Ukuqonda indlela urhulumente wase-U.S. alungelelaniswe ngayo nendlela esebenza ngayo ingaphezulu kunesifundo sesizwe esinemfundo epheleleyo. .Isiseko sokwakha umGaqo-siseko sidala inkqubo eyahlulwe ngabom yaba ngamasebe ahlukeneyo, ngalinye elinamandla nembopheleleko, ukugada ubundlobongela nokuqinisekisa ukuba abantu bahlala bengumthombo opheleleyo wegunya. Esi sakhiwo sinyamezele ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, siqhelanisa neengxaki ezintsha ngexa silondoloza imigaqo engundoqo yolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Kulo khokelo lwandili lwandiswayo, siya kuvavanya amasebe amathathu karhulumente worhulumente ngokunzulu, inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelaniso egcina abantu behleli ngokulinganayo, indima karhulumente, umatshini wolawulo lwasekuhlaleni, kunye nesizathu sokuba abasebenzi belizwe begunya-orhulumente basekuhlaleni, ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo.

Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente Womanyano

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. umisela ulwahlulo lwamagunya phakathi koMthetho, iGqizelo, kunye namasebe eeJaji. Isebe ngalinye linemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, kodwa likwayilelwe ukukhangelana, ukukhusela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ukuba ingalawuli. Olu hlelo lubonakalisa inkolelo yabaseki, ecaciswe kwiPropus, okokuba "isikhundla esimele silwe ukulwa neminqweno yequmrhu."

Isebe loMthetho

IGazethi yeSebe `IKonreg'').Njengoko kuchazwe kwiQumrhu I lomGaqo-siseko, liyi-bidamaral, eliqukelwe yiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Esi sakhiwo sibini siqinisekisa ukuba zombini izithethe zabemi kunye nomlinganiselo worhulumente ziphothwe kwinkqubo yemithetho.

  • Indlu yabameli:[[FLT:] Amalungu ovota akhonza ama- 435 eemfuno ezimbini, nezihlalo ezabiwe phakathi kwamazwe asekelwe kubemi. Indlu iqalisa zonke iindleko zengeniso kwaye inamandla okuphela ekunikezeleni amagosa karhulumente. Imithetho yayo ixhasa ulawulo oluninzi, ilwenza luthabatheke ngakumbi kuluvo lukawonke-wonke.
  • I-Senentate: izijungqu ezilishumi ezilishumi ezisebenzisa amabinzana (ababini kumbuso ngamnye). Indlu yendlu iqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli (abagwebi, oopopu, oonobhala bekhabhinethi), idibanisa izivumelwano ngevoti ezimbini-3, kwaye yenza njengabagwebi ekuvavanyeni. Amagama ayo amade nomelo olulinganayo alungiselelwe ukulungiselela nokulungiselela izizinzo nokukhusela iimfuno ezimbalwa.

Iprojekthi yocwangciso-nkqubo lwengqungquthela ibala amandla afana nokurhabanisa, ukuboleka, ukulawula urhwebo lwamazwe aphakathi, ukuvakalisa imfazwe, nokugcina imikhosi. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ibandakanya ukuchongwa kweekomiti, ingxoxo yomgangatho, kunye noxolelwaniso lweenguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zendlu kunye neNdlu yeCatheran phambi kokuba ityala liye kuMongameli. /ikomiti ezingundoqo(*] njenge Komiti yeNdluvo kunye neMathetho okanye iKomiti yeNdlundyee-Judiary ) yenza indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni umthetho. Kwiityala langoku, ukutyelela

Isebe eliphethe i-Advice

Ikhokelwa nguMlawuli weUnited States, iSebe eliphetheyo linembopheleleko yokuqinisekisa nokusebenzisa umthetho wesizwe. Inqaku II linika uMongameli amandla abanzi, kuquka ukukhonza njengoMthetheli-equmrhu lamajoni axhobileyo, ukuxolela, kunye nokuqhuba izivumelwano (iwiso-mthetho owiswe yiBhunga). UMongameli ukwanemiyalelo yegunya lolawulo oluphezulu, ekufuneka ibekwe kwigunya elikhoyo lomthetho okanye umGaqo-siseko.

  • UMongameli: wacaciswa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine, uMongameli umisela amalungu ekhathemidi, abagwebi besizwe, kunye namatyala eNkundla ePhakamileyo (ngemvume yeNkundla ePhakamileyo). UMongameli ungayibeka kumthetho, kodwa iBhunga linokuyidlulisa iveto ngevoti ezimbini-3 emagumbini omabini.
  • UMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli: i-VP isebenza njengoMongameli weNdlu yeeNtsimbi (ukusasaza iivoti zokrwelelo loqhagamshelwano) kwaye ikwilayini yolandelelwano lomongameli.
  • IKhabhinethi: Ikhathementi loMongameli iquka iintloko zamasebe alawulayo ali-15 (umz., Ukhuselo, Ukhuseleko, iMali, iJaji). Aba noonobhala bacebisa uMongameli kwaye baphathe amaququzelela amaqumrhu abo azimeleyo njenge-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) neFederal Reserve.

Umlinganiselo weSebe eliLawulayo uye wanda ngexesha, ingakumbi kwimimandla yokhuseleko lwesizwe, umgaqo wezoqoqosho, kunye nentlalo-ntle yoluntu. Kulwazi olusemthethweni ngemiyalelo yegunya kunye nemisebenzi yesebe, bona [[FLT: 0] Indlu emhlophe.gov.

Isebe Lejaji

ISebe lezeeJaji lichaza imithetho lize lihlole imigaqo yalo yomgaqo-siseko. Inqaku III limisa iinkundla zephondo, kunye neNkundla yezoburhulumente encotsheni. INkundla ineejaji ezisithoba `ibambana nezobulungisa ezisithoba/irulasi ezisibhozo ezigwetywe nguMongameli kwaye ziqinisekiswe yiBhunga. Isebenza iinkundla zokumiselwa ubomi bonke, ezizikhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kwaye zivumela ukuba zifumane umgwebo ozimeleyo.

  • [[FLT: 0] Inkundla ephezulu: Iva izibheno ezivela kwiinkundla ezisezantsi zezwe kwaye imisela iinkundla eziphakamileyo ezibandakanya umthetho wesizwe okanye imibuzo yomgaqo-siseko. Amandla ayo okuhlola kwezomthetho (]] imarbury v. Madison [185]]] [183]])] [iyakuvumela ukubetha imithetho echasene noMgaqo-siseko.] Ityala lelizwe liquka imiba enje Brown v. Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo yemfundo ne v [FLT]
  • Inkundla yoMkhosi woKhuselo: IiNkundla zezibheno zase-U.S. [Iziphaluka zephondo] zihlola izigqibo ezivela kwiiNkundla zeSithili. Kukho iiNkundla zeSithili ezingama-94 ezisingatha amatyala asekuhlaleni nawamatyala. Iinkundla ezikhethekileyo, ezinjengeNkundla ye-Tax okanye iNkundla ye-International Traderty, idilesi ethile yomthetho.

IJadiciary iqinisekisa ukuba amanye amasebe asebenze ngaphakathi kwemida yomgaqo-siseko. Kwizimvo kunye nolwazi olungoomzekelo, tyelela [[FLT: 0] i-SupmeCourt.gov.

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano Olusebenzayo

Inkcubeko yezomGaqo-siseko ikwinkqubo edityanisiweyo ye ikhangela kunye nomlinganiselo . Isebe ngalinye linezixhobo zokuthintela ezinye, lidala ulungelelwaniso olunamandla oluthintela ukuxinana kwamandla. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela esebenza ngayo urhulumente.

  • Ingqwalasela ze-ligide kwiKhomishini elawulayo: ulawulo lwemali (amandla engxowa-mali), lungalawula ivetoes zomongameli, luqinisekisa ii-mine, kwaye lususa uMongameli okanye abanye abaphathi. Ikwaqhuba ukuva kwaye inyanzelisa ubungqina.
  • Ingqikelelo-mali ePhambili kwiSigqeba: UMongameli angarhoxa ityala (nangokuba uphantsi kokuthotywa kwendlela ethile), abize iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo zeBhunga, kwaye anike imiyalelo yesebe elilawulayo egxininisa kwigunya eliphetheyo. Ukuvota koMongameli ophetheyo kunika impembelelo kulawulo phezu komthetho weBhunga.
  • Iingqikelelo ze-judicial kwiiNkundla zoManyano, ingakumbi iNkundla ePhakamileyo, zingavakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo zegunya ezingekho mgaqweni (uhlolo lwasemthethweni). UMongameli umisela abagwebi, kodwa iBhunga limisela inani leenkundla kwaye linokuba ngabagwebi abachasayo.
  • Imithetho yokuqinisekisa kunye nokuHlola kweMiqathango: uMongameli ubeka abagwebi, kwaye iNdlu yeQela iyabaqinisekisa. IBhunga linokuguqula igunya lemithetho yeenkundla (neminye imida yomgaqo-siseko) kwaye linokucebisa ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko ukubhukuqa iinkcazelo zomthetho.

Imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene ininzi. UMongameli Franklin Roosevelt “isicwangciso senkundla” sathintelwa yinkcaso yezobupolitika. Kutshanje, uMongameli Nixon watshayela umtshutshisi okhethekileyo weWatergate wakhokelela kwisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ehlangeneyo kwiUnited States v. Nixon [[FLT]] [19974]) amele avumelane nee-padpoenas. Kwixeshana nje, imiyalelo yezolawulo zokufuduka kwinkundla zorhulumente iye yathintelwa okanye yaxhaswa zinkundla zesizwe, ibonakalisa ukudlala okuqhubekayo kwamasebe amathathu.

Indima Yoorhulumente

I- ekwindawo ebanzi yolawulo lwamazwe yahlula-hlula amandla phakathi korhulumente wesizwe kunye namazwe. Ugcino loMphengululo weshumi lamagunya kumazwe (okanye kubantu) nawuphi na urhulumente wezwe elingawaphathi. Ngenxa yoko, amaphondo anegunya elibanzi kwimicimbi enjengemfundo, ezothutho, ukunyanzelisa umthetho, umthetho wempahla, umthetho wentsapho, kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke.

Isebe loMgaqo-siseko weRhulumente

Urhulumente ngamnye unesebe lowiso-mthetho elenza imithetho karhulumente. Ngokungafaniyo neNebraska (enendlu yowiso-mthetho enye), onke amaphondo anezindlu zowiso-mthetho ze-bimeral/indlu yombuso okanye ingqungquthela kunye ne-senate. Izibhalo zokwahluka, kodwa abameli basebenzisa amagama aneminyaka emibini kunye nee-indawo ezine. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikwanamandla okucebisa kunye nokulungisa i-raintective kwi-unicesters ye-U.S. umGaqo-siseko kunye nokumisela iinkqubo zonyulo zasekuhlaleni. Amazwe amaninzi abonakalisa amaqela ommimi-initi, avumela ukuvocalula umthetho ngqo. [[FLT: 0] iNgqungquthela yesizwe ye-Gegislastions[FFoct1]

Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu lweRhulumente

Irhuluneli iyintloko yesebe elilawulayo lesizwe kwaye inyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente. NjengoMongameli, abalawuli banegunya lokulawula (ngokufuthi baquka igunya lomgca loqingqo-mali), amapolisa orhulumente, amisele amagosa karhulumente, kwaye ajonge uqingqo-mali. Amazwe amaninzi akwanerhuluneli, igcisa-gcisa, neqela leesebe. Amandla abalawuli abalawuli abalawuli ayahluka ngokwemeko-bume; umzekelo, amanye amabamba anamandla okumisela amagunya anamandla xa abanye besebenzisana nabo banemithetho yowiso-mthetho okanye iibhodi.

  • Governor: Icwangcisa inkqubo ephambili, idlulisa idilesi yengingqi, kwaye iyakwazi ukuxolela okanye ukunyusa izigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho lwezwe.
  • Ibamba elingumGaqo-siseko: Idla ngokusebenza njengomongameli wesizwe kwaye ithathe irhuluneli ukuba irhuluneli ayicetyiswanga, iyarhoxa, okanye iyafa.
  • [[UMKQUTHO:0] IKhabhinethi yeSizwe APPPP: Amasebe emfundo, ezothutho, impilo, kunye nokukhuselwa komthetho nemigaqo yombuso.

Isebe lezogwebo leRhulumente

Ilizwe ngalinye linenkqubo yalo yenkundla, eqheleke ngokuyiyo: iinkundla zamatyala, iinkundla eziphakathi, kunye nenkundla ephakamileyo yephondo. Iinkundla zeli lizwe zisingatha uninzi lwamatyala angokwasemthethweni eUnited States (ngaphezu kwama-90%). Kuquka amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, iimbambano zamakhaya (iimpikiswano zomntu ngamnye), ulwaphulo-mthetho lwentsapho, kunye neprobate. Inkundla ephakamileyo yephondo ligunya elipheleleyo kumthetho kunye nemibuzo yesiseko sorhulumente, nangona izigqibo zayo zinokubhenele kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yezomthetho-U.S.

  • IiNkundla eziQuquzelelayo: zikwabizwa ngokuba ziintendelezo eziphezulu, ezijikelezayo, okanye eziziqithi (ixesha ziyahluka), ezi ziinkundla zomzekelo wokuqala. Ziqhuba iimvavanyo, ziva ubungqina, zize zigqibe izibakala.
  • IiNkundla eziphangaleleyo: iinkundla zomxhasi zihlola izigqibo zokuvavanya ukuphazanyiswa kwempazamo esemthethweni. Asingawo onke amazwe anazo; amanye anenkundla ephakamileyo kuphela yokubhenela.
  • Inkundla ePhakamileyo yeState: Ngokuqhelekileyo inkundla yesigqibo sokugqibela kwimiba yomthetho karhulumente. ABagwebi banganyulwa (kwimimandla emininzi) okanye bamiselwe (ngokufuthi yirhuluneli).

Umahluko kwimimiselo yenkundla yeli lizwe kunye neendlela zokukhetha zokugweba (unyulo lweparistan, unyulo olungelulo ipartisha, olufanele ukumiswa) wenza urhulumente ngamnye ahluke. Umzekelo, iTexas inenkqubo yenkundla ephakamileyo ephakanyisiweyo phezulu qha, engowolwaphulo-mthetho.

Urhulumente Wasekuhlaleni: Umgca ophambili wenkonzo kaRhulumente

Oorhulumente bendawo (-oomasipala, oomasipala, amalokishi, izikolo, kunye nezithili ezikhethekileyo, zingumgangatho karhulumente osondelene nabemi. Banikela iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo ezinjengokukhusela amapolisa kunye nomlilo, izikolo zikawonke-wonke, ukhuseleko lwamanzi, unikezelo lwamanzi, iipaki, kunye nolawulo lwelizwe. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bafumana igunya labo kumthetho wesizwe nakwimimiselo. [[FLT:]] umgaqo wemfundiso [[FLT:]] [iSikolo] [i-Dilton] [, owamkeli we-onke amazwe, umimiselo esetyenziswa ngumthetho enzima, umiqathaza isithi oorhulumente banikwe kuphela yimithetho esemthethweni. Noko ke, ugunya lokuxhasa [[FLT]], ukuvumela amasixeko nobalo lokuziphatha ngokwawo ngokwawo ngokwawo.

Oorhulumente Bamaphondo

Imisebenzi yabo yahluka kakhulu: eNew England, izixa-mali zineembopheleleko ezincinane; kwimininzi yoMzantsi naseNtshona, ubalo lunika iinkqubo zesikolo, ukugcinwa komthetho (isebe lomphathi), ugcino-mthetho, neenkonzo zentlalo-ntle. Ibhodi yengingqi okanye isebe lengingqi lisebenza njengequmrhu lowiso-mthetho nelolawulo oluphezulu.

  • IKomishini eququzelelayo/ICouncil: Amasiko, ukwamkela uqingqo-mali, kwaye ucwangcisa irhafu yempahla.
  • Umlawuli womkhosi: Umqeshwa osemthethweni onyuliweyo onoxanduva lokugcinwa komthetho, iintolongo, kunye nokhuseleko lwenkundla kumazwe amaninzi.
  • UClerk ombambo: Ugcina iirekhodi zikawonke-wonke, iqhube unyulo, kwaye ukhupha imvume yomtshato.

Oorhulumente bakaMasipala

Oomasipala ``iidolophu, iidolophu, kunye needolophana---azidityanisiweyo kunye namaqela anamandla okunikezela ngoluhlu olubanzi lweenkonzo. Amalungiselelo aqhelekileyo aquka i-maycanter-council (iiyantlukwano ezinamandla okanye umlawuli wedolophu obuthathaka), [[[KOLT]] i-council-'iiir-mal [[[FLT]] iquka ukukhusela uwonke-wonke, imisebenzi kawonke-wonke, ii-paki, kunye nemithetho ye-omatilorhesi yenqanawa ezininzi.

  • [[UMVULO:0] I- Idla ngokuba ngumphathi oyintloko, onamandla eveto kwizigqibo zebhunga kunye negunya kumasebe esixeko.
  • IBhunga leCity: Idala amasiko, icwangcisa uqingqo-mali lukamasipala, izivumelwano ezivunyiweyo, kwaye imela isithili okanye kwizakhiwo ezinkulu.
  • Umphathi weCity: utyunjwe libhunga kwiinkqubo zomphathi, umphathi uphatha ulawulo lwemini ukuya kweyosuku kwaye uqesha iintloko zesebe.

Iibhodi zeSikolo neZithili Ezikhethekileyo

Imimandla ekhethekileyo ingamaqela azimeleyo karhulumente anikela inkonzo ekhethekileyo, enjengamanzi, ugutyulo, ukhuseleko lomlilo, okanye ulawulo lweengcongconi. Zineebhodi zazo ezilawulayo kunye negunya lokurhafisa. Imimandla yezikolo yeyona ixhaphakileyo, neebhodi zesikolo ezinyuliweyo ezijongene nemfundo, imigaqo-nkqubo, nerhafu ye-levy kwimigaqo karhulumente. Imimandla ekhethekileyo ingenza ii-efficiencies kodwa ikwanoxanduva kwiingxaki.

Ukubaluleka Kokubandakanyeka Kwisityalo Secapuca

Urhulumente owenziwe ngeenhlolo, ulungelelwaniso, kunye nomaleko omninzi usaxhomekeke ekusebenzeni kwabemi bawo. UMgaqo-siseko uqala ngo- “Thina bantu,” kunye nonyulo ngalunye, ukuvalwa kwelizwi, kunye nesibongozo siyindlela yokusebenzisa olo lawulo. Ukuqonda indlela urhulumente alungelelanisiweyo ngayo kwenza abantu bakwazi [ ngokunentsingiselo ngokuvota kummandla wasekuhlaleni, urhulumente, kunye nonyulo lorhulumente; ngokuqhagamshelana namagosa anyuliweyo ukuze athethe izimvote; ngokukhonza kwiintlanganiso zeholo yedolophu; nangokuya kwisikhundla.

Uphando oluqhubekayo lubonisa ukuba xa abemi bethe banenxaxheba, urhulumente uyasabela kwaye inkqubo iphumele iziphumo ezingcono zokubonakalisa iimfuno zoluntu. Izixhobo ezifana USA.gov yenza kube lula ukufumana amagosa anyuliweyo, umthetho wokulandelela, unikezelo lweenkonzo zikawonke-wonke-wonke, kwaye uyazi amalungelo akho. Nokuba ukhuthaza upaki omtsha, ucel'icingela ukuhlaziywa kwetyala, okanye ukutyhalela phambili utshintsho lwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho olupheleleyo, isakhiwo sikarhulumente waseMelika sinikela iingongoma ezininzi zokungena.

Isiphelo

Ukulungelelaniswa korhulumente wase-U.S. --federal, urhulumente, kunye nommandla (ingumsebenzi wobugcisa woyilo lweziko, olwakhelwe kukwahlulwa kwamagunya, ulawulo, kunye nokuvavanywa kunye nomlinganiselo. Isebe ngalinye linobutyala obahlukileyo kodwa obuxhomekeke kuhlobo oluthile, ukuyila inkqubo emelana nokomelela. Ukusuka kwii-Churvents ukuya kwindlu yenkundla yephondo, ukusuka kwiCamprinetic ukuya kwibhodi yesikolo sasekuhlaleni, yonke indima idlala indima ekuguquleni imigaqo yedemokhrasi ukuba isebenze. Indlela engcono yokuyihlonela le nkqubo ifanele iqonde, ukuba nenxaxheba kuyo, nokuyigcina iphendulela. Ummi ofundileyo ulawulo lwephondo, ufumana uvavanyo olupheleleyo kwibhodi yesikolo sasekuhlaleni.