Inkqubo yobulungisa yamakhaya yenza isiseko sokukhupha impikiswano yoxolo kwibutho labantu elilawulwa ngedemokhrasi. Inika ucwangciso olucwangcisiweyo lwabantu, amashishini, kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente ukucombulula iimfazwe ngaphandle kokuzinceda okanye ukubhenela kugonyamelo. Ukuqonda indlela le nkqubo esebenza ngayo akuyomfuneko kwiingcali ezingokwasemthethweni kuphela kodwa nakumntu onokuthi ngenye imini afune ukuqinisekisa ukuba unelungelo lokuzithethelela, okanye aqonde indlela olugcinwa ngayo ulungelelwano. Oku kuqulungela iinxalenye ezisisiseko, iinkqubo, kunye nemigaqo yenkqubo yokulawula imicimbi yamakhaya, ukusuka kwizikhalazo zokuqala zenkqubo zamakhaya, kwisicelo sokufaka isibheno sokugqibela.

Yintoni Inkqubo Yokusesikweni Yamakhaya?

Inkqubo yokulawula yezomthetho lunxibelelwano lweenkundla, imithetho esemthethweni, kunye nemigaqo esemthethweni esingatha iimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqela angawodwa okanye phakathi kwamaqela angawabo okanye phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo kunye norhulumente kwimicimbi engeyoyalo-mthetho. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, apho urhulumente umangalela abantu ngezenzo ezigqalwa njengeziyingozi kwibutho labantu, umthetho wasekuhlaleni ugxininisa ekucombululeni iimpikiswano nokunika izicombululo kwiimpazamo ezikhoyo. Amatyala angokobuqu abandakanya ukwaphulwa kwesivumelwano, ukonakala kobuqu (tort), iimbambano zempahla, impikiswano yomthetho wentsapho enjengeyokwahlukana nabantwana, iimbambano zemisebenzi, iimbambano zorhwebo, kunye namalungelo abothenga.

Umahluko ongundoqo yinjongo yokuqhubekeka. Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho ajolise ekusohlwayeni nasekuthinteni, ngelixesha amatyala amakhaya ejolise ekuhlawuleni ityala elonzakeleyo okanye ewabuyiselayo kwindawo awayekuyo ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke umonakalo. Umgangatho wobungqina uyahluka: amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho afuna ubungqina obungaphaya kobusengqiqweni, kanti amatyala asekuhlaleni afuna kuphela [ ukuphazanyiswa kobungqina [ — oko kukuthi, kunokwenzeka kakhulu kunokuba ummangalelwa angenatyala afanele abekelwe. Lo mqobo ubonakalisa izibondathazo ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanyekileyo: izigwebo eziqhelekileyo zibandakanya ukulahlwa okanye ukulahlekelwa kwenkululeko engekho nanini. Ukuthelekisa okuninzi, [[FLT:]

Amalungu angundoqo enkqubo yokulunga kwe-Mouse

Le nkqubo isebenza ngabadlali namaziko anxibeleleneyo. Ngamnye unendima eyahlukileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba umthetho usebenza ngokusesikweni, ngokunempumelelo nangokunamathela kumthetho.

Iinkundla

Iinkundla zenkundla apho iingxabano zigqunywa khona. Ziyinkundla ezilawulayo: iinkundla zamatyala (ngokufuthi zibizwa ngokuba yinkundla ephakamileyo, inkundla yesiphaluka, okanye inkundla yesithili) ziva amatyala ekuqaleni zize zenze izinto ezifunyenweyo zenyaniso kunye nomthetho. iinkundla ezimanyeneyo zihlola izigwebo zenkundla zamatyala zetyala ukwenzela iimpazamo ezingomthetho, kunye nelokuhlala kumaqela athile esizwe.

ABagwebi

ABagwebi bongamela amatyala, balawule kwiinkalo zokusebenza, baqinisekise ukuba imigaqo iyalandelwa, baze bagqibe amatyala xa kungekho bagwebi. Kwityala lejaji, umgwebi usebenza njengomchongi kunye ne-Versan. Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, umgwebi uyalela abachopheli-tyala ngomthetho osebenzayo kwaye uyabulawula ubungqina obufunekayo. Abagwebi mabahlale bengakhethi cala yaye babotshwe ngemithetho yehambo yokugweba.

Abaphathi-mthetho

Abaphathi bamela amaqela. ugqwirha lomthetho uchaza iziphumo zetyala, intsebenziswano, kwaye uphikisa lomba. i-'frendendint's' yegqwetha lokugqibela, inyusa ukhuselo, kunye nokuphikisana nobungqina. Kwimeko ezininzi zamakhaya, mhlawumbi okanye zombini angazimela ([FLT: 4,]pro), kodwa umelo olusemthethweni lunconyelwe ngamandla ukuntsonkothile kwemithetho ebhaliweyo kunye nemigangatho ecacileyo.

Idili

Amaqela ngamanye, amaqumrhu, okanye amaqumrhu karhulumente abandakanyekileyo. uchaza-magama uqala ukumangalelwa okuzibanga kukwenzakala okanye ulwaphuko, kunye ne-dendant[ liqela elifuna uncedo. Kwezinye iimeko kudityaniswe abamangalelwa okanye abamangalelwa, njengakwizenzo zeklasi okanye kwiminye i-ibhuti.

Juries

I Juries isetyenziswa kwimiba embalwa yamakhaya, eqheleke kakhulu eUnited States apho iSihlaziyi-mthetho seSebelt siqinisekisa ukuchophela ityala kumatyala asekuhlaleni abandakanya ama-20. Noko ke, amaphondo amaninzi akwanikela iijaji kwiinkundla zamatyala zamakhaya. AmaJuries agqiba ngenyaniso — eneneni oko kwenzekayo — ngoxa ijaji imisela imibuzo engomthetho. Isigqibo sabachopheli-mthetho kufuneka sivumelane kwimiqathango emininzi ngaphandle kokuba amaqela avumelana ngaphandle koko.

Izithintelo Zetyala Laseburhulumenteni

Indlela esuka kwimpikiswano ukuya kutsho kwisigwebo sokugqibela ibandakanya iinqanaba eziliqela ezahlukeneyo. Iqonga ngalinye linikela amathuba okusombulula isisombululo, kodwa likwamisela iimfuno ezingokwesithethe ezimele zilandelwe ngocoselelo.

1. Unyuso

Phambi kokuqulunqa ityala, amaqela asoloko efuneka okanye ekhuthazwa ukuzama isigqibo ngokwawo. Eli candelo liquka ukuququzelela phakathi kwamaqela okanye amagqwetha abo, ukuthumela uxwebhu, iingxelo, kunye neengxelo zengcali. Izivumelwano ezininzi ziquka uluvo olufunekayo kulwazi olufunekayo [[ oluchaza izigqibo, kunye nenkqubano eziceliweyo, kunye nokuqokelela ubungqina obufana namaxwebhu, iingxelo, kunye neengxelo zengcaphephe. Izivumelwano ezininzi ziquka intelekelelo ezifunekayo phambi kwayo nayiphi na intlanganiso ye-amajelo, kunye nezinye iinkundla ezigunyaziso ezifumana ixesha.

Ukuzifica Izikhalazo

Inkqubo esesikweni iqala xa iifayile ze-lifect zingu zichaza ngenkundla efanelekileyo. Isikhalazo kufuneka sazi amaqela, sichaze isiseko esisemthethweni setyala (impikiswano kunye nendawo), sichaze izibakala ezixhobisa impikiswano, kwaye sicele isiqabu esitheth' amandla njengemali eninzi, isiqabuliso esiphezulu, okanye isikhalazo esikhutshwa phantsi kwesohlwayo se-perjury (kwiminye imimandla) kwaye siphantsi komthetho ofanelekileyo wokubongoza — kufuneka sinikezele isaziso esilungileyo kummangalelwa welizwi. Isikhalazo esingathethekiyo esifanelekileyo sisenokugxothwa ekucinyweni kwetyala.

Inkonzo yeNkqutyana

Emva kokubhala, ummangalelwa kufuneka akhonze ummangalelwa ngesikhalazo kunye nezikhalazo. Inkonzo yenkqubo yimfuno yomgaqo-siseko; ummangalelwa kufuneka afumane isaziso esaneleyo sokumangalelwa kunye nethuba lokuviwa. Imithetho iyahluka-hlukene ngegunya kodwa ivumela inkonzo yobuqu (ukunikezelwa kommangalelwa), indawo yenkonzo (kumntu omdala onoxanduva kwindlu yommangalelwa okanye kwishishini), okanye inkonzo ngeposi evumayo. Ukuba ummangalelwa akanakufumana ummangalelwa, inkundla yenkundla inokugunyazisa inkonzo ngokupapashwa kwiphephandaba.

4 Impendulo Yommeli: Impendulo Neengxwabangxwaba Ezimanyeneyo

Xa enikezelwe, ummangalelwa unexesha elilinganiselweyo (ngokuqhelekileyo 21-30 kwinkundla yesizwe) ukuphendula . Impendulo iyavuma okanye iyakhanyela ityala ngalinye ekukhalazeni. Ukukhanyelwa kufuneka kwenziwe ngokholo olulungileyo; ukukhanyelwa kokungaqiniseki kusenokubethwa yinkundla. Impendulo inganyusa [[FLT:]] ukhuselo oluqinileyo [[ njengomthetho wesithintelo, i-waterr, ukuvumelana nolwaneliseko. Ngaphezu koko, umgxele-bhedu ungaqinisekisa [[FLT] ii-asters ngokulula, ngokufezekileyo yonke iitafile ekhohlayo. (ir-okanye i-exectritis) okanye i-ejective (ir.) okanye i-ejective.

5. Ukufunyaniswa

Ukufunyanwa kwengxelo yexesha elininzi (66commentation) kunye nexesha elibiza imali eninzi lomba wengingqi woluntu. Yinkqubo eqhelekileyo apho amaqela omabini afumana khona ulwazi nobungqina kwelinye nelinye kumaqela amathathu. Imithetho eManyano yeProcedefication nemithetho engqinelanayo nemeko evumela izixhobo eziliqela zokufumana:

  • Imibuzo ebhaliweyo emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zokuveliswa kwamaxwebhu: Iimfuno zee-imeyili, izivumelwano, iirekhodi zemali, iifoto, kunye nezinye izinto ezibonakalayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izicelo zokwamkelwa: iingxelo ezithi iqela elichasayo limele livume okanye likhanye, lisetyenziselwa imiba emincinane.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Iziqinisekiso:[ Uvavanyo lwamangqina namaqela, oluqhutywa phantsi kwesifungo kwaye lubhalwe ngumcholacholi-ndaba wenkundla. Amagqwetha avumela amagqwetha ukuba avavanye ukunyaniseka nokutshixa ubungqina.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Subpoenas:[ inkundla iyalela ukuba kunyanzeliswe amaqela esithathu (njengeebhanki okanye abaqeshi) ukuvelisa amaxwebhu okanye ukuvela kwemiqathango.

Ukufunyanwa kwale ngxelo kusenokubandakanya amangqina ochwepheshe, alungiselela iingxelo ezibhaliweyo kwaye aphantsi kokugcinwa. Umlinganiselo wokufunyanwa kwale ngxelo ubanzi: nawuphi na umcimbi ongekho semthethweni onxulumene nento efunwa liqela okanye ukhuseleko uyafunyanwa. Noko ke, iinkundla zingamisela ukufunyaniswa ukuba kungokungekho ngqiqweni okanye kuxanduva. Imithetho engaphezulu yeProcediture ye-om ye-ovilement ilawula ukufunyanwa kwenkundla yephondo kwaye isoloko yamkelwa ziinkundla zikarhulumente.

6. Intshukumo yangaphambili

Phambi kokuvavanywa, amaqela angafaka iifayile zentshukumo efuna ukucombulula ityala okanye imiba ethile ngaphandle kovavanyo. Intshukumo eqhelekileyo iquka:

  • Intshukumo yokukhupha i X- i- I-Agues ezinokuthi nokuba zonke izityholo zinyanisile, isikhalazo asiphumeleli ukuchaza ikhawuntathezi esemthethweni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umbutho womgwebo wesishwankathelo: ubongoza ukuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene yento ephathekayo nokuba iqela elihambayo linelungelo lomgwebo njengombandela womthetho. Ukuxhasa ii-affidavits, izigciniso, kunye namaxwebhu kuyaqwalaselwa.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Umqukumbelo kwi Compel Discovery: icela umyalelo wenkundla onyanzelisa elinye icala ukuba liphendule kwizicelo ezifunyanisiweyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Motion kwi Limine: Ifuna ukukhupha ubungqina obuthile phambi kokuvavanywa.

Ukuba ukwenziwa komgwebo okhawulezileyo, ityala liphela ngaphandle kovavanyo. Kungenjalo, liqhubeka livavanywa.

7. Ukuvavanywa

Ekuthethweni kwetyala, omabini anikela amatyala awo ngokuvula iingxelo, ukuxilonga okungqalileyo nokunqumla . Ingcaciso yenyaniso — mhlawumbi ijaji (ukuvavanywa kwetyala) okanye ijaji — ngoko iyaququzelela ize ichaze isigqibo. [ [umthwalo wobungqina uhlala nomgwebi womthetho, omele angqine iprojekthi nganye ngetyala lobungqina obuchanekileyo. Kwityala lebhetshi, umgwebi uphendla ngeziphumo zenyaniso neziphelo zomthetho. Kwityala eligwebi, umgwebi uyalela umgwebi umthetho, kwaye umgwebi ubuyisela umthetho jikelele (ukusebenza okanye ukungagqibeki) okanye izigwebo ezikhethekileyo (uphi nakwe).

Ukunikezelwa kobungqina kulandela imithetho engqongqo. Umzekelo, ukuphulaphula akunakwenzeka, ngaphandle kokuba kusetyenziswe umahluko. Ubungqina obugqithisiweyo kufuneka buhlangabezene nomgangatho [[FLT: 0] Daubert [[FLT: 1]] wokunyaniseka. Ijaji isebenza njengomgcini-sango, iqinisekisa ukuba bubodwa obufanelekileyo nobunokuthenjwa bufikelela abachopheli betyala.

8. Intshukumo nezibheno zasemva

Emva kwesigqibo, iqela eliphulukana nento lisenokuyifakela imposiso yovavanyo: [[FLT: 0] imowulo yomgwebo njengomthetho (ukushukuma okutsha okungagqibekanga), liphikisa ukuba ubungqina abuzange ngokomthetho; [ ukuphembelela ukuvavanywa okutsha [[[FLT: 3]], ukugwetywa, ukugwetywa okanye ukungalungisi; okanye [[FLT:] ukutshintshwa kwendlela] ukuguqula okanye ukuphelisa umgwebo . Ukuba liyakhanyelwa, iqela lingabhenela kwinkundla ephezulu. Izibheno zilinganiselwe kwimibandela esemthethweni yenkundla ebhaliweyo ebhaliweyo ngenxa yempazamo yomthetho, ukungabonisi mpazamo ebangela umdla. Iqela le ngxaki limele libonise iziphumo zempazamo kwaye lisebenze kakuhle. Kodwa ke lisebenza ngomthetho obalulekileyo.

Enye iNkxaso

Kuba ukuchana kwemiba kubiza imali eninzi kwaye ixesha elininzi lixatyisiwe, iimbambano ezininzi ziconjululwa ngaphandle kwenkundla ngesigqibo sempikiswano esichaseneyo [[FLT:] . Iindlela eziqhelekileyo ze-ADR ziquka:

  • Uphicotho: Ilungu lesithathu lobundilele linceda amaqela anxibelelana ngesabelo esamkelekileyo. Umlamleli akanawo amandla okunyanzela isigqibo.
  • I-Arbitation: Isilawuli sobundindindi (okanye indawo yolawulo) siva ubungqina kwaye sikhupha isidibanisi okanye isigqibo esingabopheleliyo. Izivumelwano ezininzi zifuna ulwahlulo.
  • Ityala lengcaciso yengcaciso: Ukunqanyulwa kwetyala lentsotsi phambi kwejaji yokwenene ukuvavanya okunokwenzeka kokuhlaliswa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uvavanyo lokuqala olungathathi cala: Ingcali yenjongo ivavanya imeko kwaye icebisa umgama wesigqibo.

Iinkundla zisoloko zibhekisa amatyala kungenelelo phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, kwaye izikhululo ezininzi zigunyazisa i-ADR entsatsheni okanye kumatyala amancinane. I-Melika i-Arbitration Association ibonelela ngoovimba abaninzi kwiinkonzo zokwahlula nokukhupha imicimbi.

Umonakalo Nezicombululo

Injongo yokubekwa kweliso loluntu kukulungiselela isicombululo sobubi obukhoyo.

  • [[UMTHLO: 0] Umonakalo ohlasimlisiweyo: Ucwangciselwe ukwenza ipetroli iphelele — ukugquma amatyala ezonyango, ukulahlekelwa ngumvuzo, ukonakaliswa kwempahla, kunye neentlungu nokubandezeleka.
  • Umonakalo odityanisiweyo: Anikwa ngokweemeko zokuziphatha okungaqhelekanga (ukuziphatha okungekho mthethweni, ulunya, ingcinezelo) ukusohlwaya ummangalelwa nokunqanda ukuziphatha okubi kwixesha elizayo. Amanye amaphondo anika iziphumo zeziphumo zemali.
  • [[Uncedo:0] Isiphumlisi esibi: Umyalelo wenkundla ofuna ummangalelwa ukuba enze okanye angayenzi isenzo esithile — umzekelo, ukunqanda ityala okanye ukunyanzelisa umnqophiso ongqongqo.
  • Umgwebo wokwalatha: Yinkundla yokumisela amalungelo amaqela ngaphandle kokuyalela nasiphi na isenzo, esisetyenziswa kwi-inshorensi okanye kwizivumelwano.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Imfuneko: ifuna ummangalelwa abuyele impahla okanye ingeniso efunyenwe ngesenzo esiphosakeleyo.

Ukunyamekela Abantu

Ukunyanzelisa inkqubo yobulungisa belizwe kusenokuba yinto eyoyikisayo. Iingongoma ezingundoqo eziluncedo ziquka:

  • [[NTL:0] Izilumkiso zodangaliso: Uhlobo ngalunye lwento lunexesha eliqinileyo elisisigxina (umz., unyaka omnye wokunyelisa, iminyaka emi-2-3 kumonakalo wobuqu, iminyaka efikelela kwishumi yokwaphula isivumelwano kwamanye amazwe). Ukungasibali ixesha ixesha elimiselweyo okungagqibekiyo.
  • Imali yentengiso ibiza imali eninzi — irhafu yemali yetyala, iimali zenkundla, iimali zengcali, kunye neemali zegqwetha zingaqokelelwa ngokukhawuleza. Amagqwetha amaninzi asebenza kwisiseko esifanelekileyo kwiimeko zonzakala kobuqu (ukufumana ipesenti yokuchacha), kodwa amanye amatyala afuna iiyure zokuhlawula okanye ukubhatala.
  • I-Project Selitigation: ukuzimela ngokwakho kuyingozi, ingakumbi kwiindawo ezintsonkothileyo. Iinkundla ezininzi zinika amaziko enkxaso ngokwazo kodwa azinakunikela icebiso elisemthethweni.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Isigqumo sobunqika: I-inshorensi yemali ingagquma iindleko zomthetho kunye nezigwebo. Ukuba ugwetyiwe, yazisa umfaki-mali wakho ngoko nangoko.
  • Ukubekwa phantsi kwemiqathango. Ukuvavanywa: ngaphezulu kwe 90% yamatyala abemi ahlala phambi kokuvavanywa kwetyala. Ukuzinza kunika uqinisekiso kwaye kuphepha intlungu engokweemvakalelo yetyala, kodwa kungabandakanya ukulalanisa.

Kubo bakhangela ukufunda okungakumbi ngenkqubo ezithile zikarhulumente, i web ye- FindLAw inikeza irejistate à projects xa uqala ukumangalelana okanye uphendula kwenye.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yobulungisa yesizwe iyindlela entsonkothileyo yokucombulula iingxabano ngoxa iphakamisa umthetho. Kuqala ileta efunwayo ukuya kwisibheno sokugqibela, iqonga ngalinye lenzelwe ukulungelelanisa inkqubo elungileyo nesigqibo esifanelekileyo. Nangona inkqubo ingenazimpazamo — iindleko, ukulibaziseka, kunye nokuntsonkotha — kusebalulekile ukuqinisekisa amaxhoba, nokugcina ucwangco lwentlalo. Enoba ungumfundi womthetho, umnini-shishini, okanye ummi wabucala, uqonda iinkqubo kunye neenkqubo zayo, ukukunika amandla okukhusela amalungelo akho kunye nokuqhuba imicimbi yakho ngentembelo.