Imeko yembali yegunya lolawulo

Uxanduva phakathi kwegunya eliphakamileyo nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye luye lwaqhubela phambili kwindaleko yezobupolitika kawaka leminyaka. Kudala eMesopotami, abalawuli abafana noHammurabi badibanisa imithetho yokulawula okusesikweni, kodwa igunya elipheleleyo lalikumlawuli. I-Caladical Athens yalinga idemokhrasi ngqo, kodwa amandla olawulo oluphezulu ayesoloko enikezelwa kwiinjenge-jenali nakubaphathi-mikhosi nabaphathi abalinganiselweyo. I-Rome Republic yamisa icandelo lamagunya ngemibutho yayo elawulayo, iBhathene, kunye neendibano, kodwa ukuvela kwabalawuli abafana noAusususstom, kwabonisa indlela igunya elilawulayo elinokutshona kwedemo-demokhrasi. Ezi nkqubo zangaphambili zabekwa isiseko sokuncitshiswa kwamandla okulawula.

Uphuhliso Lwamandulo

IYurophu eyahlula igunya phakathi kookumkani, abaphezulu, kunye neCawa. IMagna Carta (1215) yayilinyathelo eliphawulayo, inyanzelisa uKumkani uJohn ukuba avume ukuba kwanokumkani wayephantsi komthetho. Noko ke, kwiinkulungwane emva koko, ookumkani baseNgilani baqhubeka begunyazisa amagunya azimeleyo //irhafu ngaphandle kwePalamente, ukuvalelwa ngomkhethe, kunye nokulawulwa kwemiqathango yamanye amazwe. IGlorious Revolution of Rights (16889) yamisa ngokuqinileyo ulawulo lwepalamente kwaye yangavumelanga umlawuli ukuba atyhale imithetho engavumelani. Le miqathango yaphembelela ngokuthe ngqo abalawuli baseMerika ababenga abagcingela uKumkani uGeorge III abagcinelo oluphambili.

Ukukhanyiselwa Nokuzalwa Kolawulo - melo Lwale Mihla

John Locke’s [[FLT: 0] IMibango Emibini kaRhulumente (1689) yaphikisa ngelithi urhulumente osemthethweni ufuna ulwahlulo lwamagunya alawulwayo kwaye amandla olawulo alinganiselwe ngumthetho. Ezi ngcamango zifakelwe kwiNdibano zomGaqo-siseko we-1787. UJames, kuFortson. No. 51, wabhala ukuba “uMoya woMthetho [1748] [17]) ucebise ukwahlulwa kwamandla kwimithetho, i-gxanduva, kunye namasebe ejaji, ngalinye lijonge amanye.

Umsebenzi Osisiseko Weetsheki Nokulungelelana

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. umisela inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela elungiselelwe ukulinganisela amandla olawulo oluphezulu. Isebe ngalinye likarhulumente linamandla neembopheleleko ezithile, liqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye elinokulawula amanye.

  • Isebe lowiso - mthetho limisela imithetho.
  • Isebe elilawulayo limisela imithetho.
  • Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho.

Amalungiselelo angundoqo omgaqo-siseko

Amalungiselelo aliqela omgaqo-siseko ajongene nenkcaso ekulinganiseleni igunya elilawulayo:

  • I: Ibonelela ngeKhontrakthi amandla okwenza imithetho, ukulawula uqingqo-mali, ukuvakalisa imfazwe, nokuqinisekisa ukubekwa kwegunya eliphezulu. Ingxelo efunekayo nefanelekileyo ivumela iBhunga ukuba landise ukufikelela kwalo, lisebenze njengobukhulu obuphikisana nesenzo somongameli.
  • Article II: Ichaza amandla kaMongameli, kuquka indima yeNkulumbuso- kwiChieef, amandla okukhupha ukuxolelwa, kunye nomsebenzi “wokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphumezwe ngokuthembekileyo.” Eli binzana liye lasetyenziswa ukuthethelela ubuchule bolawulo olubanzi, kodwa likwathetha umsebenzi ukunyanzelisa/okanye ukutyeshela.
  • [[FLT: 0] Article III: imisela ijaji ukutolika imithetho nokusombulula iimpikiswano. Amandla ohlolo lomthetho, aqinisekisiweyo kwi Marbury v. Madison [183]), ivumela iinkundla ukuba zibethelele izenzo zolawulo ezingqubanayo nomGaqo-siseko.
  • IBhili yamaLungelo: Izilungiso zokuqala ezilishumi zinyanzela umphathi ngokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye/i-speech, ukucofa, indibano, inkqubo efunekayo, kunye nokhuseleko ekuphandeni nokuxhuzula okungaqikelelwanga. ISihlanu, seSithandathu, kunye neSisibhozo soLawulo sinxulumene ngokukhethekileyo nezenzo zolawulo kumthetho kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe.

Ingcebiso yeNkcubeko

Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, iBhunga linegunya lesipaji-mali, akukho mali inokusetyenziswa ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho. Indlu yemibutho kufuneka iqinisekise amalungu ekhatheminali, abagwebi borhulumente, kunye nee-arhente. Ingqungquthela ingawalawula ama-desigqeba amabini-sithathu, kwaye inamandla okungathethi nokususa umongameli, umongameli, umongameli, okanye amanye amagosa oluntu ngenxa “yeSifumba-mali, okanye ezinye iiCrimente eziphezulu kunye nezikhokelelwa-Mismears.” .S.[FLT]S.[FLD:1]]

Imizekelo Engokwembali Yokulawula

Ukutyhubela imbali yaseUnited States, oomongameli baye bayivavanya ngokuphindaphindiweyo imida yegunya labo, maxa wambi bebangela iingxwabangxwaba zomGaqo-siseko okanye imigaqo ephawulekayo engokwasemthethweni.

Andrew Jackson Nengxaki Yokungadibanisi

Ngo-1832, uMzantsi Carolina wavakalisa ukuba umongameli wesizwe ungenamsebenzi kwaye ungenanto kwimida yakhe, esongela i-secession. UMongameli uAndrew Jackson waphendula kunye noMkhosi weBhili, egunyazisa ukunyanzela umthetho wesizwe, ngoxa enciphisa iijaji ukuze athomalalise ingxabano. UJackson wachaza ukuba umongameli unelungelo lokunyanzelisa igunya lolawulo lukarhulumente. kwaye ungazihoya umgaqo weNkukhosi ePhakamileyo awawuchasayo (njengoko kuMkhosi [FLT: 0]] Warcester v. Georgia).

ULincoln nomkhosi kaHabeas Corpus

Ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya, uMongameli Abraham Lincoln wabek' i-gxameter ye-habeas corpus, ebamba amawaka ngaphandle kokuvavanywa. Waphikisa ukuba kwakuyimfuneko ukugcina i-Union. IJaji enkulu uRoger Taltney walawula ex eparteryman [[[FLLT:1] [1861])) ukuba kuphela kweNgqungquthela yeNgqungquthela yabaphathi-moya eyayinokunqanda i-as corpus, kodwa uLincoln wangayihoyalelanga ulawulo. Kamva iBhungalo labaphathi baphinda lagunyazisa izigwebo ezigunyazayo. Esi siganeko sisala singumzekelo onamandla woxinzelo oluphakathi kokhuseleko namalungelo omntu ngamnye, kunye nemidabalwayo yegunya lolawulo ngexesha lobugcine.

I-FDR nomsebenzi omtsha

Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal yandisa kakhulu iinkqubo ze-New Deal karhulumente karhulumente wezezoqoqosho. Ngo-1935, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabetha iinxalenye zeNational Indumasi Recovery Act Schechter Poult. v. United States. Rooselt waphendula “ngecebo lokulungisa”, icebe ukwandisa ubulungisa kwimigaqo yakhe. KwaneeKhomishini yeBhunga yakwalathisa oko. Ngexesha i-FDR yaphumelela ekushenxiseni icala (iiwo elisithoba).

INixon Nomphathi Wolawulo

Usebenziseka kukaRichard Nixon ilungelo lokulawula, ukuqhushumbisa okufihlakeleyo kweKhambodiya, kunye neWatergate uGqr, kwabonisa oko umbhali-mbali uArthur Schlesinger Jr. wakubiza ngokuba “ngumongameli.". Ukusebenza kweNkundla ePhakamileyo ngokumxhelo mnye .[FLT][1] United States v. Nixon[[FLT]] [19777]] [1977])[FLT] unyanzelela uNixon ukuba akhuphe amakhasethi, eqinisekisa ukuba umongameli akangaphezulu komthetho. ukujonga umongameli akakho ngaphezu komthetho.

Ulwandiso lwasemva 9/11: iTshash ne-Obama

Emva kohlaselo lwe-septemba 11 uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush ogunyazisiweyo ongenagunya lokurhuqa, iinkundla zomkhosi, kunye nokuvalelwa okungagqibekanga. HAMDAN v. Rumsfeld[ (2006] ] isigqibo salawula ukuba umkhosi waphula umthetho we-CD-siseko weJaji ne-Geneva. Umongameli u-Barck Obama waqhubeka ejongene-droat (DACA), kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo ye-ofisi yezorhwebo (i-AC), eyayijongeneengxaki ezingomthetho. Urhulumente wakwagunyazisa igunya elikhulu phantsi kokusebenzisa umkhosi womkhosi (2001, ukrutha oluditya phakathi kwemfazwe yemfazwe ne-GenevalGeneval.

Imbambano Yangoku Kulawulo Olulawulayo

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ingxubusho engolawulo oluphezulu iye yanda. ICriss jl okanye i-arhente(yokwenene) iye yabangela ukuba oomongameli bathathe inyathelo ngaphandle kwemvo, basoloko bevavanya imida yomgaqo-siseko. Iindawo ezingundoqo zokuphikisana ziquka imiyalelo yezolawulo, iingozi zesizwe, inkqubo yangaphandle, kunye nezibhengezo zokuzikhusela ngokupheleleyo.

Imiyalelo yegunya nempembelelo yayo

Abalawuli basebenzisa rhoqo imiyalelo yegunya ukumisela iinguqu zenkqubo ngaphandle kwemvume yombutho. Ngoxa esi sixhobo sinokuba luncedo, sikwanyusa inkxalabo ngokugqitha kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Imiyalelo yegunya ayikhankanywa kumGaqo-siseko kodwa iye yasetyenziswa ukususela kuGeorge Washington. Oomongameli bale mihla besuka kuwo omabini amaqela baye bakhupha amakhulu emiyalelo. Eminye imizekelo ephawulekayo:

  • Umyalelo kaHarry Truman wokubamba izigalelo zentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea wabethwa ku [FLT: 0] ulutsha oluncinane Phepha & Tube Co. Saweyer[[FLT: 1] (1852], uthintela amandla omongameli okuthatha impahla yangasese ngaphandle kwegunya lomthetho.
  • Umthetho kaRonald Reagan owalela ukusetyenziswa kwemali karhulumente ukuze anikele isiluleko sokuqhomfa waxhaswa ngokwenxalenye.
  • Uvalo lukaDonald Trump lokuhamba kumazwe amaninzi amaSilamsi afunyaniswe ucelomngeni kodwa ekugqibeleni lwaxhaswa ku Trump v. Hawaii (2018), kunye neNkundla ebhekisa kwisigqibo somongameli ekufudukeni nakukhuseleko lwesizwe.
  • Isicwangciso sokubolekisa ngemali kaJoe Biden sathintelwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo Biden v. Nebraska (2023), siqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho olungundoqo lwenkqubo lufuna ugunyaziso olucacileyo lwentlanganiso.

Ingxamiseko yesizwe kunye namandla obuMongameli

UMthetho weSizwe we-Emerdiation Act (1976) unika inkqubo yokuvakalisa umongameli ungxamiseko lwesizwe, uvula amagunya e-statory. Noko ke, imigaqo yezibhengezo ezinjalo ibanzi, ikhokelela ekuxhatshazweni okunokwenzeka. UMongameli Trump wasebenzisa oku ukubuyisela imali yemikhosi ukwenzela ulwakhiwo lomda, eyaxhaswa ngokungephi kodwa exhotyiswe ngokuphandle kodwa ekwathiswayo. Abahlalutyisi baphikisa ngelithi izibhengezo zongxamiseko ezimfiliba zivumela umongameli ukuba agqithe iBhunga. Umthetho weNgqungquthela yeNjenga ingaphelisa ungxamiseko, kodwa ufuna isiso soshicilelo esidityanisiweyo nosayino lukamongameli okanye isigqesho se-gest shorever·a.

Umgaqo - siseko Wamanye Amazwe Namagunya Emfazwe

UMgaqo-siseko wahlula amagunya emfazwe: iBhunga livakalisa imfazwe; umongameli yiNdlu yeSigqibo semfazwe sowe-1973, ewiswe ngaphezulu kwe-Nixon's joto, ufuna oomongameli ukuba bazise iNgqungquthela kwiiyure ezingama-48 zonikezelo lwemikhosi kunye nemida kwientsuku ezingama-60 ngaphandle kogunyaziso. Umongameli ngamnye ukususela oko uyigqala njengengagunyaziswanga, kodwa akukho nkundla iye yalawula ngqo ekusebenzeni kwayo. Umzekelo, uMongameli Obama ungenelelo lomkhosi eLibya ngo-2010 waqhubeka nomda wama-60 odluleyo ngaphandle kogunyaziso, nto leyo ikhokelela ekubeni agxeke i-bian kodwa angaqhubeki mgaqo-mthetho.

Ilungelo elinolawulo oluphezulu nomanyano

Ilungelo elilawulayo livumela oomongameli ukuba bagobe ulwazi lokukhusela icebiso eliyimfihlo, kodwa aliphelelanga. Ityala le-Nixon limiselwe elo lungelo kufuneka linikezele kuphando olusemthethweni lolwaphulo-mthetho. Kutshanje, iNkundla Ephakamileyo kwi Trump v. [[FLT:][FLT]-20] [2020]) yawisa umthetho wokuba umongameli ohleliyo akakhuselekanga kurhulumente ongaphantsi kwe-popartis. [[FLT] Trumbsp v. United States[FLT] [25:] [2024], iNkukholelwa ukuba ongaphambili umongameli uthintelo olupheleleyo lwezenzo zabo ezisemthethweni “kumandla omthetho-onke” nokungakhuselwa kwemisebenzi yezomthetho, kodwa ekungangeniseni kwezenzo ezithile zoburhulumente. Esi sigqibo sinomahluko.

Indima Yecudio Ekusikeleni Amandla Alawulayo

Ijaji isebenza njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo kumphathi ophetheyo. Ngamandla ohlalutyo olugwebayo, iinkundla zinokwenza izenzo zolawulo ezingaphaya kwemiqathango yomgaqo-siseko okanye yomthetho. Noko ke, ijaji isoloko ithobela intloko-mthetho kwimicimbi yokhuseleko lwesizwe nenkqubo yamanye amazwe, idala uxanduva phakathi kolawulo lomthetho nemfuneko yokuphendula.

Ityala Eliphakamileyo Lenkundla

  • Ubetho oluncinci lwekhasi & Tube Co. Sawier (1952): uMongameli Truman wayalela ukuphanjwa kwezingqungquthela zentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea ukunqanda ukubetha. INkundla Ephakamileyo yalawula 6-3 ukuba umongameli ubengenagunya lomgaqo-siseko okanye umgaqo-siseko, emisela loo msebenzi wequluko ngaphandle kwemvume yokuqulungela awusebenzi kwingqungquthela yasekhaya.
  • [FLT] United States v. Nixon [19974]]). Igunya le-UFLT lilawula ngokuphandle ukuba ilungelo eliphetheyo aligqibekanga kwaye kufuneka linikezele kwimfuno yobungqina kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Isigqibo sanyanzeleka uNixon ukukhupha iikhasethi kwaye ngokunempumelelo yaphelisa idemonimonian yakhe.
  • INS v. Chadha (19983): Ukutyhala phantsi kwewiso-mthetho, iKhomishini yeKhomishini esetyenziselwa ukulawula izenzo zolawulo. INkundla yabambelela kwiNkundla yokuba iBhunga kufuneka ilandele iBidameralism kunye neemfuno ezikhoyo zeCandelo I, iqinisekisa ukwahlulwa kwamandla.
  • .Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006: yalawula ukuba iikhomishini zomkhosi ezimiselwe nguMongameli Bush zaphula zombini ikhowudi ye-FULC yeJavanity neGeneva, ilinganisela igunya elilawulayo kwimfazwe yoloyiko.
  • [FLT]Trump v. Hawaii (2017): wanyamezela ukuvalwa kohambo phantsi kwegunya elibanzi lomongameli ekungeneni, kodwa waphawula ukuba iNkundla izakuhlola iintshukumisa ezikhoyo, icebisa ukuba unqulo lungaphelisa imiyalelo yexesha elizayo.
  • [FLT] BIden v. Nebraska Ithintele ukubolekisa ngemali yabafundi ngokubanzi, ibamba ukuba i-HEROES Act ayigunyazisanga inkqubo ekhukulisiweyo enjalo, iqinisekisa imfuneko yogunyaziso olucacileyo lwemithetho-nkqubo engundoqo.

Ukungathobeli Nemida Yako

Iinkundla zisoloko zijongene nomphathi ophezulu kwimicimbi yangaphandle kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe, zikhankanya ukungafumani buchule bokugweba kunye nemfuneko yokuthatha inyathelo elikhawulezayo. [[FLT:] Imfundiso yeChebron[ [19984] ifuna iinkundla ezifuna ukuthotyelwa kwenkcazelo edibeneyo yemimiselo ecacileyo, ngokunempumelelo ekwandiswa amandla olawulo oluphezulu. Noko ke, iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo ilawula [[FLT]] [i] kumaziko ahlukeneyo] Bright Exred Enternet. [[FLT] vFLT].[FLT:][FLT][20]]

Ukunganyaniseki Neengxaki Zezobupolitika

Ukunyanzelisa kusisixhobo esipheleleyo somGaqo-siseko nxamnye nesigqeba esilawulayo esigqithiseleyo. Le House ingavota ngoninzi “Isizathu, Isifumbathiso, okanye ezinye iiCribe zolwaphulo-mthetho eziphezulu kunye neMisdeamer,” kunye namabanjwa eNdlu yeNdlu yeQela angama-3, asuswayo umongameli. Umgangatho uye wadityaniswa: abanye baphikisa ukuba igqubuthe ihambo yezolwaphulo-mthetho, abanye banyanzelela ukuba i-mthetho u-Andrew Johnson, uVill Clinton, kunye noDonald Trump (ice) bagwetywa yiNdronal, kodwa akukho namnye owagwetywa yiNdrive. UDonald Trump umphelo opheliselwe ukukhuthaza ukurhoxilongwa kwesipha solwaphulo-mthetho emva kwe-mthetho emva koJanuwanu 6, 201, ibonisa ukuba iqela lemibutho elisoloko ukuhlolwa kwemi, ukuhlolwa kwezo kwezo kwezobupolitika.

Isiphelo: Ukusebenzisa Amandla Alungeleleneyo

Ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi kwegunya elilawulayo namanye amasebe luyinkqubo esebenzayo nephikiswayo. Imizekelo yembali esuka ekunyanzelweni kwe-habeas corpus kuNixon's Respect kunye namadabi asemthethweni kaTrump ibonisa ukuba imida yegunya elilawulayo ayinqabile ukumiswa; izenzekela kwingxaki, umthetho, kunye nokucaciswa kwezomthetho. Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ixhomekeke kwisebe ngalinye ixhomekeke kwisebe ngalinye ekufezekiseni indima yalo kwaye iqhubeke ixanduva yalo yalo, kwaye amandla emalini, i-judiary ngoluvo lomGaqo-siseko, kunye nomphathi olawulayo ngemida yemithetho-mthetho-siseko, kunye nentlonelo ngemidabi yesizwe. Njengokuba imele ijongene imingeni entsha, i-compuluke, okanye i-mo yemozulu, iya kuqhubeka ikho ukuququlusela phambili kwemiqatha yemithetho yemfundo yezolwazi elilawulayo elilawulayo, elilawulayo elilawulayo elilawulayo elilawulayo; indlela elinokusetyenziswayo nje kuphela; njengoko isoloko ithetha