Yintoni umGaqo-siseko? Ukhokelo lwesiseko kwimithetho yoLawulo

Umgaqo-siseko luxwebhu oluphezulu oluchaza indlela elawulwa ngayo ngurhulumente, umbutho, okanye elinye iqumrhu. Lusebenza njengesiseko senkqubo yezobupolitika, lumisela ukusasazwa kwegunya, amalungelo abantu, nemida yegunya. Nangona abantu abaninzi becinga ukuba umgaqo-siseko uluxwebhu olunye olubhaliweyo (njengoMgaqo-siseko omnye) wamazwe angowe-1787, okanye amanye amazwe, njengoMgaqo-siseko weUnited States, osebenza phantsi komgaqo-siseko ongabhalwanga wemithetho, iindibano, kunye nemigaqo egweba. Ngaphandle kohlobo, umgaqo-siseko ngumthetho ophezulu welizwe; yonke eminye imithetho nezenzo zikarhulumente kufuneka ivumelane nemigaqo yawo.

ImiGaqo-siseko ayimi ndawonye. Iyaguquka ngotshintsho, ukutolikwa kwezaselugwebeni, nokutshintsha kwezithethe zobupolitika. Ukubaluleka kwayo akunakubekwa ngaphezulu: inika imithetho yomdlalo kwibutho ledemokhrasi, iqinisekisa ukuba igunya lisetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni kwaye inkululeko engundoqo yabemi iyakhuselwa. Ukuqonda imimiselo-siseko kubalulekile kuye nabani na onomdla kwigunya, kumthetho, okanye kwinkqubo kawonke-wonke.

Injongo YomGaqo-siseko

Kumphakathi wayo, umgaqo-siseko ufeza iinjongo eziliqela ezihambelanayo ezenza inkqubo ezinzileyo, esesikweni, nenobutyala. Ngasezantsi zinjongo eziphambili ezicetyiweyo ngumgaqo-siseko ngamnye onenjongo yokuziphumeza.

Ukuseka Izakhiwo Zorhulumente

Umgaqo-siseko ngamnye uchaza ulwakhiwo lukarhulumente. Uchaza inani lamasebe − ngokungaqhelekanga, abaphathi-mthetho, kunye nezomthetho-ant-a kwaye uchaza amandla awo onke kunye neembopheleleko. Umzekelo, umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. wahlula amandla phakathi korhulumente worhulumente worhulumente kunye norhulumente (ulawulo), ngoxa ukwahlula amasebe amathathu karhulumente ukuthintela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ekulawuleni kakhulu. Oku kucaca kwesakhiwo kuthintela ukudideka malunga nokuba ngubani onegunya nendlela izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

IMigaqo-siseko isebenza njengeenkhuselo nxamnye norhulumente ophathwe kakubi. Inkoliso yomgaqo-siseko wangoku uquka irejista yamalungelo okanye umgaqo-siseko wenkululeko esisiseko oqinisekisa ukuba abemi banokukhuselwa ngenxa yokuthetha, unqulo, indibano, inkqubo efanelekileyo, kunye nokuphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho. Ngokomzekelo, umGaqo-siseko wamaIndiya, uqulethe uluhlu olude lwamalungelo asisiseko anyanzelelwayo yijaji. Ngaphandle kokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, amaqela amancinane kunye namaqela angakhuselekanga angalulanga anokubekwa phantsi lula

Ukubonelela ngokuzinzileyo nokuxelwa kwangaphambili

Ngokuseka iinkqubo ezicacileyo zokwenza umthetho, unyulo, kunye nokulandelelana, umgaqo-siseko wenza imekobume yezobupolitika eqinisekisiweyo. Abahlali namashishini bangayiceba ikamva ngenxa yokuba bayayiqonda imithetho elawula iinguqu zenkqubo. Olu zinzo lukwathintela imithetho engekho ngqiqweni luze lunciphise amathuba eengxaki zobupolitika. ImiGaqo-siseko idla ngokuquka iinkqubo zokulungisa izinto ezivumela utshintsho ngaphandle kokuphazamisa inkqubo yonke.

Ukunceda Abantu Batshintshe Ngoxolo

Umgaqo-siseko unika iindlela zokuhlaziya ulawulo. Inkqubo yokuHlaziya, nangona maxa wambi kunzima, ivumela abantu balungelelanise neemeko ezintsha . ezifana nenkqubela-phambili kwezobugcisa, ukutshintshana kwamanani abantu, okanye ukutshintsha kwemigangatho yentlalo. Umzekelo, umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. uye watshintshwa izihlandlo ezingama-77 ukusukela ngowe-1789, ukusingatha imibandela esukela kubukhoboka ukuya kufumana amalungelo okuvota. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba umgaqo-siseko uyaqhubeka usebenza ngaphandle kokufuna iinguqulelo.

Iintlobo zomGaqo-siseko

IMigaqo-siseko ingahlelwa ngokweentsele eziliqela. Ukuqonda ezi ndidi kuyanceda ukuthelekisa indlela amazwe awahlukeneyo aqhuba ngayo ulawulo.

Ibhalwe ii vs. UmGaqo-siseko ongabhalwanga

Umgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo umiselwe kuxwebhu olunye olunegunya. Inkoliso yamazwe, kuquka i-United States, iJamani, kunye noMzantsi Afrika, isebenzisa umgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo ngenxa yokuba unika intsingiselo kwaye kulula ukubhekisela kuwo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, umgaqo-siseko ongabhalwanga (ngokuchanekileyo ochazwe njengengaqiniswanga) uxhomekeke kudibaniso lwemimiselo, lwendibano, kunye nolawulo lwezomthetho-mthetho. Umgaqo-siseko woMgaqo-siseko we-United Kingdom uquka iMagna Carta, iBhili yelungelo loMgaqo-1699, i-Awudi yoluntu, kunye neendibano ezininzi zomGatho-siseko ezithe ngceleleko kodwa ngamanye amaxesha zigqwethwayo.

Imigaqo-nkqubo ye-Rigid v.

Umgaqo-siseko oqinileyo ufuna indibano ekhethekileyo yokulungisa, okanye imvume ekhethekileyo yesiqu esahlukeneyo (njenge-stavenum) ukutshintsha. Oku kukhusela imigaqo engundoqo kwiintloko ezigqithisileyo kodwa kunokwenza utshintsho lube nzima. Umzekelo, ukulandelela iU.S. umGaqo-siseko ufuna isithathu sezindlu zombini zeBhunga kunye nezindlu zolawulo ezintathu zesizwe. Imithetho-siseko eguquguqukayo ingalungiswa ngoninzi lomthetho wemithetho-siseko, njengakuManyanoburhulumente waseUnited Kingdom, apho isenzo esilula sePalamente sinokuguqula izicwangciso zomgaqo-siseko. Ukurhweba-othengiselwano-mGaqo-siseko kuphakathi kozinzo nokulungelela.

UmGaqo-siseko weManyano

Umgaqo-siseko womanyano wahlula amandla phakathi korhulumente osembindini kunye necandelo lengingqi (amaphondo, amaphondo, okanye iinkanunu). IKhanada, iAustralia, kunye neIndiya zisebenza phantsi kwesixokelelwano sorhulumente apho umgangatho ngamnye unamagunya aqinisekiswe ngokomGaqo-siseko. Umgaqo-siseko wamaQumrhu ugxininisa igunya kumgangatho wesizwe, nangona zisenokunika amanye amagunya kurhulumente asekuhlaleni. IFransi neJapan yimizekelo karhulumente omanyano olunesiseko esisembindini.

IMigaqo-siseko yeRiphabliki

Umgaqo-siseko wolawulo ulondoloza intloko yelifa lesizwe, ngokuqhelekileyo enamagunya alinganiselweyo okanye angokwesithethe. ISpeyin, iJapan, kunye noManyeneyo ubukumkani bunemiGaqo-siseko yoMgaqo-siseko. Imithetho-siseko yoRiphabliki inyulwe okanye ityunjwe ngumongameli okanye umntu wesithethe kwinkqubo yepalamente. Umahluko uchaphazela isakhiwo samandla alawulayo kunye nenkqubo yokulandelana.

Iimpawu ezingundoqo zomGaqo-siseko

Ngoxa umgaqo-siseko wahluka ngokubanzi, iimpawu ezininzi zixhaphakile kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi. Ezi ziqalelo zibalulekile ekuthinteleni amandla nokukhusela inkululeko.

Ukwenziwa komGaqo-siseko

Lo mgaqo uthi umgaqo-siseko ulelona gunya liphakamileyo lomthetho. nawuphi na umthetho okanye isenzo sikarhulumente esiphikisana nomgaqo-siseko siphuthileyo. Iinkundla zinendima ebalulekileyo ekunyanzeleni ubungangamsha ngohlolo lwezomthetho. EIndiya, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ingabetha imithetho echasene nesiseko somgaqo-siseko, nokuba idluliswe ngobuchule obubalaseleyo.

Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya

Imfundiso yokwahlula amagunya yahlula urhulumente ngamasebe amathathu: uwiso-mthetho (wenza imithetho), ulawulo oluphezulu (ukuphumeza imithetho), kunye nemithetho egwebayo (ukutolika imithetho). Oku kuthintela naliphi na isebe ekulawuleni. UmGaqo-siseko wase-United States ungqongqo kakhulu, ngoxa iinkqubo zepalamente ezifana neUnited Kingdom ziwufinyeza umgaqo phakathi komphathi-mthetho nomphathi-ndlu, ekubeni umphathiswa wecawa nomphathi-mthetho, ekubeni isalathisi esiyintloko sikhutshwe kwiPalamente.

Iipeksi Nolungelelwano

Isebe ngalinye linezixhobo zokumisela ezinye. Umzekelo, uMongameli wase-U.S. angawulawula umthetho weveto, iKhomishini ingawulawula umva kunye noninzi lwabathathu, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo ingavakalisa imithetho ngaphandle komthetho omiselwe ngokwemithetho. Uvavanyo kunye nolungelelwaniso luqinisekisa ukuba amandla awanyanzelwanga kwaye isebe ngalinye lingathintela ukungenelela. Inkundla yoMgaqo-siseko weNtshona Jamani iyakwazi ukuphinda imisele yokuhlola ukungqinelana noMthetho osisiseko.

IBhili yamaLungelo

Umgaqo-siseko omninzi uquka uluhlu oludwelisweyo lwamalungelo asisiseko. ICwangciso-zincwadi saseKhanada samaLungelo neNkululeko (inxalenye yoMthetho woMgaqo-siseko, 1982) iqinisekisa amalungelo obomi, inkululeko, nokhuseleko lomntu, kwakunye nokulingana kunye nenkululeko yokuchaza. Umgaqo-siseko waseMzantsi Afrika emva kokubekwa ngokwahlula waziwa ngenkqubela yeBhili yamaLungelo, kuquka amalungelo ezoqoqosho nangokwentlalo njengokufikelela kwizindlu, ukusetyenziswa kwempilo, kunye nemfundo.

Indima yomGaqo-siseko ekulawuleni

UmGaqo-siseko asingombhalo nje othelekelelwayo; ulawula ngokukhutheleyo indlela ilizwe elilawulwa ngayo yonke imihla. Impembelelo yalo ifikelela kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi bukawonke-wonke.

Igunya Elimisela Umthetho

Oorhulumente bafumana ilungelo labo elisemthethweni kumgaqo-siseko. Unyulo, ukumiselwa, kunye nezigqibo zemigaqo-siseko kufuneka zilandele imithetho yomgaqo-siseko ukuze yamkelwe ngokusemthethweni. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi kwidemokhrasi etshintshayo apho umgaqo-siseko unceda ekumiseleni ukuthembana namaqumrhu amatsha. Umzekelo, umGaqo-siseko wowe-19999 woMzantsi Afrika wanceda urhulumente wasemva kokwahlula amalungelo abantu ngokuqinisekisa amalungelo abantu nangokuqinisekisa kwiinkqubo eziqulukileyo zezobupolitika.

Ukumiswa komgaqo-nkqubo wokwalathisa

Umgaqo-siseko umisela imida yenkqubo. Abaququzeleli bomthetho nabalawuli abanakuyibeka imithetho echasene nemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko. Esi siseko siqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zenkqubo ziyawahlonela amalungelo asisiseko kunye nolwahlulo lwamagunya. EUnited States, iCelassic yezorhwebo iye yasetyenziswa ukuthethelela ulawulo lwezoqoqosho, ngelixa iSibonelelo-Mpawulo seshumi elinamashumi amahlanu sinegunya kumazwe. Le mimiselo yesiseko ingulo yengxoxo yempilo, iinguqulelo yemozulu, kunye nentlalo-ntlalo.

Ukuphendula

Amagosa orhulumente afuna ukuphendula. Afuna ukuba amagosa oluntu acace, inkqubo efanelekileyo, kunye nonyulo lweengxelo eziye zaqulunqwa ngamaxesha athile. Uhlolo lwejaji luvumela ukususwa kweenkokeli ezonakeleyo okanye ezixhaphazayo. Uhlolo lwejaji lunika iinkundla amandla okuphelisa izenzo ezingamiselwanga, zinika uvavanyo olongezelelekileyo. Amalungiselelo okubonakala okuvela kwimimiselo emininzi ayalela ukufikelela koluntu kulwazi lukarhulumente, ukunika abemi bombutho ukuba bajonge iinkokeli bazo.

Ukukhuthaza Ukuba Nenxaxheba Kwezobupolitika

Umgaqo-siseko uchaza ukuba ngubani onokuvota, abameli abanyulwa njani, noko abemi abanamalungelo okucela urhulumente. Kwakhona unokuthi uqinisekise inkululeko yabacholacholi kunye nendibano, iphumeze intetho yezobupolitika. Ukuseka la malungelo kukhuthaza ukubotshwa kwesizwe kwaye kuvumela ukuqhankqalaza koxolo kunye nokukhutshwa kobunganga-mthetho. UMgaqo-siseko waseBrazil ka 1988, owaziwa ngokuba “ngumGaqo-siseko oGawulayo,” wandisa amalungelo okuvota, kwaye wayila iinkqubo zedemo-demokhrasi ezithe ngqo ezifana nedemokhrasi.

Iinkqubo zoHlomelo: Ukulungelelanisa nokuQhelekileyo noTshintsho

Enye yezona nkalo zilucelomngeni zoyilo lomgaqo-siseko yinkqubo yokulungisa. Ukuba kulula kakhulu ukutshintsha umgaqo-siseko, kusenokungabi nagunya lokukhusela amalungelo asisiseko kwiintloko zokwexeshana. Ukuba kunzima kakhulu, umgaqo-siseko unganekuphelelwa lixesha kwaye uphelelwe ligunya.

Iphulo Lokuhlaziywa

Umgaqo-siseko omninzi ufuna ukuba kubekho iindlela ezimbini eziphezulu kwindlu yowiso-mthetho `iii-3-3 okanye ii-ftith ezintathu zezindlu zombini/ukucebisa ukubuyiselwa. Ezinye zifuna imvume nge-assendium okanye yimithetho yowiso-mthetho. IGatya V ye-U.S. umGaqo-siseko umisela iindlela ezimbini: ngevoti ezimbini-3/3 kwizindlu zombini zeBhunga, okanye ngendibano yemithetho-siseko ebizwa ngamazwe amabini-35. Izivumelwano ezithenjiweyo ngoko zimele zivunywe ngamatyala amathathu-sine. Lo mqobo uchaza isizathu sokuba kudlule iminyaka engama-22,2 kuphela.

Uhlaziyo Olungacwangciswanga

Asilulo lonke utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko oyenzekayo ngokulungisa okusesikweni. Ukutyhilwa kwezeejaji, izenzo zomthetho, kunye neendibano ezilungisayo zingayitshintsha ngokunempumelelo intsingiselo yomgaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. kwisigqibo Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [1954]) itolike kwakhona i-Communic Prote Deviced Clauslease ukunqanda ukunqanda ukuxhomekeka kohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke wonke, ngaphandle kotshintsho olusesikweni kumbhalo. Ngokufanayo, ulwando lwezwe lolawulo kumazwe amaninzi lunyuse amandla okulawula angaphaya koko izicwangciso zempatho ekuqaleni zibonwa.

Ingqwalaselo yezeejaji: IGuardian yomGaqo-siseko

Uhlolo lwezeejaji ngamandla eenkundla okuwisa imithetho kunye nezenzo eziphezulu ezichasene nomgaqo-siseko. Lo msebenzi ubalulekile ekulondolozeni ubukhulu bomgaqo-siseko nokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Imvelaphi Neemodeli

Ingcamango yale mihla yohlolo logwebo ivela kwityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. Madison . (1803), eyamisa igunya leNkundla lokuhlola izenzo zeBhunga. Ukususela ngoko, iimodeli ezimbini ezingundoqo zivele: imodeli elungeleleneyo (esetyenziswe kwityala le-U.S. kunye nomthetho omninzi oqhelekileyo), apho zonke iinkundla zingava imibuzo engokomgaqo-siseko, kunye nemodeli ephakathi (esetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi angomthetho wamakhaya anjengeJamani neFransi), apho inkundla ekhethekileyo yomgaqo-siseko inegunya lomthetho-siseko.

Isenzo sokwenza ulawulo

Iingxubusho zigqugqisa ngendlela iinkundla ezisebenza ngayo ekutolikeni umgaqo-siseko. Abaxhasi bezomthetho baphikisa ngelithi iinkundla kufuneka zingenele ukukhusela amalungelo asisiseko, ingakumbi xa iindlu zowiso-mthetho zingathabathi nyathelo. Abagwebi abaqhelisela ukuthoba ukunyulwa kwamasebe ngaphandle kokuba umgaqo-siseko waphulwa ngokucacileyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibonise isigqibo [kuFLT: 0] Roe v. Wade [[FLT] [[FLT] [1273]] [10])) isoloko ichazwa njengomzekelo wesenzo sokwenza i-livdi, ngoxa kamva izigqibo ezixhasa imiqathango zikarhulumente ekuthinteleni ukuqhotyo. Inkundla ePhaka kwamaIndiya iye yamkela ukumanyana kwemeko ebume kunye namalungelo abantu.

Uyilo lomgaqo-siseko oluthelekisayo

Akukho mithetho-siseko mibini ifanayo, kodwa umgaqo-siseko wedemokhrasi wangoku omninzi uboleka iingcamango kwisixhobo sobugqeba esineenjongo ezahlukeneyo. Uphando lomgaqo-siseko oluthelekisayo lusinceda siqonde isizathu sokuba imiqathango ethile yamkelwe kwaye isebenza njani kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.

Iinkqubo zePalamente

UMgaqo-siseko umisela inkqubo yobumongameli (njenge-United States okanye i-Brazil), apho umongameli owahlukeneyo onyuliweyo asebenza njengentloko karhulumente norhulumente, okanye inkqubo yepalamente (njenge-United Kingdom okanye i-Indiya), apho intloko karhulumente (umlungiseleli) inyulwa kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Amanye amazwe, ngokukodwa iFransi neRashiya, asebenzisa inkqubo encinane apho umongameli kunye nomlungiseleli omkhulu banokuncedisana khona.

Inkqubo ye-Electoral

ImiGaqo-siseko idla ngokukhankanya inkqubo yokhetho yendlu yowiso-mthetho. Iinkqubo zePropogal, ezisetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, zabela izihlalo ezisekelwe kwipesenti yamavoti afunyanwa liqela ngalinye. Iinkqubo zokuqala-mvaba (FPTPP), ezisetyenziswa kwiU.S. kunye neU.K., izihlalo eziphezulu kumvoti-mali kwiphondo ngalinye. Inkqubo nganye inezorhwebo-okanye: PR ithambe ukuvelisa imidibaniso emininzi kunye nomelo oluquququzelekileyo, lo gama i-FPTPP idla ngokukhokelela kwiinkqubo ezizinzileyo ezizinzileyo kodwa inokushiya abavoti abaninzi abangavoti-abangeni.

Umanyano nohliso-mthetho

Umgaqo-siseko womanyano wahlula amandla ngokuthe nkqo. I-United States, i-Canada, iJamani, ne-Indiya nganye inika oorhulumente bengingqi amandla akhethekileyo. Iqondo lokuzilawula liyahluka-hluka-hluka-hluka-phinda-phinda-phinda-phinda-phinda . Amazwe ase-U.S. anegunya elibalulekileyo lowiso-mthetho, ngoxa amaphondo aseKhanada elawula ubuncwane bendalo kunye nemfundo. Iinkqubo zomanyano ezifana neFransi neJapan nazo ziyenza ibe nemisebenzi ethile elungelelaniswayo kumagunya asekuhlaleni kodwa zigcine ulawulo olupheleleyo kumgangatho wesizwe.

Ucelomngeni Kulawulo LomGaqo-siseko

Nangona luxhaphakile ukwamkela uluntu, umgaqo-siseko ujamelana nezisongelo neentsilelo ezininzi ezisetyenziswayo.

Iingxaki zoHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

Imithetho-siseko eqinileyo ingabekwa. Ngokomzekelo, umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. awuzange ulungiswe ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ngo- 1971 (uMphetho-mda wama-26 wehlisa ixesha lokuvota ukuya ku-184. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi iElectoral College, ukwenziwa kweNtlanganiso, kunye nenkqubo yokulandelela umongameli iphelelwe lixesha kodwa phantse ukuba ayinakutshintshwa ngenxa yokutshintsha kwezobupolitika kunye nokupheliswa kwemiqobo ephezulu. Oku kungakhokelela kumsantsa phakathi kwemithetho yesiseko kunye neemfuno ze-societal, ukukhutshwa kwemithetho ebhaliweyo kunye nokufunwa kotshintsho.

Ukucaciswa Kwezigwebo Nokungaguqu-guquki

Iinkundla ezahlukeneyo zingawachaza ngokwahlukileyo amalungiselelo afanayo omgaqo-siseko, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungaqinisekini komthetho. Kwiinkqubo zequmrhu, iinkundla zikarhulumente neenkundla zesizwe zingangavumelani ngentsingiselo yamalungelo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U. i-U.S. iyodwa iyazijika amaxesha amaninzi, umzekelo, ukujija [ u-Prefy v. Ferguson [186]] [186]) [iiiiiindawo yemfundo [FLT].[FLT] [FFT:] [2] [127] [12] [12] Ingxube-jijojo, [iiiixoxoxothi yolungiso], [[FLT] ne-effelgs.[FFLT:5]

Ukunyotywa Kwezobupolitika

Iinkokeli kwamanye amazwe ziye zawaphula amaqhinga omgaqo-siseko ukuze ziqinise igunya. Ngokomzekelo, iHungary, yalungisa umgaqo-siseko wayo ngo-2013 ukuze yenze buthathaka igunya leNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko, inike iqela elilawulayo ulawulo oluthe vetshe kumajelo-ndaba kunye namalungiselelo okugweba. Ngokufanayo, urhulumente wePoland uzame ukumisela inkululeko yeNkundla Ephakamileyo. Ezo “zinziwayo” okanye“ inkqenkqeza-siseko” zibonisa indlela enokuthi isiseko somgaqo-siseko omiselwe kakuhle upheliswe ngayo ukuba abadlali bezobupolitika bangabi nakuzibophelela kwimigaqo yedemokhrasi.

Ukungakhathali nokungalumkiswa

Abemi abaninzi banolwazi olulinganiselweyo ngemithetho-siseko yabo. Abavoti abasezantsi, ukungathembi, nokungathenjwa kobomi boluntu kungenza ulawulo lomgaqo-siseko buthathaka. Xa abantu bengawazi amalungelo abo, abanakuwasebenzisa ngokunempumelelo. Iinkqubo zomGaqo-siseko, njengazo zikhuthazwa yi [[FLT:] IZiko loMgaqo-siseko wesizwe [[FLT:] eUnited States okanye iProjectspotice , injongo yokubhala iikhothabo , ukuqhubela ibhulo. Kodwa ukungakhathali kuhlala kulucelomngeni oluqhubekayo.

Izenzo ezibini zomGaqo-siseko

Ngamaxesha athile, iimfazwe zobupolitika zifikelela kwinqanaba apho inkqubo yemithetho-siseko isilela ukucombulula. Imizekelo iquka imfazwe yamakhaya e-U.S. (1861-1865) ngokuhambelana nemithetho-siseko, imbambano yonyulo yomongameli wama- 2000 exatyisiweyo yiNkundla ePhakamileyo, kunye nohlaselo lwama-2021 kumazwe okhetho olungqongqo. UCapitol ngexesha lonyulo. Kumanye amazwe, imfazwe enjalo iye yakhokelela ekubhukuqeni, imfazwe yamakhaya, okanye ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko ngokwawo. Umlawuli weengxaki zoburhulumente wesizwe u-Robhustt, njengoko kuboniwe kumgaqo-siseko woMzantsi Afrika (ovumela amazwanoxakeka ngezixhobo ezingqongqo), unceda, kodwa akukho mgaqo-siseko ukhuseleko olunzulu lwezopolitiko.

IMigaqo-siseko Kwihlabathi Lanamhlanje: Ukuzivumelanisa nokuzinzisa

IMigaqo-siseko asiyonto yamandulo; iyaqhubeka iguquka ukuze ihlangabezane neengxaki ezintsha. Le nkulungwane yama - 21 iye yazisa imibandela efana neyokuba wedwa kwamanani, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, ubukrelekrele obungeyoyamvelo nobugrogrisi bomhlaba wonke obuvavanya imimiselo yomgaqo-siseko.

Amalungelo namathuba emfihlo amanani

Umgaqo-siseko omninzi omdala awuthethi ngokungqalileyo kwi-intanethi okanye kwingqokelela yogcino-lwazi. Iinkundla ziye zawachaza amalungelo akhoyo okugquma ubugcisa obutsha. Umzekelo, iNkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu ibonise ukuba iinkqubo zokuhlola uluntu zichasene neQumrhu 8 leNkomfa yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu (kulungile kwilungelo lokufumana amalungelo abantu). Eminye imimiselo emitsha, njenge-Mexico, iqinisekisa ngokucacileyo ukuba ukufikelela kwi-intanethi kunelungelo. Amanye amazwe aye amisela imithetho yezoqumrhu esebenza phantsi kwemigaqo esemthethweni, kodwa uxanduva phakathi kokhuseleko nenkululeko luhlala lukho.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nezizukulwana Ezizayo

Inani elandayo labaphengululi bomthetho liphikisa ngelithi umgaqo-siseko ufanele ukhusele imekobume namalungelo ezizukulwana ezizayo. Amazwe afana ne-Ecuador aye afaka “amalungelo endalo” kumgaqo-siseko wawo, evumela abantu ukuba bamangalelwe ngenxa yokonakaliswa kwemekobume. Inkundla yezomGaqo-siseko yaseJamani yagqiba ngowama-2021 ukuba umthetho karhulumente okhusela amalungelo asisiseko emeko-bume, unyanzelela indlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba imisele amaxhoba aphezulu okukhupha impembelelo engakumbi. Izigqibo zimisela ukuphendula kwiingxaki zeplanethi.

IPopulism kunye nokupheliswa komGaqo-siseko

Unyuko lweenkokeli zepopulist kumazwe anjenge Hungary, Poland, Turkey, neBrazil luvavanye ukuqina kwamaziko omgaqo-siseko. IPopulists isoloko isebenzisa iinkqubo zomgaqo-siseko / njenge ziphendulo, ii-antenteum, okanye ukugcwaliswa kwezithuba zomthetho-mthetho, kunye nokuthoba amandla azimeleyo. Ukukhukuliseka kwemigaqo-demokhrasi kunokwenzeka ngokuthe ngcembe, into eyaziwa ngokuba “yidemokhrasi.” Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe njengeKhomishini yeBhunga le-. Vinice iBhunga leBhunga le-Europe elijonge iziganeko ezinjalo kunye neembono zokuhambelana komgaqo-siseko.

Isiphelo: Intsingiselo Ehlala Ihleli YomGaqo-siseko

IMigaqo-siseko ihlala ingowona mbhalo ubalulekileyo kulo naliphi na ibutho ledemokhrasi. Imisela isiseko sendlela elisetyenziswa ngayo igunya, indlela eziconjululwa ngayo iimbambano, nendlela abemi abanokuphendula ngayo urhulumente wabo. Nangona kungekho mGaqo-siseko ufezekileyo, imigaqo yobukhulu, ukwahlukana kwamagunya, ukujonga nokulinganisela, kwaye amalungelo asisiseko anika isiseko esomeleleyo senkululeko nokusesikweni.

Njengoko imibutho isiya intsonkotha kwaye idityaniswa, umGaqo-siseko uyila kunye nokutolika kufuneka kuqhelane nemeko entsha. Ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa kumaxabiso angundoqo awenza asebenze idemokhrasi. Ukuqonda iindima, iimpawu, kunye nocelomngeni lomgaqo-siseko asiyonto nje imfundo ephambili; kubalulekile ukuba wonke ummi ofuna ukuba nenxaxheba ekuxokomezeni ikamva lelizwe lakhe. Kubo bafuna ukuhlolisisa umgaqo-siseko okhethekileyo, [[FLT: 0] iPromostitute project yenjongo elulayo yemimiselo emalunga nama-200 ukusuka ehlabathini lonke. Ngokusebenzisa ezi ncwadi zesiseko, sinokukuxabisa ngakumbi ulungelelwano olululungeleyo phakathi kolungelelwano olulungeleyo kunye nenkululeko echaza ulawulo lwemithetho-gqweqwelejiko-siseko.