqubo engundoqo ye-ADR. Kubandakanya unxibelelwano olungqalileyo phakathi kwamaqela (okanye abameli bawo) ukuze bafikelele kwindawo yokuhlala ngaphandle kokubandakanyeka komntu wesithathu ongathathi cala. Oku kwenza ukuba amalungu alawule ngokupheleleyo iziphumo.

  • [[UMTL:0] I-Promotion: Ngokuqhelekileyo, ethambileyo, kwaye inokwenzeka phambi okanye emva kokuxabana. Abaququzeleli abanobuchule basebenzisa ubuchule obufana nentlupheko esekelwe kumdla, ejolise kwimfuno eziphantsi kuneendawo ezingqongqo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izixhobo ezincinci ze-Benefit: Amaxabiso aphantsi kunye nesigqibo esikhawulezayo, ukhuseleko olupheleleyo, kunye namatheko ahlala elawula ngokupheleleyo kwinkqubo yomibini nesiphumo. Izivumelwano zokumisa zixoxwa ngqo, ngokufuthi zikhokelela kwizisombululo zokwakha, ezilungiselweyo.
  • [[NTL: 0] Utshintsho: lufuna ukukulungela ukulalanisa nobuchule bonxibelelwano obunempumelelo. Kwiimeko zokungalingani kwamandla okuphawulekayo, ingxoxo ingakhokelela kwiziphumo ezingalunganga. Isenokungakufanelekeli kwiimeko eziphezulu okanye ezingokweemvakalelo.

Iinkqubo ze Hybrid

Njengokuba i-ADR iguquka, iindlela ezixubileyo zivele zidibanise amandla ukusuka kwiindlela ezininzi. I-Med-Arb iqala nge-mediation; ukuba akukho sivumelwano sifikelelwayo, inkqubo ihambelana nenkqubo efanayo (okanye enye) inikezela isigqibo esisisidibanisiyo. [[FLT:] Nyutriare-neutial Fequement[ ibandakanya isazi sobundilele obungathathi macala ocala ngalinye, inika ukhokelo olunokudibana nolwahluko olufanayo. [[FLT: 4, NW] uvavanyo lwe-Juctry [FLT] oludityaniweyo] aluquki, lubandakanya ukuqukwa kwetyala.

Iingenelo Zokungavisisani Okuchaseneyo Nezinye Iinjongo Kunokuthethwa

Inzuzo ye-ADR ethelekisayo ibhalwe kakuhle kwaye ixhaswa luphando olusetyenziswayo. Ukuqonda ezi ngenelo kunceda ukuchaza ukuthandwa okukhulayo kwe-ADR kwiimeko zomthetho wasekuhlaleni.

  • Ukugcinwa kwentengo ye-lit: Iindleko zemali ze-Litigney, iindleko zobuchule zokunikela ubungqina, iindleko zokufumana iindleko, zinokujinga-jinga-jinga-jinga-jinga-jinga-jinga-jinga. Iinkqubo ze-ADR zimfutshane kwaye azikho ngokusesikweni, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuncitshisweni kwexabiso. Uvavanyo olusuka kwi Icandelo leMelika Bar Bar Commentation Resolution [ lubonisa ukuba iindleko zomthetho zorhwebo kuphela zingacutha iindleko ngo-40-60% xa kuvavanywa.
  • Isantya: Ukumangalelwa kwamakhaya kungathatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka ukufikelela kwityala. Amatyala e-ADR adla ngokuqukunjelwa kwiiveki okanye kwiinyanga ezimbalwa. Iinkundla ezininzi ziyalela ukuba kupheliswe unxibelelwano ngeentsuku ezingama-90 zokugcina ifayile, zinika ingoma ekhawulezayo ukufikelela kwisigqibo.
  • Ukuzithethelela: izityholo zeNkundla ziingxelo zikawonke-wonke; ingxubusho ze-ADR zizimele. Oku kukhusela ulwazi oluchukumis ’yo lweshishini, iimfihlo zorhwebo, kunye nemicimbi yobuqu. Kukhupho-mthetho, ukutyhilwa kwenkqubela kusoloko kuthintelwa ngesivumelwano.
  • [[UMTL: 0]Control kunye nobungqindilili: Kwiligion, ijaji okanye ijaji imisa isisombululo. Kwi-ADR, amaqela ayila inkqubo, khetha ubundilele, cwangcisa ixesha, kunye nesiphumo. Oku kulawula kukhokelela kumlinganiselo wolwaneliseko ophezulu.
  • Ugcino lwe-Relship: Umanyano lwe-ADR(ingakumbi i-mediadiation(ii-druces). Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kwimicimbi yentsapho, amaqabane oshishino, okanye ulwalamano lwemisebenzi olumele luqhubeke emva kwempikiswano.
  • Iqela eliKhulu kakhulu: kuba amaqela avumelana ngokuzithandela nesigqibo, amanani okuthobela aphezulu. Kwisebe lolawulo, uphando lubonisa ukuthobela ngokuzithandela ngaphezulu kwama-80%, xa kuthelekiswa nokuthobela okusezantsi kakhulu kwemiyalelo yenkundla.

Ngaphezu koko, i-ADR inciphisa umthwalo kwiinkundla ezizeleyo zenkundla, ivumela abagwebi baqwalasele amatyala afuna ungenelelo lobulungisa lokwenene. Le nkqubo inyusa ukusebenza kakuhle kwenkqubo yokusesikweni yesizwe.

Isicelo se ADR kwi Quagements zoMthetho waBami

I-ADR asisiso sonke isisombululo esilinganayo kodwa ingqineke isebenza kwimimandla emininzi yomthetho wasekuhlaleni. Ukuqonda umongo othile kunceda oogqirha namaqela asebenza ngenkqubo ye-ADR.

Umthetho wentsapho

Iimbambano zentsapho, kuquka uqhawulo-mtshato, ulawulo lwabantwana, kunye nolwahlulo lwempahla, ziphakathi kwezona micimbi zasekuhlaleni ezichukumiseke ngokweemvakalelo. Ukuququzelelwa kubaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokuba kumisela unxibelelwano kunye nentsebenziswano. Iinkundla ezininzi ngoku zifuna ukuba abazali bazame ukuzama ukuzama ukuzama ukuphendula phambi kwamalungiselelo okugcina umntwana. I-Cornell Legional Information Institute [[[FLT: 1]] ibalase izicwangciso zobuzali zithambeka zibonakala zineenkcukacha neziqinile ngakumbi kunalezo zimiselwe ngumgwebi. Uqhawulo-mtshato okhethekileyo obandakanya amagqwetha kunye nezinye izigqeqe, yenye ifomu e-ADR ezuza i-trakitition kumthetho wentsapho.

Iimpikiswano Ezimanyeneyo

Izivumelwano zentengiselwano ziquka amabinzana okungaqiniseki kolu xwebhu. Ulwahlulo lusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizivumelwano zokwakha, kwizivumelwano zoshishino, nakurhwebo lwezizwe ngezizwe. IC kunye AA[FLT]] [FLT]] inikezela imigaqo edityanisiweyo elungiselelwe ukudityaniswa kwemida yeshishini entsonkothileyo. [ukungavumelani okuncinci, ukudityaniswa kwezivumelwano, kungasombulula imiba engakumbi ngokungacwangciswanga, ukugcina ulwalamano lwezorhwebo. [[FLT]] [FLT]] i-New York kwiConvention and Enternation of Arbitractards [FT] [FT], esetyenziswa kumazwe ahlukeneyokumazwe ahlukeneyo, asebenza kwiimeko ezikhethelwe-e.

Ityala lomsebenzi

Iimpikiswano zomsebenzi ezingalunganga `ukuphelisa, ucalucalulo, ukuhlupha, intlawulo kunye neeyure ezifunekayo ``ii-active okanye ukuhlawulwa kweyure. Abaqeshi abaninzi baquka izivumelwano zokunyanzelisa kwizivumelwano zemisebenzi. Ngoxa oku kuye kwadala impikiswano ngokusesikweni, iNkundla yeNkundla yeQumrhu ngokuqhubekayo ixhasa ukusebenziseka kwezivumelwano ezinjalo [ phantsi koMthetho we-Federal Arbitration. I-Mediation ihlala ingukhetho lokufuna umsebenzi, inikela i-aversal aversal forum apho abaqeshi benokufikelela izigqibo ezifana neenguqu kwinkqubo, uqeqesho, okanye izikhundla lwemali.

Amadlala Nomonakalo Wobuqu

Amatyala omonakalo womntu, kuquka iingozi zenqwelo-mafutha, ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwezamayeza, kunye netyala lemveliso, zisombululwa ngokukhulayo nge-ADR, ingakumbi i-adismedia. La matyala asoloko ebandakanya iinkampani ze-inshorensi ezinezinto ezibalulekileyo. I-Mediam ivumela amaqela ukuba avavanye iingozi kunye nokuncokola ngaphambi kokuvavanywa kwetyala. Kwezinye iindawo, inkundla igunyazisa ukungagunyazi ukungxengxengelwa kokungxengxengxengelwa komntu othile ophantsi. Utyelelo lwe-ADR lukwayiphepha ukuchaphaza okungamkelelwa kwabamangalelwa.

Izakhiwo Nezakhiwo Zokwenene

Iimpikiswano ezingalawulekiyo, iingxabano ezikhoyo kwindawo, kunye nezivumelwano zemali yefama zifanele i-ADR. Ukuququzelelwa okanye uxanduva lwangaphambili lobundilele lungacombulula iingxaki ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kokonakalisa amaxabiso empahla okanye ulwalamano. Kumazwe amaninzi, iingxabano zamalungu abaninimzi zithunyelwa kwi-atrandment kuqala ngemithetho.

Iingxaki Nokucingisiswa Kwesi Sisombululo Senye Ingxabano

Ngoxa i-ADR inamandla, inokuba yingozi. Amatheko kufuneka ahlole ezi ngxaki phambi kokuba asebenzise inkqubo ethile.

  • [[NTL: 0] Amandla Amabala: Kwindawo yonxibelelwano okanye kwingxoxo, omnye umntu usenokuba noovimba abangaphezulu okanye ubuchule bokunxibelelana. Oku kungakhokelela kwisivumelwano esingasesikweni. Abalamkeli abanobuchule baqeqeshelwa ukuqaphela nokunciphisa ukungalingani kwamandla, kodwa ukulingana okupheleleyo akuqiniseki. Kwi-arbitrotion, iqela elinamandla kakhulu lingabopha isindululo sokukhetha ngokwalo (umz., ngokulinganisela okanye ngokukhetha umlinganiselo othandwayo womphathi-makhareji).
  • Ukunyanzeleka: Izivumelwano zokukhupha imvume zibopheleleka kuphela ukuba zincitshisiwe ukuze zibhalwe kwaye zityikitywe; kufuneka zivumelane nomthetho wesivumelwano. Amabhaso, kwelinye icala, agqibelela kwaye abophe, kodwa alinganiselweyo amaziko okubhenela akhona (umz., ukuqhatha, ukuchana kwe-arbitor, igunya elingaphaya kwegunya).
  • Ilack of FrameDodwary: kwi ADR, ukufunyanwa kusoloko kulinganiselwe okanye kulawulwa ngamaqela. Ngelixesha oku kunciphisa ixabiso, kungakhusela icala elinye ekufumaneni ubungqina obubalulekileyo. Kwimeko ezinzima, ukufunyanwa okulinganiselweyo kungenza kube nzima ukuvavanya ngokupheleleyo iinzuzo zemeko phambi kokuqaphela.
  • Inzala ekhoyo kunye ne Precedenti: ADR iyimfihlo, ngoko ayiyileli imiyilo esemthethweni. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi iindidi ezithile zempikiswano qha ezo zibandakanya amalungelo kawonke-wonke okanye imiba yenkqubo, kufuneka zicaciswe ukuvelisa iziphumo ezicacileyo nokuphuhlisa umthetho.
  • Ibhariyothi yengqondo:[ Abanye abantu abazimisele ukulalanisa okanye ukungayithembi inkqubo. Kwiimpikiswano eziphezulu, iqela lingala ukuba nenxaxheba kukholo olulungileyo, linike i-ADR engasebenzi. Ongowongaphiliyo akanakunyanzela intsebenziswano.
  • Inkcazo ezizizo: Ama-Attorney kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba abaxhasi bayiqonde ngokupheleleyo imithetho ye-ADR, kuquka ugqibelo lokwandiswa kwe-arbit kunye nohlobo lobugocigoci. Ulwamkelo luchanile.

Ikamva Lenye Impikiswano Ekhoyo Kumthetho Wamakhaya

Icebo le ADR linyuke ngokucacileyo. Iinkundla zidibanisa iinkqubo ze-ADR, iziko leenkampani zisenza izivumelwano ze-ADR zobuhlobo, kwaye ubugcisa buyanda ukufikelela. i-Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) yenye yemisebenzi ebalulekileyo. Ngoku i-Platforms ivumela amaqela ukuba angene kwi-mediam, i-comption, kunye no-artritiodition iphela kwi-intanethi. Le ntsingiselo ikhawulezise ngexesha le-COVID-19, ingqina ukuba iziphumo ezisebenzayo azifuni ukubakho ngokoqobo. ODR intluphetho lwexabiso kunye nomgama, yenza ukuba i-ADR ifikelele kubantu abambalwa ne-shishino.

Amaqumrhu agunyazisa i-ADR. Amajelo amaninzi ngoku anenkqubo ezinyanzelisayo zolu khuphiswano lwabantwana kumatyala okugcina umntwana. Uniform Medition Act, yamkelwe ngamagunya amaninzi e-U.S., anika isicwangciso semithetho-siseko sokufihla imfihlo nokunyanzeliswa. Kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe, i- i-Singarore Convention on Mediation[ (20)) isiseko solawulo lommiselo wezivumelwano zokuphelisa izigwebo ezinqamlezileyo, isigxilo esiya kwindibano se-New York ye-Urbit.

Ngaphezu koko, ubukrelekrele obungebobobobo buqalisa ukwenza indima ethile .ukuncedisa iindidi ezingondilele ekuhlalutyeni iziphumo, ukuqikelela iziphumo, kwanokwenza amanyathelo okuzilungisa. Ngoxa umgwebo womntu uhlala usembindini, ezi zixhobo ziya kunyusa ukusebenza kakuhle.

Njengoko i-ADR iqhubeka iguquka, ukubaluleka kwayo kumthetho wasekuhlaleni kuya kukhula. Abantu abayiqondayo baze bamkele i-ADR bafumana iingenelo ezicwangcisiweyo: indleko ephantsi, isigqibo esikhawulezayo, kunye nolawulo olungaphezulu. Kugqirha, ubuchule kwi-ADR abusafuneki; bububuchule obungundoqo bokhuphiswano.

Isiphelo

Enye iNkqutyana yeSigqibo inika iindlela ezibhetyebhetye, ezisebenzayo, ezidla ngokuba bhetele zokucombulula iingxabano zomthetho wasekuhlaleni. Nokuba kusetyenziswa indlela yokulungisa, ukugqibela okucwangcisiweyo, okanye ukucoceka okungqalileyo, i-ADR inika amaqela amandla okufumana izisombululo ezivumelana neemfuno zawo ezikhethekileyo. Iinzuzo `ukulondolozwa kwemali, isantya, imfihlelo, kunye nogcino lonxulumano olusemgangathweni (ukulondolozwa kakuhle) ngamava nophando. Noko ke, ukuqwalaselwa ngononophelo olulolo celomngeni olunjelwezimeko, ukunyanzeleka, ukunyanzeleka, kunye nokungavumelani kwemilo.

Njengokuba ulawulo olusemthethweni luqhubeka lususela kude kungquzulwano olusemthethweni, i-ADR ime njengembombo yezobulungisa bale mihla. Iintlanganiso kunye noogqirha ngokufanayo kufuneka baqwalasele ngokukhutheleyo iinketho ze ADR, besebenzisa ubuncwane bangaphandle njenge I-Melika Arbitration Association yemithetho yolwahlulo kunye ne- i-Cornell Grigin Information Institute [ ukwenzela ukuqwalasela izicwangciso zesigqibo soluvo, abafaki tyala bangafumana iziphumo ezingesolulo sisemthethweni kodwa ezixhaswayo nezixhaswayo.