Isebe eliphetheyo limi njengenjini yolawulo lwemihla ngemihla, ukuguqulela injongo yowiso-mthetho kwisenzo esibonakalayo. Limangalelwa ngokunyanzelisa imithetho, ukuqhuba ulwalamano lwamanye amazwe, nokuqhuba izixhobo ezinkulu zikarhulumente wesizwe, lichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi besizwe. Ukuqonda isakhiwo salo, iimbopheleleko, kunye namagunya ayimfuneko kuye nawuphi na ummi ofuna ukuqonda indlela izigqibo ezingokhuseleko lwesizwe, inkqubo yezoqoqosho, kunye neenkonzo zikawonke wonke ezinokwenziwa ngayo.

Imvelaphi nesiseko somgaqo-siseko

Abalayishi be-frectus ye-U.S. benza umGaqo-siseko omnye ongomnye ukuze abe namandla ngokwaneleyo ukuze enze into egqitywe ngokungqongqo kodwa inyanzeliswe ngokwaneleyo ukunqanda ubuzwilakhe. Ukubotshwa kwiNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko yowewaka wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe asixhenxe, Article II [ wamisela umongameli omnye onyuliweyo nge-Electoral College, wala woma omabini isigqeba esibuthathaka phantsi kwamanqaku oMgaqo-siseko kunye nemodeli. Le ndlela yabonisa umlinganiselo ofanelekileyo phakathi kwamandla kwintloko entloko ephethe namanye amasebe.

Ngokungafaniyo neenkqubo zepalamente apho umphathi onegunya ephuma kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, imodeli idala igunya elahlukileyo, elinyulwe ngokubanzi. Oku kwahlulwa kwamandla kuqinisekisa umongameli ukuba angajonga iKhomishini kunye nejaji, ngelixa amanye amasebe ngokulinganayo ehlola igunya lomongameli. UmGaqo-siseko ubala ngokucacileyo amagunya ambalwa kuphela omongameli, anjenge-veto kunye negosa-gosa, kodwa indima yomongameli ikhule ngokuphawulekayo, ngomthetho, nangenkcazelo yezogwebo.

Amalungu angundoqo esebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu

Isebe elilawulayo lale mihla lineeofisi ezininzi, amasebe, amasebe, namabhunga. Ilungu ngalinye linendima eyahlukileyo ekuphumezeni imisebenzi yomgaqo-siseko kamongameli kunye nomthetho.

UMongameli

Njengentloko karhulumente nentloko karhulumente, umongameli unxiba iminqwazi emininzi. Amandla obuchule aquka ukusebenza njengenkokeli yemikhosi exhobileyo, ukunikezela nokuxolela amatyala karhulumente, ukwenza izivumelwano (ngecebiso leCate kunye nemvume), ukumisela amanxusa, abagwebi besizwe, kunye namanye amagosa, nokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ibulawa ngokuthembeka. Ekuqheliseni, umongameli uqhelisela ubuchule obubalulekileyo bokungacwangciswanga, ukumiselwa kwemithetho yequmrhu, kunye nemiyalelo yemithetho yesizwe elawulayo.

Imizekelo yembali ibonisa ubukhulu begunya lomongameli. UMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wasebenzisa imiyalelo yegunya ukusungula amaqumrhu akwi-New Deal, ngexesha uMongameli uHarry Truman elawula imikhosi yezixhobo ngomyalelo olawulayo. Kutshanje, oomongameli baye basebenzisa inyathelo lolawulo oluphezulu ekufudukeni, ekutshintsheni kwemozulu, kunye nemali-mboleko yabafundi ukuze benze xa iBhunga lifakile. Ezi zinto zidla ngokubangela imingeni esemthethweni kunye nempikiswano yezopolitiko, egxininisa ingxoxo eqhubekayo ngomgangatho ofanelekileyo wegunya lomongameli.

Umongameli OnguMongameli OnguMongameli

Ekuqaleni yayingumsebenzi obalulekileyo, isekela lomongameli liye laguquka laba lilungu elingundoqo lomphathi-mikhosi kunye nesikhundla sokusebenza. Isekela lomongameli lisebenza njengomongameli weNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, likhuphela amavoti okudibanisa iintambo, lime kuqala kumgca wokulandelelana. Isekela leenkokeli zale mihla lithatha ii-portfolios, iintlanganiso zezoburhulumente, kunye nolawulo lweziqendu kwisebe eliphetheyo. Ulungiso lwe 25 lwagunyazisa inkqubo yokwahlula umongameli wengingqi kunye nolawulo lobumongameli bokwexeshana ngenxa yokukhubazeka.

IKhabhinethi

Ikhabhathi ineentloko zamasebe alawulayo ali-15, njengamasebe okhuseleko, uNgqongqoshe, noNjengele we-Attorney. La magosa atyunjwa ngumongameli kwaye aqinisekiswe yiBhathene. Iintlanganiso zeKhabhinethi zinika umongameli i-foramente ukulungiselela inkqubo yokuqhubana ngaphaya korhulumente. Noko ke, abaphathi-masebe bakwasebenza njengabameli bamasebe abo, kwaye uxanduva phakathi kwezilangazelelo zesebe kunye nezilangazelelo zendlu yabamhlophe luxhaphakile.

Ukongezelela, umongameli umisela ezinye izikhundla njengendawo yekhabhinethi ngaphandle kokukhokela isebe, njengoMlawuli weOfisi yoLawulo noHlahlo-mali, uMmeli woTrade wase-U.S. kunye noMphathi-mikhosi weHome eWhite House of Staff. Ezi ndima zinika umanyano lwenkqubo yokunqumla.

I-ofisi eLawulayo kaMongameli (EOP)

Iqalwe ngowe-1939, i-EOP inemibutho exhasa umongameli ngqo. Inxalenye engundoqo iquka:

  • Iofisi yoLawulo noHlahlo-mali (OMB) – ilungisa uqingqo-mali lwezwe, ivavanya ukwenziwa koshishino, kunye nemimiselo yohlolo.
  • IBhunga loKhuseleko loMhlanga (NSC) - Igunyazisa umongameli kwimigaqo yamazwe angaphandle kunye neyokhuselo, kwaye idibanisa iimpendulo zocalulo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ikhonucileti yezoqoqosho lwe Advisirs (CEA) – inika uhlalutyo lwezoqoqosho kunye nokuxela kwangaphambili.
  • I-ofisi ye-United States Trade Message (USTR) – ikhokelela kwiingxoxo zorhwebo kunye nenkqubo yorhwebo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-ofisi yendlu emhlophe – iquka umphathi wabasebenzi, unobhala wokucofa, iqela lothungelwano, kunye nabanye abacebisi abaphezulu.

Ubukhulu nempembelelo ye-EOP ikhula ngokuthe ngcembe, ibonisa ukuntsonkotha okukhulayo kolawulo lomongameli.

IiKhomishini zeZiqumrhu ezizimeleyo

Ngaphaya kwamasebe eekhabhinethi ali-15, amasebe amaninzi azimeleyo kunye neekhomishini ezininzi ezisebenza ngamaqondo ahlukeneyo eenkululeko. Imizekelo iquka iFederal Reserve, iKhomishini yeSikhuseli ne-Exchange, i-Arhente yeNtlalobumelo-bumelo (nangokuba ingumbutho ozimeleyo), kunye neKhomishini yoNxulumano loManyano. Iintloko zabo zimiselwa ngumongameli kwaye ziqinisekiswe yiBhunga, kodwa zisoloko zisebenza ngokushukuma ngokwesidengelelo kwaye zinokususwa ngenxa yesizathu, zikhuselwe kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika.

Ulawulo loManyano

Izigidi zabasebenzi basekuhlaleni zisebenza kwisebe eliphetheyo, zizalisekisa imithetho, zimisela imimiselo yokubhala, zinikela iinkonzo, ziqhuba uphando. Isebe lorhulumente lilungelelaniswe kumasebe, abameli, abasebenzi, kunye nee-ofisi, nganye inemisebenzi ekhethekileyo. Umgaqo wobuchule obungalawulekiyo [[[FLT: 0]] umi ngelithi abasebenzi bemisebenzi yempangelo kufuneka basebenzise inkqubo ngaphandle kokucalula, nangona abamiselwe kwezobupolitika kumgaqo obekwe phezulu.

Iimbopheleleko Zeentambo

Imisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo iwela kwiindidi ezininzi ezibanzi, nganye ijongene nokulawula okusebenzayo.

Ukuphunyezwa Komthetho Ngokuthembeka

Umsebenzi womgaqo-siseko womongameli "Ukunyamekela ukuba imithetho iphumezwe ngokuthembekileyo" yisiseko samandla olawulo. Oku kubandakanya ukuvelela ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho edluliswa yiBhunga. Ii-atmosfera ziguqulela izigunyazo ezibanzi kwimigaqo ecacileyo kumgaqo-nkqubo wokwenza imithetho, equka isaziso noluvo lukawonke-wonke. Ukunyanzelisa kunika impembelelo ebalulekileyo yabalawuli . /ukuphelisa iinkcitho ezophulwayo, ezithi zihlawulwe ukubeka imiqathango, kwaye ziyiphi isikhokelo sokukhupha iziphumo zenkqubo yokuyila.

Ihambo Yemicimbi Yamazwe Asemzini

Umongameli ngumphathi-zwe, omela i-United States phesheya, othetha ngezivumelwano (eziya kuthotyelwa kukwandiswa kweBhunga), kwaye angene kwizivumelwano zolawulo ezingafuni iNdlu yeeNgwevu. Ngesebe leRhulumente kunye nezobugqeba, isebe eliphetheyo lilawula ulwalamano lweziqu zamazwe ngamazwe, imibutho yezizwe, kunye nezivumelwano zokhuseleko lwehlabathi lonke. Umongameli ukwayalela uluntu olukrelekrele, kuquka iCIA neNSA, ezinika ulwazi olubalulekileyo ngezigqibo zemithetho yamazwe angaphandle.

Ukhuseleko nokhuselo lwesizwe

Njengenkokeli-ntloko, umongameli unegunya elipheleleyo kumkhosi oxhobileyo. Eli gunya liquka ukuthumela amajoni, ukuyalela umkhosi, kunye nokuseka imfundiso ecwangcisiweyo. Noko ke, umongameli weWar Powers Resombululo ka 1973 ufuna ukuba azise iBhunga kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-48 zokukhupha imikhosi exhobileyo nokurhoxa imikhosi emva kweentsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kokuba iBhunga livume ukuba liqhubeke. Oku kudala uxanduva olungapheliyo phakathi kwenyathelo lobumongameli kunye nolawulo lobungqungqungquthela.

Ulawulo lweenkqubo zikarhulumente

Isebe eliphetheyo lilawula uludwe lweenkqubo ezigubungela iNtlalo-ntle, iMedicare, amagqala eenkonzo, izibonelelo, imali-mali yemfundo, ukuboleka indalo, ukukhusela indalo, kunye nezinye ezingaphezulu. Izicelo ezifana noLawulo loKhuseleko lweNtlalo-ntle neSebe leMicimbi yezeNtlalo-ntle kufuneka ziqhube izigidi zeentengo kunye nentlawulo nyaka ngamnye ngempumelelo nangokusesikweni. Izicelo zoqingqo-mali zoqingqo-mali zinika izikhokelo zemali eziphambili, kodwa ekugqibeleni izibonelelo zemithetho-mali zilawula ukulawulwa kweSebe leNtlalo-ntle.

Imiyalelo nemiyalelo yegunya

Oomongameli bakhupha imiyalelo yolawulo kunye nomphathiswa wecawa ukukhokela imisebenzi karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Ezi zixhobo zithwala impembelelo yomthetho wabameli abalawulayo kwaye zingasetyenziswa ukuzalisekisa inkqubo, ukuphinda-phinda ii-ofisi, okanye ukubeka izindululo eziphambili. Imiyalelo yezolawulo oluPhezulu iphantsi kovavanyo olugwebayo kwaye isenokupheliswa yiBhunga ngemithetho. Ziye zasetyenziswa kwinyathelo elikhulu elinjenge-Emantaption Proclation, ukudityaniswa kwamaJaphani eMelika ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kunye nokudalwa kweSivumo soxolo.

Amandla omGaqo-siseko kubunzulu

Ngaphandle koxanduva lwemihla ngemihla, umGaqo-siseko unika umongameli amandla athile asebenzayo njengesixhobo sokwahlula inkqubo yamandla.

Umbane weVeto

Umongameli angawisa amatyala adluliswe yiKhonkxale, awabuyisele ngokuphikisa. Ingqungquthela ingayilawula iveto ngobuninzi ababini-sithathu kumagumbi omabini, kodwa oku kunqabile qha qha qha qha, phantse isixhenxe% seevetoes kwimbali yaseMelika ayizange ikwazi ukuwabamba. Isisongelo seveto sinika umongameli amandla okuthelekisa inkqubo yowiso-mthetho. I-pocketvetoes ingenzeka xa umongameli engenzi nto kwimali nakumaqela engqungquthela kwientsuku ezilishumi, ebulala ngokuneyo umlinganiselo.

Idinga Namandla Okushenxiswa

ISivumelwano sikaClaus ugunyazisa umongameli ukuba athathe amanxusa, abagwebi bequmrhu, amagosa orhulumente, namanye amagosa aphezulu abekwayo, phantsi koqinisekiso lweNdlu yeQela. Eli gunya livumela umongameli ukuba abumbe ijaji kunye nequmrhu elilawulayo. Amandla okususwa acuthanga kakhulu. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele ekubeni umongameli angasusa abaphathi-ofisi ngaphandle kwesizathu kodwa amaqumrhu azimeleyo anokuthi anyanzele "ubangela" ukhuseleko ukukhusela imisebenzi yabo (bona ]] [FLT]] i-EXumphrey's Exectial.

Igunya eliyintloko

Njengelona gunya liphezulu lomkhosi, umongameli ulawula ucwangciso olucwangcisiweyo, ugunyazisa imisebenzi yokugquma, kwaye uyalela abalawuli bemigangatho yemidlalo yeqonga. Eli gunya liye lanwenwa ngemvume yokusetyenziswa komkhosi (AMF), njenge-2001 AUMF esetyenziswe ukuthethelela isenzo somkhosi nxamnye nobugrogrisi ngapha nangapha nangapha kolawulo oluninzi. Ubuchule bomongameli bokuthumela amajoni ngaphandle kokumiselwa kwemfazwe ngokusemthethweni buhlala bungenye yeenkalo eziphambili zengxoxo zamandla olawulo oluphezulu.

Amandla ePardon

Igunya likamongameli lokunika ugunyaziso lwetyala likarhulumente liphantse liphelele, lisebenza phambi okanye emva kokuqiniseka. IPardons ingawabuyisela amalungelo abantu kwaye ikhuphe iziphumo ezingokwasemthethweni, nangona zingenakusetyenziswa ukuthintela ukunyanzeleka okanye iziphumo zayo. I-profile ephezulu ixolelwa, njengoGerald Ford's uxolele uRichard Nixon okanye uDonald Trump, unika ingcebiso ngokwezopolitiko, idla ngokudala impikiswano yezopolitiko nokuphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nokuphendula.

Ilungelo Elilawulayo

Ukuqinisekisa amacebiso anyanisekileyo kwisebe eliphetheyo, oomongameli baye babiza ilungelo eliphezulu, ``ilungelo lokugodlela ulwazi kwiBhunga okanye kwiinkundla. Oku asilogunya elipheleleyo; iNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi[FLT][1]. United States v. Nixon[FLT]] laligqala ilungelo kodwa lifuna ukutyhilwa kwezinto ezithile ekuphengululeni kwezaphuli-mthetho. Impikiswano ibandakanya amaxwebhu nengxelo eMpathi yendlu emhlophe enxulumene nabacebisi abasondeleyo, ngeziphumo ezixhomekeke kulungelelaniso lwezilangazelelo.

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano Olusebenzayo

Isebe elilawulayo linemiqathango emininzi egcina umGaqo-siseko ulungelelene.

Ulawulo lwequmrhu

IiKomiti kwiNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlela yokuchophela amatyala, ii-asena, kunye nokucela amaxwebhu okulawula imisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo. IBhunga kufuneka liqinisekise ukumiswa komongameli kunye nezivumelwano ze-raftive. IBhunga likwalawula uqingqo-mali . Amandla emali yemali(/ kwaye anokuphelisa okanye athintele izenzo zegunya. Ukuphengulula luvavanyo olupheleleyo: Indlu ingamtyumza umongameli ngenxa "ye, ukunyoba, ukunyoba, okanye ezinye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziphezulu kunye nabasebenzi abangekho mthethweni," kwaye iNxati yetyala ibamba ityala ngevoti ezimbini-3 ezifunekayo ukususwa.

Impinda yezeejaji

Iinkundla zomanyano zesebe elilawulayo zingavakalisa izenzo ezingahambelaniyo okanye zifumane ukuba zigqitha igunya elingokwasemthethweni. Ukusukela [FLT]] Marbury v. Madison[FLT]], ijudicary ibisisikhuphisi sokugqibela sentsingiselo yesiseko. Iimeko ezinkulu ezifana umva we-Troput & Tube. v.Sayerter (ukuthimba uMongameli we-Cringe) kunye [[FLTL:6] .VFFLT] [FFLT] [5]

Uluvo Lwamajelo Ondaba Noluntu

Iphephandaba elizimeleyo kunye nonyulo olunolwazi lusebenza njengeengqikelelo ezingacwangciswanga. Ukunikela ingxelo, uphando, kunye nokuxilonga koluntu kungabhenca ukuxhatshazwa, ukubunjwa kwengcinezelo yezobupolitika, kwaye ekugqibeleni kuchaphazela unyulo. Irejista yempembelelo yobuongameli yokuvuma kweBhunga lokuvuma ukuxhasa okanye ukuchasa amanyathelo okulawula.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Nezinto Ezinamandla Eziguqukayo

Isebe eliphetheyo namhlanje lijongene neengcinezelo ezingaziwayo kumafamenti. Unyuko lwephondo, apho iBhunga lithumela igunya elibanzi kumasebe, landisa ubuchule bolawulo. Imfundiso ye.[FLT] ICHEVron[ ulibaziseko [ngoku] [olungisiwe ngezigqibo zeNkundla yakutshanje]) abagwebi abayalelwe ukulibazisa ukucacisa imimiselo ecacileyo, ukwandisa amandla equlukwano. Ukhuphiso lweziko lolawulo, izindululo zokhuseleko lwesizwe lukhuthaza utshintsho.

Ukwenziwa kwemimandla engaphandle kwelizwe kudala uxinzelelo olunamandla apho oomongameli baphethukela kwinyathelo elingathathi-nxaxheba xa ulalaniso lomthetho lusilela. Kwangaxeshanye, iKhomishini iye yanika amandla amakhulu, njengokuba kuboniswa kwiibheyile zezoqoqosho nakwiimeko zempilo yoluntu. Uxinezeleko phakathi kokuphumelela kwegunya eliphetheyo kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi luhlala lungumba oyintloko wolawulo lolawulo lwaseMelika.

Abemi kunye nabenzi bemithetho ngokufanayo bayangenelwa ekuqondeni ezi zakhiwo neengxoxo. Isebe elilawulayo asilolungiselelo elikude kodwa liyilungiselelo elithe jikelele, elilawulayo, elinezenzo zalo ezichaphazela imekobume, izoqoqosho, inkululeko yoluntu, kunye noxolo lwezizwe ngezizwe. Ukuhlala kolwazi kunika amandla abavoti ukuba bafune ubuchule kunye nokuzibamba kwabo basebenzisa igunya lokulawula.

Isiphelo

Isebe eliphetheyo lingaphezulu kakhulu kune-ofisi enye .inkqubo entsonkothileyo, esebenzayo yabantu kunye neenkqubo ezicetyelwe ukuguqulela umthetho kwisenzo. Ukusuka kwiplani yeGatya II ukuya kulawulo oluthe kratya lwenkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesihlanu, iimbopheleleko zomphathi kunye namandla zikhule ekuphenduleni iingxaki zesizwe. Kodwa iingqikelelo zokuqala zishiyekile: uBhunga lulawula isipaji-mali kwaye lungaphengulula; abagwebi baphinde bathintele; kwaye ekugqibeleni abantu bagqiba ekubeni ngubani okwi-Oval Oofisi. Ukuqonda indlela eli sebe elisebenza ngayo akuyo nje imfundo kuphela, kwaye liyimfuneko ekubandakanyeni ubumi kwi-Rhubhribe.