Imeko yembali yolwimi lwesiqalo

Isiqalo somGaqo-siseko waseUnited States asizange siphumele kwi-athom; yayiyimveliso yengxoxo enzulu, ulalaniso lwezobupolitika, kunye nobuchule bolwimi ngexesha lehlobo lonyaka we-1787. INdibano yezomGaqo-siseko ePhiladelphia yajamelana nomsebenzi omkhulu wokususa amaGatya abuthathaka ngokufaka inkqubo entsha yokulawula ilizwe. Ulwimi lwangaphambili lubonakalisa umnqweno wabaseki wokuchaza igunya neenjongo zorhulumente wolawulo ngendlela eyakuchaphazela abemi kwaye ivumela ukulinga okungazange kubonwe kwiRiphabliki-Riphabliki.

Gouverneur Morris, umthunywa osuka ePennsylvania onesipho sokuchaza okufutshane nokucacileyo, unconywa ngokubanzi njengombhali oyintloko wesibhengezo sokugqibela seNdlela. Njengentloko yeKomiti Yezohlobo, uMorris wayenoxanduva lokuphonononga ulwimi loMgaqo-siseko ngaphambi kokuba lunikezelwe ukudityaniswa. Waguqula iprograma eyomileyo esemthethweni efaka isivulo esiphefumlelweyo esiqalayo ngesindululo esinamandla "Thina Bantu" ngokweengxelo zembali, idrafti eyaqalayo ifundeka "Thiwess of New Hampshire, Massachusetts," njalo njalo njalo. UMorris watshintshela ngokudumileyo ukuba ive isithilitive kwigunya laso elisuka kwisiqu sesizwe esisodwa, ingeyo ingekho kwingqokelela yamazwe azimeleyo. Ngokutshona kwala ngokomthetho, nakuwokubekwa kwamagama aphambili.

Ulwimi lwangaphambili lwasetyenziswa nakumaphepha angaphambili awayeyingcali yezopolitiko yaseNtshona. IMagna Carta (1215) yasungula ingcamango yokulinganisela amandla karhulumente nokumisela umthetho. IBhili yamaNgesi yamaLungelo (1689) iqhubekeka ngokucaciswa kwemigaqo-siseko ebhalwe kubemi. Imithetho-siseko yezorhulumente ebhalwe ngexesha leMvukelo yaseMerika, enjengesiSindululo samalungelo eNtshona (7766), yaqulathe iingxelo zangaphambili malunga neenjongo zikarhulumente. Inkqukumbela yazi ezi zithethe ngexesha ithelela iimfuno ezithile zeRiphabliki yorhulumente. Izintluvo zamalungu aqonda ukuba isakhiwo esicacileyo, esivulayo, siya kunceda ukuba imeko ethanda ukuxhasa umGawulayo. Ukuxhasa inkqubo entsha, ukubona umgaqo-siseko wolawulo lwe-Roperalsonst [F] [FF]

Uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lwebinzana elingundoqo lesiqalo

Ibinzana ngalinye kwiPregedge lithwala ubunzima obukhethekileyo bomthetho nobentanda-bulumko. Ukuqonda la mabinzana ngamanye kutyhila umbono obanzi abasebenzi befreyim ababewugcinele iimbopheleleko zikarhulumente worhulumente. Iinjongo ezintandathu ezidweliswe kwisiqalo asiyompumelelo nje efuna impendulo; zinika isiseko sokutolika amanqaku alandelayo oMgaqo-siseko kunye nezilungiso.

"Thina bantu"

Eli binzana livulayo lisesona sigqibo sibalulekileyo kwimbali yomgaqo-siseko waseMelika. Liqinisekisa ukuba igunya lomGaqo-siseko lisuka ngqo kubemi, kungekhona kumazwe okanye nawaphi na amazwi. Ukukhethwa kwe "Thina" endaweni "Thina, simiselwe" okanye "Thina, abameli" sasisigqibo esingqinelayo sokwenza uxwebhu lube ngathi lubumbane phakathi kwabo bonke abantu baseMelika. Eli binzana liye labhenela ngqo kwiimeko ezininzi zeNkundla Ephakamileyo kunye neempikiswano zezobupolitika ukuqinisekisa isiseko sedemokhrasi sohlanga. Kukwakwakwabonisa ukuba urhulumente uyila abantu kwaye ngenxa yoko umele ukuba baphendule. Ibinzana eliluncedo ekuphumeleni kwemodemodeli ephezulu yolawulo, libeka igunya elipheleleyo ezandleni zabalawulwayo.

`Ukuze kuvezwe amaManyano agqibeleleyo"

Abaxhasi bavuma ukuba i-Union ekhoyo phantsi kweZihloko zeNkqutyana zazinesiphene. "Izibonelelo ezigqibeleleyo" azithethi ukuba i-Union isebenza ngokugqibeleleyo. Ivuma ukuba i-Union ingumsebenzi oqhubekayo. Eli binzana limisela isandi soqhubekeko lophuhliso nolungelelwano. Ikwathetha ngoxinezeleko phakathi komanyano lohlanga nolawulo lorhulumente. Ngokubeka phambili "Umanyano olugqibeleleyo," imiqondiso yokuba umGaqo-siseko wenzelwe ukomeleza amaqhina phakathi koorhulumente ngexa ugcina umqondiso wabo ocacileyo. Ibinzana licatshulwe kwiimpikiswano ezisemthethweni malunga namandla olawulo lwasekuhlaleni, ingakumbi ngexesha lemfazwe yoluntu, xa umbuzo wokuba ngaba amazwe anokuxhomeke kuhlobo lobume be-Union.

"Ubulungisa belizwe lakwaSirayeli"

Isigwebo singumsebenzi wokuqala odweliswe, obonisa ukubaluleka kwayo kwesiseko. Abalawuli babexhalabele kakhulu ukusekwa kwenkqubo yeenkundla nemithetho eya kuba yeyobulungisa, engaguquguqukiyo, nengacaluliyo. Phantsi kweMigaqo, kwakungekho jaji yesizwe, kunye neempikiswano phakathi kwabemi bamazwe ahlukeneyo phakathi kwemibutho ehlukeneyo, ezinokuthi zingabi nako ukuqinisekiswa ngokusesikweni. "Ubulungisa beSiko loMgaqo-siseko wesizwe, kuquka iNkuhlalo Ephakamileyo, kunye nokubekelwa kwemithetho ephatha bonke abemi ngokulinganayo phantsi komthetho. Eli binzana liye laba lingundoqo ekuxambulisaniseni amalungelo abantu, inkqubo ekufuneka iqhubekeke kwimbali yaseMelika. [FUL: 0]

"Indlela yokuzikhusela yasekhaya"

Ukuvukela kukaShay ngo1786 kwabonisa ngokucacileyo imfuneko yokuba urhulumente wesizwe onamandla anokukwazi ukugcina uxolo lwangaphakathi. Ibinzana elithi "iqinisekisa uxolo lwangaphakathi" libonisa umnqweno wabalawuli wokukhusela isiphithiphithi samakhaya, ugonyamelo lwehlolo, kunye nongquzulwano phakathi kwamazwe. Inika urhulumente wesizwe amandla okulwa nokulwa novukelo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho nocwangco luphumelele kwimida yesizwe. Le njongo ixhasa igunya likaMongameli lokumisa amajoni alawulayo ukuze aphelise ungquzulwano lwamakhaya, kwane nendima karhulumente ekuxhaseni urhulumente ekumeleni umthetho. Kwakhona ithetha ukuba noxanduva lwengcambulo, olunje njengobunzima bezoqoqosho okanye ukungabikho kobulungisa, nangona intengo yemali ekhoyo.

I-"Project yoKhuselo oluQhelekileyo"

Ukhuseleko lwesizwe yayiyinkxalabo enzima ngo-1787. IMagalelo eSicwangciso soMbutho ashiye ilizwe lisengozini yotshaba lwamanye amazwe, lingenamkhosi okanye inkqubo esebenzayo yokuququzelela ukhuseleko phakathi kwamazwe. "Isiqinisekiso sokhuselo oluqhelekileyo" inika urhulumente wesizwe amandla okuphakamisa nokuxhasa imikhosi, ukwakha umkhosi wamanzi, kwaye yenza ezinye izenzo ezifunekayo ukukhusela uhlanga kwiintshaba zangaphandle. Eli binzana lisisiseko somgaqo-siseko solawulo lomkhosi, kunye nezivumelwano kunye nezivumelwano. Iye yacelwa ukuba ithethelele yonke into ephuma ekumkhosini ukuze isetyenziswe ekukhuseleni, kwaye ihlala iyinjongo engundoqo karhulumente worhulumente kwixesha langoku.

Ukukhuthaza uluntu

Mhlawumbi ibinzana eliphikiswana kakhulu kwiSihloko, "ukwenza intlalo-ntle jikelele" litolikwa ngendlela ezahlukeneyo. Abaququzeleli bahlomele ukuba ngumgaqo obanzi womsebenzi karhulumente wokuhambisela phambili intlalo-ntle yabo bonke abemi, hayi nje amaqela athile okanye imimandla. Noko ke, asikuko ukunikezela okuzimeleyo kwegunya; amandla athile eNgqungquthela abekwe kwiSiqendu seSiqendu I, iCandelo 8. Icandelo 8. Ibinzana eli lisebenza njengomgaqo okhokelayo womthetho onxulumene nesiseko, imfundo, impilo kawonke, kunye neenkqubo zentlalo-ntle yabantu. Inkundla ephakamileyo iye yathi ngokuqhelekileyo ibambelele ekubeni "uGeneral Welvel Clausle" (ibizwa ngokuba "INquluyamrhuluyam) ivumela irhafuthelo lwentlalo-ntle njengoko ingawuchani umgaqo womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho.

"Zigcineni Iintsikelelo Zenkululeko"

Injongo yokugqibela edweliswe kwiSihlomelo yile ijonge emva kunye neyangaphambili. "Izigcinele Iintsikelelo Zenkululeko" iyavuma ukuba inkululeko lifa elixabisekileyo elifunyenwe ngeMvukelo. Abaxhasi abajolise ekukhuseleni inkululeko "yethu kunye neSizukulwana sethu". Eli binzana libonisa umbono wexesha elide weSigqeba njengesakhiwo sobuGaqo-siseko esiqinileyo senkululeko. Libonisa ukuba inkululeko asikokungabikho nje kwegunya kodwa kufuna isivikelo esisebenzayo njengovavanyo nolungelelwaniso, ukwahlula amagunya, kunye nokunika amalungelo amalungelo. Ibinzana likwanxibelelana nomGaqo-siseko kwizo zokwemvelo, ingakumbi iingcamango zikaJohn Loclace, owathi uthetha ukuba injongo karhulumente ikukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Igalelo Elithi Ukuphembelela Ubungqina Becopuc

Ulwimi lweSihloko aluchazi nje kuphela imisebenzi karhulumente; lunika isibongozo sokuba nenxaxheba. Amazwi okuvula athi "Thina bantu" abonisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko lumanyano phakathi kwabemi abamele baqhubeke bebandakanyekile ekulondolozeni iriphabliki. IPregger ikhumbuza isizukulwana ngasinye ukuba idemokhrasi asiyompumelelo ecacileyo kodwa luxanduva oluqhubekayo. Izikolo kunye nemibutho yezezentlalo idla ngokusebenzisa isiqalo sengxoxo emalunga nobumi, amalungelo, neembopheleleko.

Indima Kwimfundo Yesicombululo

Kubafundisi- ntsapho nabafundi, iNgxelo inikela ingongoma ecacileyo yokungena ngokufutshane kodwa enzulu kufundisiso lukarhulumente waseMerika. Amabinzana ayo asixhenxe anokuthi acengcelezwe, ahlatshwe, aqhutywe, aqhutywe kwiiklasi kulo lonke elo lizwe. Imfundo yezentlalo ikhuthaza abafundi ukuba babhale amatshatshatshandlela abo abo kwimimandla okanye imibutho eqikeleleyo, ngaloo ndlela befaka imigaqo yemithetho esesikweni, ubuthomala, ukhuseleko, intlalo, nenkululeko. Ulwimi lwawodwa lwawo lukwavela kwimibhiyo, izifungo zokwemvelo, kunye neentetho zikawonke wonke, ziqinisekisa indima yalo njengesiseko somthetho. [[FLT.0]] Ilibrary yemi yemithetho engundoqo yemithetho yezomthetho [[FLT] [FLD]]

Ukucaciswa Kwezigwebo Nemiqathango

Ngoxa isiqalo sisoloko sikhankanywa kwiimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni, iinkundla zisoloko zibambelele kwelokuba ayiwaniki nawaphina amalungelo asezantsi okanye amandla ngokwayo. Njengokuba iNkundla Ephakamileyo ichaze ku Jaconson v. iMassachusetts (05), iSihlomelo asifaki gunya lorhulumente wesizwe nawaphi na angazange adwelise ngqo kwenye indawo kuMgaqo-siseko. Noko ke, sisebenza njengesikhokelo esichazayo (iphepha elithi abagwebi baqonde iinjongo ezisemva kwemimiselo yezomGaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, xa kuqwalaselwe umgangatho woMgaqo-siseko, ugwebo lungajongana kwiinjongo ze-Pregquances elungele ukulungiselela intlalo-ntle yomthetho-wonke. Ngokunjalo, ukuchaza "umthetho ofanelekileyo nokusetyenziswa ngokokusetyenziswa kolwazi olusemthethweni.

Ukuphakamisa Igalelo Lethu Lentshayelelo

Kwinkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesihlanu, ulwimi loMxholo luyaqhubeka luvakala kwintetho yezobupolitika, kwiingxoxo zomgaqo-siseko, nakumazwi obugcisa. Amagama alo aphindaphindwa kwimibhiyozo yendalo, ashicilelwe kwizakhiwo zikarhulumente, kwaye acatshulwe ziinkokeli zazo zonke iingcamango zobupolitika. IPregeggery ikwaye yatshintshwa yimibutho yasekuhlaleni .ukusuka kumalungelo abantu ukuya kukwenza ushishino lokusingqongileyo.

Iimpikiswano Ngaphezu Kwentsingiselo Yantlandlolo Nenkcazelo Yexesha Elitsha

Abaphengululi nabagwebi abavumelani ngokobunzima bokunika ingcaciso xa kutolikwa umGaqo-siseko. Intsingiselo yengcaciso ithenjiswa kukuqondwa ngokwembali ye 1787-1789. Kubo, amabinzana afana "general Welfare" kufuneka aqondwe kumongo weshumi elinesibhozo lolawulo, oluthi lwabona indima elinganiselweyo yesizwe. Ukuphila kwemithetho-siseko, kwelinye icala, jonga ukuqalisa njengesiseko semigaqo ethambileyo enokuhambelana neemeko ezintsha. Bakhomba kwibinzana elithi "umanyano olugqibeleleyo" njengobungqina bokuba umGaqo-siseko wenzelwe ukuphucula nokwandisa. Le ngxoxo ayiyiyo nje into ekhoyo. Ingxoxo ayichaphazanga nje kuphela imibango yehlabathi engundoqo njengenkqubo yempilo yolawulo, iinkqubo zemeko yesizwe, imimiselo yemigaqo yesizwe, kunye nemigaqo yokhuseleko yesizwe.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwezobupolitika Nobomi Boluntu

Abalawuli abasuka kuGeorge Washington ukuya kweli xesha langoku bacaphula isiqalo sedilesi, uRhulumente weZiko loKhuseleko lweNtlalo-ntle, kunye nezinye iidilesi ezinkulu. iHeach Lincoln's Gettysburg iDilesi, nangona ingacaphula ngqo iPregeget, iphicotha imixholo yayo yenkululeko kunye nomanyano. Kumaxesha angoku, iDaawula isetyenziswa ukuthethelela yonke into ukusuka ekudalweni kweSebe lengingqi yoKhuselo lwengingqi, ukuya kulwando lwentlalo. Kubafundi, indlela ulwimi lwayo oluvela kwimimiselo yesizwe, iintetho zequmrhumela, kunye noogxanduva lwasekuhlaleni. Inkqululo yehlabathi lonke, i-Aflet, i-luence, intlalo, intlalo-ntle, nenkululeko esetyenziswa ngayo kufutshane. [i-Foglate yolwazi olulu `[1]

Isiphelo: Amandla Ahlala Ehleliyo Olwimi Lwentshayelelo

Isiqalo somGaqo-siseko waseUnited States sisengumsebenzi ocacileyo nophefumlelweyo. Amazwi aso akhethwe ngenyameko aphumeza iinjongo ezininzi: agunyazisa umGaqo-siseko ngokumisela igunya lawo ebantwini, abala iinjongo ezisisiseko zikarhulumente wezwe, kwaye akhupha isibongozo esingapheliyo sokuba ngummi osebenzayo. Ulwimi lwaBaqhubi bephondo luye lwangqineka lukwazi ukujika lula ngokwaneleyo ukukhokela uhlanga oluye lwakhula ukusuka kumagunya amakhulu alishumi elinesithathu ee-agrian, kwaye imigaqo yalo iyaqhubeka ikhuphikiswa nokuphuculwa ngenxa yemilo nganye yemithetho esesikweni, ukhuseleko nenkululeko.

Kubafundi, abafundisi-lwazi, nabemi, ukufundisisa iPregedge akuyonto nje esetyenziswayo ekuqondeni imbali. Sisisimemo ukucinga ngohlobo lwebutho labantu esinqwenela ukulakha kunye neembopheleleko esiziphetheyo njengamalungu emikhosi ehambayo. IPregedge icela ukuba siqwalasele ukuba sisenza umanyano olugqibeleleyo oluqhubekayo kusini na, nokuba simisela okusesikweni, nokuba sikhusela iintsikelelo zenkululeko yezazukulwana ezizayo. Kwixesha lokuzinza nokutshintsha kwezobupolitika, ulwimi lwamaPregegeot lunika amagama ahlukeneyo okuvuselela intlalo. Amagama asikhumbuza ukuba uvavanyo lwaseMelika luyaqhubeka, kwaye impumelelo yalo ixhomekeke ekuxelweni kwabo bonke abathi besithi "Abantu]