Ukwazisa: Iliwa Likarhulumente Olungileyo

Inkqubo ifanelekile njengesiseko somthetho wolawulo, iqinisekisa ukuba amaqumrhu karhulumente asebenzisa amandla awo amakhulu ngokusesikweni, ngokucace gca, nangokuhlonela amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Kwilizwe langoku apho abameli benza izigqibo ezichaphazela yonke into ngokweenzuzo zokhuseleko loluntu kwizalayisensi, umgaqo wokuba akukho mntu ufanele ahluthwe ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla engenayo imigaqo esesikweni ibaluleke ngakumbi kunangaphambili. Kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo efanelekileyo ekulawuleni kuyinto elula. Kufuna ukulawulwa ngokufanelekileyo nxamnye namalungelo abantu, ngokufuthi kwimongoleko apho oovimba bemintelekelelo-mali balinganiselweyo kwaye imigaqo intsonkothile. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela elungele ukulawulwa kwemithetho ekhoyo, ukupheliswa kwemiqatha, ukuvavanywa kwemimiselo yayo ephambili, ukuvavanywa kwenkundla egxeka, nokuvavanywa kwemingeni eqhubekayo.

Indaleko yembali kunye nesiseko somGaqo-siseko

Ukusuka KwiMagna Carta Ukuya KuMphetho - melo Wesihlanu Noweshumi Eline

Ingcamango yenkqubo efunekayo inemvelaphi enzulu yembali, efikelela kwiMagna Carta ngo-1215, eyathembisa ukuba akukho mntu okhululekileyo oya kohlwaywa "ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe okanye umthetho welizwe" eli binzana latshintshela kwinkqubo yale mihla "yokuqala yomthetho," efakwe kuMphengululo wesihlanu weU.S. (wagunyaziswe ngowewaka li-1791), nto leyo enqabela urhulumente wesizwe ukuba angahluli nawuphi na umntu wenkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo yomthetho,." Kamva, uMbenzo weshumi elinesine nonyaka (1868) wandisa lommiselo omiselwe urhulumente. Ezi zingqungquthela zimbini zidala umGaqo-siseko (ugunya le-onke icandelo lorhulumente, kuquka nee-ooomasebe bolawulo.

UMthetho weNkqubo yoLawulo (APA) kunye neNkqubo eCwangcisiweyo

Ngeli xesha umGaqo-siseko umisela umgangatho, iKhomishini yakha phezu kwawo ngemimiselo njengoMthetho we-Administrative Procedia (APA) ka- 1946. I-APA imisela izimfuneko ezisisiseko zomgaqo-siseko woorhulumente, kuquka ulawulo lwesaziso kunye nolwandiso, ukwenziwa kwemimiselo, kunye nocalulo lwezomthetho. Yahlula phakathi kwemimiselo esesikweni (efuna ukuva okufana nokuvava) kunye nezenzo ezingacwangciswanga (a apho iinkqubo zinokukhululeka lula kakhulu). Le nkqubo yemithetho isebenza ngokunempembelelo ngendlela efanelekileyo kunye nenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko, ngokufuthi inikela ukhuseleko olugqitha ubuncinane bomgaqo-siseko kunye nokwenza isiqu esityebileyo somthetho xa inkqubo iyimfuneko ngokomgaqo-mthetho.

Imilinganiselo Emibini Yenkqubo Elindelekileyo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo

Inkqubo efunekayo ephantsi kwemithetho ibuza enoba umthetho okanye isenzo sikarhulumente ngokwaso sifanelekile kwaye sisesikweni, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziziphi iinkqubo ezisetyenziselwa ukusenzela. Ikhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko `njengelungelo lomntu ngamnye, umtshato, kunye nokuzilawula kobuzali `ukuphazamisana norhulumente) akubikho mdla karhulumente onyanzelisayo. Kumthetho wolawulo, imingeni ephantsi yenkqubo efunekayo inqabile kodwa inamandla. Umzekelo, umthetho wequmrhu ofaka ipropati ehluza ipropati elungileyo okanye ephazamisayo kwinzala enzulu enokubethwa njengokwaphula inzala ephantsi kwendlela efunekayo. Noko ke, iinkundla zibamba inyathelo eliqhelekileyo kubameli xa umthetho ungachukuchathanga siseko esingundoqo, usebenzisa kuphela uvavanyo olufanelekileyo.

Inkqubo eQhelekileyo

Inkqubo efunekayo, exhaphakileyo yokukhathalela okuqhelekileyo kumthetho wolawulo, igxininisa kubulungisa benkqubo esetyenziswayo xa urhulumente efuna ukuhlutha umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Kufuna, ubuncinane, isaziso kunye nethuba lokuviwa. Kodwa yintoni equlethe isaziso esaneleyo? Luhlobo luni lwendlebe olufunekayo? Iimpendulo zinqabile ukuba zizezo zonke. INkundla ePhakamileyo ivelise isakhiwo esithambileyo esilungelelanisa umdla wabucala kwisibonda, umngcipheko wokungafunwa kwemigaqo ekhoyo, nomdla karhulumente kwimpumelelo nakuqoqosho.

Uvavanyo lweMathews v. Eldridge Ukulinganisa

IMathews v. Eldridge (1976), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseka uvavanyo lweze-fakta ezintathu oluhlala lusesona sixhobo silawulayo senkqubo yeprocedrogration ithelekisa kulawulo:

  • Inzala yabucala ichaphazelekayo ngumsebenzi osemthethweni.
  • Umngcipheko wokungahlawulwa ngempazamo kwiinkqubo ezisetyenziswayo ngoku, nexabiso elilindelekileyo longezelelo okanye ukuthatha indawo yemiqathango.
  • Inzala karhulumente [[FLT:], kuquka umthwalo wemali kunye nolawulo oza kubandakanya iinkqubo ezongezelelweyo.

Olu vavanyo luvumela iinkundla ukuba zikwazi ukulungelelanisa ukhuseleko lweprocedtural kumongo okhethekileyo, ziqonda ukuba ukuva okupheleleyo akusoloko kuyimfuneko. Umzekelo, kumaMathews ngokwayo, iNkundla yathi ibonelela ukuba abaphulaphuli abangenelwayo babengenalo semthethweni nelungelo lokuvalwa ngomlomo phambi kokuba kupheliswe iinzuzo kuba inkqubo yohlolo olubhaliweyo ikhuseleke ngokwaneleyo izilangazelelo zabo kwaye ukuviwa kubiza ixabiso elikhulu. Le ndlela yokulungisa icengcelele ide yabumba iinkqubo zolawulo ezingalinganiyo, ukusuka kwintlalo-ntle ukuya ekurhoxeleni.

Amalungu e-injini kwinkqubela-phambili yolawulo

Phawula Izinto Ezifunekayo

Isaziso silungu lokuqala nelona lisisiseko senkqubo yokuyila. Kufuneka kuqwalaselwe, phantsi kwazo zonke iimeko, ukuba kuchazwe amaqela anomdla obuchule besenzo kwaye anike ithuba lokubamba. Kwiinkqubo zolawulo, isaziso siquka isiseko esiyinyaniso nesomthetho somsebenzi ocetyiweyo womzinzo, umhla wokuva, nengcaciso yokuphendula komntu ngamnye.

Ithuba Lokuviwa

Ithuba lokuviwa alisoloko lifuna ukuva umlomo. Ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko zeMathews, kunganeliswa ngokuthobela okubhaliweyo, ukuhlola iphepha, okanye iingqungquthela ezingacwangciswanga. Noko ke, xa umdla wobuqu ubalulekile (ngomzekelo, ukuphulukana nelayisensi yobuchule, ukugcinwa komntwana, okanye ukugxothwa kwilizwe eliyingozi) lifuna ukuva okucacileyo komlomo apho umntu anganikela khona ubungqina obungathandekiyo, ukunqumla i-eastenamine, kwaye ube noncedo lwesiluleko. Isitshixo sikukuba ukuva kufuneka kwenzeke ngexesha elinentsingiselo nangendlela ecacileyo, phambi kokuba ukunqandwa kokuphela kwetyala kuvele, nangona ukuva okuqhelekileyo kuyimfuneko kwiimeko zongxamiseko.

Umgwebi ongakhethi buso nolwahlulo lwemisebenzi

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ifuna ukuba umenzi-zigqibo abe ngoondilele kwaye angathathi cala. Kumasebe olawulo, oku kusoloko kunyusa inkxalabo malunga nokudityaniswa kwemisebenzi yomagxeba kunye ne-application kwisebe elinye. Ukuthetha oku, i-APA ifuna ukwahlulwa kwemisebenzi ngokwezingqinisiso ezisesikweni: abasebenzi abaphanda okanye abamangalela ityala abanako ukucebisa umenzi-sigqibo okanye bathathe inxaxheba kwisigqibo. Ngaphezu koko, abagwebi bomthetho (ALJ) banandipha ukhuseleko lomthetho kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika, kwaye izigqibo zabo zimele zihlolwe ngamagosa ombutho aphezulu. Amatyala angoomganyana aphezulu, afana [[FLT:] v [FLT:] .[FLC] [201], ngokubhekele phayaanye ukumiswa komthetho wokumiswa kwe-omatika.

Ilungelo Lokubhenela Nokuhlola Izaphuli-mthetho

Inkqubo elindelekileyo iquka ilungelo lokuhlola uhlobo oluthile lwezibheno zesebe elikhoyo okanye uhlolo lwezibonelelo lwangaphakathi kwinkundla yesizwe. I-APA inika nawuphi na umntu "okhutshwe ngesenzo sombutho" ilungelo lokuhlola ikomiti ngaphandle kokuba umthetho uyithintela ngokuphandle. Oku kuhlola kuvumela iinkundla ukuba zihlole ukuba ngaba isebe lilandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo, lisebenza ngaphakathi kwegunya lalo loburhulumente, kwaye lenze izigqibo ezixhaswa bubungqina obuqinisekileyo. Isibheno esivela kwisigqibo esichasene nesigqibo esichasene nemigaqo enzima sikhuselwa njengelungu elingundoqo lenkqubo efanelekileyo.

Uphando lwetyala: Iziqalelo zophawu lwelizwe kwinkqubo yolawulo elindelekileyo

Kelly (1970)

GOldberg v. Kelly, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi iNew York City ayinakuziphelisa iinzuzo zentlalo-ntle ngaphandle kokuba kuqala inike umamkeli iziphumo ezicacileyo zomva wexesha elizayo. INkundla yagxininisa ukuba iingenelo zentlalo ziluluhlu olusemthethweni olusemthethweni olumiselwe `indawo'", kwaye umdla wobuqu wokuphepha iingenelo ezingalunganga zokulungiselela ukutya, impahla, kunye nekhusikhuseli ziphezulu kakhulu. Uluvo luchaza imigaqo efunekayo: ngexesha elifanelekileyo nesaziso esifanelekileyo, ithuba lokunikela ubungqina obudluliselwa komlomo kunye nokumelana namangqina angalunganga, icebo elifanelekileyo lokulungisa isigqibo sokungakhethi, nesigqibo esisekelwe ngokubhekiselele ngokusisiseko kubungqina obuyimfuneko. [FLD] [FFF]

Mathews v. Eldridge (1976)

Kwiminyaka emithandathu kamva, iNkundla yathi, ngokungafaniyo nentlalo-ntle, isekelwe kubungqina bezamayeza kunokuba i-FLT:1] icolise inkqubo efunekayo kunye nokulinganiselwa . [iNkundla iGoldberg. INkundla yathi, ngokungafaniyo nentlalo-ntle, isekelwe kubungqina obuqhubekayo kunokuthi i-ethe xhobontselel'indleko-mva akuzange kufuneke. Endaweni yoko, inkqubo yokuhlola iposi-mva, equka ukuzithoba okubhaliweyo kunye nethuba lokunikezela ubungqina obungakumbi bezonyango, ulwaneliseko ngenxa yokuba umdla wabucala kwiziphumo zesiphene, nangona ibalulekile, i-Mathdips yaba luvavanyo olubalulekileyo kunentsingiselo yendlela yomgangatho olungeleneyo, kunye neenkqubo zezixhobo ezithenjiweyo, kunye nezo zezixhobo ezithe zinikezelwe inkqubo zezo zezo zezo zezonyango.

Ibhodi yemfundo eCleveland .Loudermill (1985)

[[FLT: 0] Ibhodi yemfundo ekwimeko-bume yeKhabhini yezemfundo v. Loudermill yathetha ngamalungelo afanelekileyo enkqubo yabasebenzi bakawonke-wonke. Inkundla yathi umqeshwa kawonke-wonke onenzala yempahla eqhubekekayo emsebenzini (umz., umfundisi- ntsapho okanye umqeshwa) unelungelo lokuva kwangaphambili/umbutho) unelungelo lokuphendula kwityala phambi kokuba agxothwe. Emva kokuba umqeshwa efumene inzala yexesha elipheleleyo lemisebenzi ecacileyo. Le meko ivunyiwe ukuba "isihawu nemfundiso emnandi" (apho urhulumente ebenokuchaza umgangatho wempahla ngomthetho) akasebenzisi ngeniso, inkxa kuyimfuneko inkxakezo yemithetho efunekayo.

Hamdi v. Rumsfeld (2004) – Inkqubela elindelekileyo Ngaphaya Kwezolawulo

Nangona ingengomthetho wolawulo kwityala ngalinye, HAmdi v. Rumsfeld ibonisa ukufikelela kwenkqubo efunekayo nakummandla wokhuseleko lwesizwe. INkundla yathi ummi wase-U.S. obanjiweyo ubanjwa njengentshaba elwayo kufuneka afumane isaziso sesiseko esiyinyaniso sokuvalelwa kwakhe kunye nethuba elinentsingiselo lokukhuphisana ngayo phambi komenzi-bundilili. Uluvo lwayo lwasebenzisa uvavanyo oluphakathi kokhuseleko lwesizwe ukuvavanyanisa umdla womntu ngamnye nxamnye nomdla karhulumente ekulweni kwemfazwe. Nangona iinkqubo ezifunekayo [[FLT.FLT:2] [[FLT:]] zazingagqibekanga kakhulu kunetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ityala elibonisa ukuba alinganiswe nangalingani nethuba elifanelekileyo lokucinelisa ityala elifanelekileyo.

Ucelomngeni Nemigaqo Yexesha Elizayo

Inkxaso-mali yeZibonelelo kunye noLawulo

Olunye ucelomngeni oluzingisileyo lokuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubela-phambili ikukungaqiniseki kwamatyala aphethwe ngabameli. Iinkundla zokwandiswa komthetho kuphela zinetyala eligqithileyo lezigidi ezi-3. Ii-ofisi zoBucuphi Bokhuseleko loluntu zijongene nolindo lweminyaka emininzi. Xa amasebe engenazo izibonelelo zokubamba iindlebe ngexesha elifanelekileyo, abantu banokubandezeleka ixesha elide, ukulibaziseka kwemiba, okanye ukuvalelwa okugqithisiweyo. AmaMathew aqwalasela ngokucacileyo umthwalo karhulumente wemali kunye nolawulo, kodwa iinkqubo zenkqubo ezilawulayo zinokutyhalela iinkqubo ngaphantsi komgangatho womgaqo-siseko, nto leyo ekhokelela ekunyanzeleni iinguqulelo zeBhunga loMbutho zicotho-mali.

Umahluko wobugcisa: Ukwenza kwesigqibo semithetho-mthetho, kunye nokuvakala kweMbali

Ukusetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza kobugcisa kwiinkqubo zolawulo kubangela amathuba kunye nomngcipheko wokonzakalisa inkqubo efunekayo. Ngonxibelelwano olucacileyo lokuva, okukhawulezwe yisifo se-COVID-19, kungaphucula ukufikelela kwabantu abakwimimandla ekude kodwa kusenokuwahlutha amandla okunikela ubungqina obuphumelelayo okanye ukuqwalasela indlela yokubonakalisa amangqina kunye nabenzi bezigqibo. Okuninzi kungokusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yokwenza izigqibo ezizenzekelayo ngamaqumrhu ngamasebe, ngokukhawulezileyo, ngokunjalo njengemithetho-algoritism egqiba ukufezekisa iinzuzo, ukuqhatha kweflegi, okanye ukumisela iimeko ze-parole. Ezi nkqubo zinokuba mfiliba, zingagqwetha, kwaye ziphakamise inkqubo enzulu enxulumene nesaziso, inkcazelo, nenkcazelo echaphaneyo, kunye nokukhuphisana okulungileyo kwesigqibo sesigqibo sokusebenza. Iinkundla ziqala ukumelana nokuba ngaba kufuneka zityhile ikhowudi enjalo yorhulumente kunye nokutyhila ikhowudi yokhetho loluntu.

Uthutho norhoxiso

Umthetho wokurhoxa uluvo ululawulo oluphezulu luyindawo yokulwa amalungelo enkqubo afanelekileyo. Ukususwa kwengcebiso kunelungelo lokukhusela okufanelekileyo, nangona umlinganiselo wokohluka kuxhomekeke kubume bokufuduka nobude bobukho babo e-U.S. INkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwelokuba ngokusemthethweni abemi abasisigxina abajamelene nokugxothwa banelungelo lokugxekwa ngokusesikweni, kuquka isaziso, ukumela (isiluleko esiqululiweyo sikarhulumente asingoburhulumente), kunye nethuba lokufumana ubungqina obukhoyo. Noko ke, ukukhutshwa kweenkqubo zokususwa, ukuvalelwa okunyanzelisa, nokunqongophala kwesiluleko esisemthethweni sabhlawulwa abantu abaninzi abangangeni e-Onkenelanga abangomalungu e-ofisini baye bafumana ukugxekwa kwabaphengululi nabasebenzi. ImGwandiswano nomthetho wesizwe wokwandiswano lwezo mthetho wobuGwamGwam-o-o-odmistry uyaqhubeka kummandla oshushu.

Ukufikelela kwiNkxaso: IPro Setigigions kunye noXotho lukaNondyebo

Kwanaxa iinkqubo zinamandla, abantu abaninzi basebenzisa iingxoxo zolawulo ngaphandle kwegqwetha. Kukuvalwa kwengxaki yoKhuseleko loluntu, umzekelo, malunga nama-60% abathathi-nxaxheba abangeniswanga kwinqanaba lokuqala. Iprojekthi isoloko izama ukumelana nemithetho entsonkothileyo ecacileyo, imigangatho engokwasemthethweni engaqhelekanga, kunye nomoya ongacwangciswanga kodwa ongoyikiyo wombutho ovayo. Inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ukuba iinkqubo zokhuseleko lokhuseleko loluntu zibaluleke, kwaye umntu ongamele angakwazi ukuthabatha inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo. Amanye amaziko ayakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaziko anokusifaka isiqinisekiso, alungiselele izikhokelo ezicacileyo, nokunika uncedo olungeyo, kodwa umdangazenziswayo kodwa uyaqhubeka. Amaphulo oluntu nemfundo ezemfundo yoluntu neyomthetho ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba abantu bayazi amalungelo abo nokuziqhelisa njani.

Inkqubo Yenkqubo Efunekayo Yolawulo Lomthetho

Inkqubo elindelekileyo kumthetho wolawulo asiyonkqubo emileyo yemithetho kodwa ngumgaqo ophilayo ohambelana neemeko ezitshintshayo. Ukusuka kukhuseleko lokuqala lukaMagna Carta ukuya kuvavanyo oluntsonkothileyo lweNkundla ePhakamileyo yangoku, ingcamango engundoqo iyahlala: urhulumente kufuneka abaphathe abantu ngokufanelekileyo xa iphazamisana nobomi babo, inkululeko yabo, okanye impahla yabo. Ngoku urhulumente olawulayo uchaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla, imisebenzi, izindlu, indawo yokunyamekela impilo, ukufuduka, ukufuduka, kwaye ingongoma nganye yonxibelelwano iphakamisa imibuzo efuna ingqalelo enzulu kubenzi bemithetho, abameli, iinkundla, nabameli.

Njengoko ubugcisa bukhawuleza nokugalela amatyala, ucelomngeni kukugcina ukhuseleko olunentsingiselo lwendawo ngaphandle kokuncama ukuphumelela kolawulo. Uvavanyo lweMatews lokulinganisela lunika isixhobo esithambileyo, kodwa ukusebenza kwalo kufuna ukuhlala kuphaphile. Iimeko ze-Landmark ezifana [ , , [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[2]] i-Mathews [[FLT]]] [iiindlela], [iii-LT], [iiimeko-Licermill [, [[FLT], ] [id] [iiindawo elungileyo] i-FLT] ilungisa ukuqonda ukuqonda ukuqonda kwethu, [iiiiiindlela] elungele ukusetyenziswa komthetho wonke oqhelekileyo, kwaye akukho myalelo womthetho olungileyo wokukhusela, umele ukusetyenziswa, uluntu, uluntu, ufanele ukusetyenziswa lwabiwo lomthetho, uluntu, uluntu,