Indlela Yokulawula: Indlela Yokuzigocagoca Nokulungelelana Okulondoloza Ngayo Inkululeko

Ukwakhiwa korhulumente wase-United States bubuchule bobuchule bokwabelana ngegunya. Kunokuba inike igunya umlawuli omnye okanye ingqungquthela, umGaqo-siseko umisela amasebe amathathu alinganayo — ngalinye eliyilelwe ukukhangela amanye. Le nkqubo, eyaziwa njengeechecks kunye nezikali, asiyonkqubo nje yobuchule kodwa inkqubo engundoqo apho inkululeko ikhuselwa khona kwigunya elinamandla. Ngaphandle kwayo, isithembiso sikarhulumente olinganiselweyo, amandla adweliswe ngokukhawuleza. Eli nqaku lihlola umgaqo ’ iingcambu zobulumko, umsebenzi walo osebenzayo, ijongenemingeni, kwaye kutheni iqhubeka ibalulekile namhlanje njengoko injalo ngo1787.

Isiseko Sokukhanyiselwa

Ingcamango yokuba amandla kufuneka ahlulwe kwaye alungelelaniswe ayizange ivele kubaseki bamaMelika. Isuka ngqo kumsebenzi wesithandi sobulumko esingumFrentshi uBaron de Montesquieu, onolwazi oluzizizi 1748 Umoya woMthetho uphikisa ukuba inkululeko ikhuseleke kakuhle xa uwiso-mthetho, umphathi, nemisebenzi yogwebo yahlukene. UMontesquieuts&osquous; ukuqonda kwabunjwa ngokufunda iRiphabliki yeRoma, apho iindibano, apho iijaji, kunye nee-sentenadate , kwingcinganiso yokukhanyiselwa nokugobeka emva koburhulumente babo, imigaqo-siseko.

KwiNdibano ye Philadelphia yowe-1787, abathunywa baphikisana ngobundlobongela ngendlela yokulinganisa urhulumente kunye namandla orhulumente, kwakunye nendlela yokuthintela naliphi na isebe lorhulumente wesizwe ukuba lingalawuli. Isiphumo yayiluxwebhu olungahlulanga amagunya kuphela kodwa ukonakalisa isebe ngalinye elinegunya phezu kwamanye [. UJames Madison wachaza le ndlela ku [FLT][FLT]]] [FLT] uNo. : [iFLT:]: &ld ; Ambmbgation kufuneka yenziwe ukuba ilwelo. &crardquo; uluntu, olufunekayo olunoluntu, olufunekayo ukukhusela, olungenawolwa.

Abaseki bafumana iTshati enkulu ye1215 kunye neBhili yamaNgesi yamalungelo ka 1689, kodwa batshintsha ngokuzenza ezo zahlulo zibe zezokwenene. Akukho sebe linye linokusebenza ngaphandle kwezinye; ngalinye lizakufuna okanye lijongene nenkcaso kwezinye. Le nkonzo ingubunkunkqele beenkokeli nomlinganiselo.

Undoqo Wenkqubo Yetripate

UmGaqo-siseko wahlula urhulumente wamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo, ngalinye linamagunya adweliswe kwinqaku I, Inqaku III, neGatya III. Ukuqonda isebe ngalinye le-’ imisebenzi engundoqo ibalulekile ekuqondeni indlela abajongana ngayo.

Isebe Lomthetho: Eyokuqala Phakathi Kwabantu Abalinganayo

Inqaku I lifaka onke amandla owiso-mthetho karhulumente kwiBhunga — iqumrhu elibizwa ngokuba yi-bidamaral eliyilwe yiNdlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeeNyanga. Abaququzeli benza iBhunga leBhunga elinamandla kakhulu [, ngenxa yokuba babekholelwa ukuba laliza kuba kufuphi nabantu. Amagunya abo angundoqo aquka:

  • Ukudrafta nokudlula komthetho (othobela iveto elawulayo)
  • Ukunyusa ingeniso ngerhafu nokugunyazisa inkcitho
  • Ukuvakalisa imfazwe nokuxhasa umkhosi
  • Ukuqinisekisa ukumiselwa komongameli (iSenate)
  • Izivumelwano zoku-engasayinwa (Isivumelwano, uninzi lwesibini-sithathu)
  • Ukucela nokususa amagosa karhulumente (ityala leNdlu, ityala leNdlu)

Kanti iBhunga lilawulwa zezinye iinkonzo. Umongameli angawalawula amatyala, ijaji ingabetha imithetho njengengekho mgaqweni, kunye neCampen Actrsquo; indima ekuqinisekisweni inokuthintela umongameli ’ imimiselo.

Ukulawula kwengqungquthela njengengqwalasela

Ngaphezu kokwenza umthetho, iKhomishini yeBhunga ilawula isebe eliphetheyo ngokuva, uphando, namandla esipaji. Lo msebenzi wobuveleli unzima kodwa usoloko utyeshelwa. Umzekelo, Watergate state meecate [ kunyaka ka 1970] kuMongameli onyanzelekileyo Nixon ukurhoxa emva kweKomiti ephetheyo ephetheyo. Ngokufanayo, inkxenzantlukwano yezemali ephambili ekhokelela kwintlanganiso ezibanzi ze-mibango kwimisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo. Le mizekelo ibonisa indlela iBhunga elinokubeka ngayo ityala kwanokuba linetyala kwana xa lingadluliseli amanqaku amatsha.

Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu: amandla nonyanzelo

Umongameli yi-&rsquo yesebe eliphetheyo; intloko enye, esebenzisa amandla abalulekileyo ukunyanzelisa ukudlula kwemithetho yeBhunga. Umongameli i-’ umlawuli womGaqo-siseko uquka:

  • Umthetho ogunyazisayo (umthetho ongafanelekanga onokuthi upheliswe yiKhomishini)
  • Ukukhonza njengenkosana yemikhosi exhobileyo
  • Ukuqhuba ulwalamano lwamanye amazwe nokwenza izivumelwano (necebiso leNdlu yeeNtlanganiso nemvume)
  • Ukumisela abagwebi, oothunywashe noonobhala bekhabhinethi
  • Ukuxolela nokuphinda uxolele
  • Ukukhupha imiyalelo yabalawuli elawulayo yokukhokela imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo

Umongameli i-’ amandla avavanywe yiNgqungquthela ’ amandla okukhupha i-vetoes, ulawulo, kwaye angavumi ukuqinisekisa amadinga. Ijudiary ikwahlola umongameli ngokuvakalisa izenzo zegunya elilawulayo ezingamiselwanga. Umzekelo, [FLT] umqulu wesininzi wesibheno & Lamp; Tube. Co. v. Sawyer[ , iNkundla Ephakamileyo yawisa umthetho wokuba uMongameli u-Truman &quqursors; umgaqo wolawulo lwezikontili ngexesha lemfazwe ye Korea udlulise igunya lakhe, ngenxa yokuba iBhunga lomthetho.

UMongameli Wale Mihla Nesenzo Esingesosanto

Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, oomongameli baye basebenzisa imiyalelo yezolawulo, izibhengezo, kunye nencwadi yemisebenzi ukuze benze into engadibaniyo kwimibandela efana nokufuduka, umgaqo wokusingqongileyo, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe. Ngoxa ezi zixhobo zisekelwe kwigunya lowiso-mthetho okanye umongameli i-’ amagunya akwimo yequmrhu, basoloko benyanzela imida yemida yomgaqo-siseko. IBhunga linokunyanzela ukuba liphumeze umthetho unqumle inkxaso yemali, kodwa isisongelo sikavelo sifune inkxaso enkulu. Iinkundla zikwahlola nemiyalelo yegunya lemithetho yemithetho yemithetho ye-Obamas &quo; Deferered Action for Parents of Americans (DA) kunye noMongameli we-Trumps &quo; ukuvalwa kohambo.

Isebe Lezejaji: Igadi lomGaqo-siseko

Ijudicary, emiselwe kwiGatya III, lisebe elibuthathaka kakhulu kwezinye iinkalo — alinakulawula isipaji okanye ikrele i— kodwa lisebenzisa igunya elikhulu ngokuhlola kwezahlulelo. Amandla okubhengeza imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo ezingekho semthethweni amiselwa kwi [FLT] [1] [Marbury v. Madison [1803]. IJaji eliyintloko uJohn Marshall waqinisekisa ukuba li- “emphate ngokungqindilili yephondo kunye nomsebenzi wesebe lokugweba ukuthi umthetho uthi yintoni. ”

Isalathisi ’ ii-arhente ziquka:

  • Ukuwisa imithetho yorhulumente norhulumente echasene nomGaqo-siseko
  • Ukuhlola izenzo zolawulo ezisemthethweni nokungaguquguquki komgaqo-siseko
  • Ukulungisa iingxabano phakathi kwamazwe
  • Ukutolika izivumelwano nemimiselo karhulumente

Kodwa isebe lejaji ngokwalo likhangelwa zezinye. IBhunga linokuguqula ulawulo lweenkundla zesizwe, licebisa ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko wokubhukuqa izigqibo, lize limise ubungakanani beNkundla Ephakamileyo. Umongameli umisela abagwebi, kwaye iNdlu yezopolitiko iyabaqinisekisa ukuba i— yinkqubo yezopolitiko ebumba igeometyo ebumba i-judiary ’ ikho ikhokelwa yimigaqo yengqondo. Inkundla i’ ixhomekeke kwisebe eliphetheyo ukunyanzela imithetho yalo, lulunye uvavanyo: ukuba umongameli uyawutyeshela umyalelo weNkundla Ephakamileyo, iBhunga lomthetho kufuneka angayiquququze okanye afumane ezinye izicombululo, njengoko kwenzeka ngexesha [[FLT:].[FLD][FK:1]

Ukusebenza Kuxinzelelo: Umsebenzi Wemihla Ngemihla Weetsheki

Ubuchule obungacacanga busebenza kukhuphiswano lwemihla ngemihla phakathi kwamasebe. Ukuqonda ukuba ukuxinezeleka kungundoqo ekuqondeni indlela ukujonga nokulinganisela okulondoloza ngayo inkululeko.

I-Veto Amandla kwaye Engasebenzisi Amandla

Mhlawumbi obona kuhlolwa kubonakalayo ngumongameli weveto. Xa iBhunga ligqithisa umthetho, umongameli angawutyikitya umthetho okanye awubuyisele ungekho sivumelwano. U-veto angangabonwa kuphela nge sithathu sovoti emagumbini omabini. Lo mqobo uphezulu uthetha ukuba uninzi lweziqithi zinyathelwe, ukunyanzelisa iBhunga ukuba lilalanise okanye liguqule umthetho. Ngokuchasene noko, isisongelo seveto sikhuthaza ukuphicofwa phambi kokuba unikezelo ludlule. Umthetho wokuphatha okuzinzileyo kusetyenziswa ngocazulu (2010) ugqithiselwe ngohlahlomelo ukuze uphephe isisongelo, ubuchule obubonisa indlela yokulungisa i-'interveto'.

Ukuqinisekiswa Kwendlu yekonkytha necebiso

ICampen’ indima ekuqinisekiseni ukumiswa komongameli kukuhlola ngamandla aphezulu. Abagwebi boManyano, ingakumbi abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, basebenza ubomi kwaye bangahlola amanye amasebe emva kwexesha elide emva kokuba umongameli eshiyile. Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa iye yaya isiba yeya ngokuya iphikisana kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. IJaji Merrick Garland ’ [iFLT:1] inqanda ukusetyenziswa kolawulo lwayo ngokuphawulekayo lwe-judiary 2016 kwaye ukuqinisekiswa okukhawulezileyo kwegunya lokulawula ukuphuma kwe-Roctive, ukurhoxiswa kwegunya, ukurhoxiswa kwemithetho ye-RG.

Ukungancedi Njengendlela Yenyukliya

Indlu yabameli inamandla okulawula amagosa karhulumente aphelayo, kuquka umongameli, isekela lomongameli, kunye nabagwebi, ukwenzela i- &lquo; ukunyoba, okanye ezinye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziphezulu kunye nokungafezeki. ” iNdlu yeNdlu yezomthetho ngoko iqhuba ukuvavanywa kwaye isenokuvalelwa ngevoti ezimbini-3, ukususwa kwegosa eofisini. I-Iceta yomthetho sisixhobo esithe ngqo esisetyenziswa kakhulu. Kuphela koomongameli abathathu abaye batyikiselwa: Andrew Johnson (1868), uBill Clinto (1998), noDonald Trump (umvu, 2019 kunye no-201). Akukho nanye u-okanye owagwetywa yi-mbhishophu.

Ukungagunyazisi kusebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ukuxhatshazwa kwegunya, kodwa imeko yalo yezobupolitika ithetha ukuba isebenza kakuhle xa kukho imvumelwano ngesenzo esiphosakeleyo. Ukusilela ukuvalelwa kwamabanjwa kwimeko nganye kubonisa indlela ucalucalulo olunokuziphelisa ngayo izikhuseli zomGaqo-siseko.

Ukuhlolisiswa Kwezogwebo Nomsebenzi Weenkundla

Amandla okuhlola ityala anwenwela ngaphaya kweNkundla ePhakamileyo. Iinkundla ezisezantsi zephondo zisoloko zibetha imimiselo karhulumente, izenzo zoomasebe, kunye nemithetho yesizwe engqubana nemithetho karhulumente okanye umGaqo-siseko. i-dictrine yokujonga idecis[ iqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki, kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ingayibhukuqa imiqathango yayo. Imiba efana ne [FLT][FLT] [2] Brown v.B3] ibhodi yemfundo yemfundo yezemfundo [54]] ] iphendla engabonakali indlela iimpazamo ezichane ngayo zomthetho-gromastivelkti.[FFL:6]

Isizathu Sokuba Umbandela Wenkululeko Ube Kukuzihlolisisa Nokulungelelana

Le nkqubo ayipheleli ngokwayo; ifeza injongo yokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Xa naliphi na isebe liqokelela amandla agqithisileyo, lingenza ngendlela ezenzekelayo okanye ecinezelayo. Iingqinipho kunye nolungelelwaniso lwenza i-veto ezininzi ezibonisa ukuba unyanzelo, ukuvumelana, nokuziphendulela.

  • UKwaphula iTyranny: Ngokususa amandla, inkqubo yenza kube nzima nakweyiphi na ingingqi okanye isiko ukulawula. Oorhulumente abagxininisa kwigunya — njengolawulo lolawulo olupheleleyo okanye oozwilakhe — ngokuphandle baphula abemi i’ amalungelo. Inkqubo yeMerika yenzelwe ukuphelisa ukumanyana okunjalo.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukuyekelela: Ngenxa yokuba akukho sebe linokuthatha inyathelo liphela, ingxubusho nolalanisa kuyimfuneko. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, umzekelo, isoloko ifuna intsebenziswano enkulu okanye inkxaso evela kumphathi-mthetho. Oku kungacotha ulawulo kodwa kwakhona kwakha ngokomthetho obanzi.
  • [[NTLA] Uxanduva lokuphendula: Isebe ngalinye lingabhenca ezinye i’ izenzo zobuphosa. Ukuva kwengqungquthela, iinjengele, uphando loshicilelo, kunye nohlolo lwenkundla konke okukhanyisayo kwizenzo ezithandabuzekayo. Oku kunceda ukuba uluntu luhlale luthembekile.
  • Ukukhusela amaLungelo amaNtona: Kwinkqubo ecocekileyo yooMasipala, uninzi lungalimaza amaqela amancinane ngaphandle kokucela uncedo. Iiheader kunye nolungelelwano, ingakumbi kumthetho ozimeleyo, ivumela abantu ukuba bavavanye imithetho engavumelaniyo. Bhill yamalungelo [ inyanzelekile kakhulu ngohlalutyo lwekomiti, iqinisekisa ukuba amaqela angathandwayo agcina inkululeko engundoqo.

Ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi

Akukho mgaqo-siseko wesicwangciso esingenakupheliswa. Inkqubo yovavanyo nolungelelwaniso lwaseMelika ijongene neengcinezelo ezinzulu kwinkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesihlanu ezisongela ukusebenza kwayo.

Ukwenziwa Kwenkcazelo Yezobupolitika Nokuxinana

Xa amaqela ahlulwe ngokukrakra, amasebe anokuba ngamaxesha ahlala ephithizela. I-veto ebambekayo iba yinto engenakwenzeka ukuba elinye iqela lilawula iKhomishini kunye nomphathi-ofisi. Ukubethwa kobungqina babagwebi kunye noonobhala bekhabhinethi abarhuqeka iinyanga okanye iminyaka. URhulumente uvala xa iBhunga kunye nomongameli bengenakuvumelana ngokusetyenziswa kwemali. Isiphumo sisoloko singu gricklock [[, apho umthetho obalulekileyo —nshoborn, okanye imiqathango yemibutho ye-&mmdash; okanye imiqathango yemiba yemibutho yezo ye-fiscal — allstalls nangona abantu abaninzi bexhaswa.

Ukunqanda i-glack complication kusenokuphelisa ukholo kurhulumente kwaye kulinge abo balawuli ukuba bathabathe amanyathelo ngaphandle kwemiyalelo yesebe, bagqithe kwiKhomishini. Oku, kwandisa umjikelo wezigqeba eziphezulu ezilandelwa lucelomngeni lomthetho nongquzulwano, nto leyo ebangela ukuba inkqubo iqhekeke ngakumbi.

Ulwandiso lwamandla alawulayo

Oomongameli bale mihla baqokelele igunya elingaqhelekanga, ingakumbi kukhuseleko lohlanga kunye nenkqubo yasemzini. UMthetho wemfazwe wango 1973 wazama ukunyanzela umongameli ’ ubuchule bokubophelela imikhosi ngaphandle kwemvume yengqungquthela, kodwa oomongameli baye bayivala rhoqo. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-drone, iinkqubo zokuhlola phantsi koMthetho we-USA PATRIOTT, kunye nokugxininisa ilungelo lesikhundla esiphezulu kuwonke wonke apho isebe eliphetheyo livavanye imida yalo.

Inkundla yezokhuselo i- ibonise ukujongwa kwequmrhu eliphetheyo ngamanye amaxesha liba liphakele (umz. Trump v. Hawaii malunga nothintelo lohambo, Indawo ye Homeland Security v. IRegns zeYunivesithi yase California[ malunga ne-DACA], kodwa isoloko ibambelela ulawulo oluphezulu kwimicimbi yokhuseleko lwesizwe. Oku kubangela ukuba ukhangelo lwetyala lungabi nakusebenza kakuhle.

Isebe Eligwebayo Liyinxenye Etshintshayo

Izivumelwano kwijaji yesizwe ziye zasetyenziswa kakhulu, kwaye inkqubo yokuqinisekisa iye yanciphisa ukulwa okuququzelelayo. Ukuqalisa kwezenzo zomthetho zomthetho kunye ne [FLT] yantlandlolo] yengxoxo ibonisa ukungavumelani okunzulu malunga nendlela iinkundla ezifanele ziwahlole ngayo amasebe ezobupolitika. Abanye abagxeki baphikisa ukuba iinkundla ziye zaba namandla kakhulu, zabhukuqa imithetho ewiswayo ngengqiqo encinane, ngoxa abanye bephikisa ukuba iinkundla zimele ukuba zimele ukulawulwa ngegunya elikhulu.

Ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo ye- ngokubanzi yabagwebi besithili esinye ukuvala iinkqubo zikarhulumente kuphazamise ulwahlulo. Le miyalelo ivumela ijaji enye ukuba imise inkqubo yobumongameli kulo lonke ilizwe, isixhobo esasinqabile ukusetyenziswa ngaphambi konyaka ka-2010. Isiphumo sibuzwe obusemthethweni apho inkqubo ixhomekeke apho iziphumo zixhomekeke khona ukuba ijaji iva ityala.

IKhomishini yeNkcubeko neSizwe soLawulo

Ulawulo oluninzi lwemini-mini luphethwe ngabameli bolawulo kwisebe elilawulayo (umz., i-Entevironmental Protection Agency, iKhomishini yoNxibelelwano loManyano-manyeneyo). Ingqungquthela inike aba bameli igunya elikhulu lokumisela imithetho, kodwa imfundiso yeChevron[ ifuna iinkundla ukuba zibambe imigaqo echaneyo. Aba bathunywa bangafihla iminxeba phakathi kwemisebenzi yowiso-mthetho neyolawulo, ukushenxiswa kwamagosa akhethiweyo.

Imfundiso yemibuzo engundoqo , iphinde yaqinisekiswa kutshanje yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi West Virginia v. EPA [2022]), iqhubela emva ngokufuna ukuba iKhongolo ithethe ngokucacileyo xa inika igunya kwimiba emikhulu yezoqoqosho neyopolitiki. Oku kumela uvavanyo lwezobulungisa kwisebe eliphetheyo eliphakeleyo ngokuphawula ukuba abameli abanako ukulawula imibuzo emikhulu ngaphandle kogunyaziso olucacileyo.

Isiphelo: Ukuhlala uthe qwa njengendawo yokusebenza

Abaseki baqonda ukuba uhlolo nolungelelwano aluzukusebenza ngokuzenzekelayo. Le nkqubo ixhomekeke kwisebe ngalinye i’ ijongene namabhongo okuhlasela abanye, kodwa ikwanakwisibophelelo esibenza bonke abami baphendule. Xa uluntu lungenamdla okanye luxeliwe, ulungelelwano olunentembeko lungathambekela kwi-dentiliki okanye kwisiphithiphithi.

Ukuqonda indlela yokuhlola nokulinganisela linyathelo lokuqala lokuzikhusela. Abami kufuneka bafune ukuba kubonakale mhlophe, baxhase, bavote abameli abahlonela imida engokomGaqo-siseko, kwaye baxhathise imigudu yokunikela ingqalelo kumandla nakweliphi na isebe. Umlo wokulondoloza inkululeko uyaqhubeka, kwaye umatshini karhulumente unamandla kuphela njengabantu abawuxhasayo.

Abo banqwenela ukufunda okungakumbi, [[FLT] UVIMBA Bokubalwa banika umbhalo opheleleyo womGaqo-siseko kunye nentengiselwano yawo. [[FLT][FLT]U.S.Iwebhsayithi yendlu yengqubano[FLT][FLT]][FLT]]] [[FLT]] [7] inika ulwaphuko olucacileyo lwendlela amasebe akhangela ngayo omnye. Umo olunzulu lwembali, jongana [[[FLT:][FLT][FLT:][FLT][FLT][FLT]][11] imbulo olusuka kwi-ISPromotemptiescreages.]