Isiseko Samalungelo Abemi Kwimimandla Elawulwa Nguorhulumente

Amalungelo oluntu asebenza njengesiseko esisemthethweni nesokuziphatha solawulo-moya olusebenzayo. Aqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu, kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi, ufumana ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho kwaye unethuba lokuthabatha inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kubomi bentlalo-ntle. Ngaphandle kwesiseko esiqinileyo samalungelo asekuhlaleni, imigaqo yokusesikweni, inkululeko, kunye nokulingana kwedemokhrasi. /ukungalingani kwedemokhrasi //ukungamela izithembiso ezingafezeki. Kubafundi, abafundisi, nabemi abathembisileyo, amalungelo oluntu akayo nje imfundo; kuyimfuneko esebenzisekayo ukuqhuba intlalo-ntle yanamhlanje nokukhusela inkululeko yethu.

Ngaphakathi, amalungelo abantu ngamalungelo abantu okufumana ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo okanye ukukhululeka ekuphathweni ngokungekho mthethweni okanye ekucalucalulweni ngamaxesha amaninzi, kuquka imfundo, umsebenzi, indawo yokuhlala, indawo yokuhlala kawonke-wonke, kunye nokuvota. Ahlukene kumalungelo abantu bonke, akwindawo yonke, afuywe ngemfuza, kodwa amalungelo abantu anxulumene ngokukhethekileyo neenkqubo ezisemthethweni zamazwe ahlukeneyo. [[FLT: 0] EUnited States, la malungelo akhuselwe eMgaqo-siseko, ingakumbi ngokupheliswa kwemiqathango ye-omatilo-mthetho, ngokukodwa ngokukhuselwa kweenkundla ze-mthetho, iinkundla ze-propati, kunye nezingameleyo ye-15, kunye nomthetho owe-onqambini olawulayo, kunye nomthetho ofana nomthetho olawula amalungelo e-Rhulumente owe-ndel, ayaphumelela kwaye ayasetyenziswa ngokuqhutywa ngumthetho-mo-mo-wonke. [[FLT] [ethenti: 0]

Isizathu Somba Wamalungelo Abemi: Imisebenzi Neengenelo Ze-Core

Amalungelo oluntu akayongcamango nje engabonakaliyo; anempembelelo ebonakalayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla babantu kunye nempilo yebutho lonke. Ayila izibonelelo ezisemthethweni ezithintela izinto ezinamandla (* nokuba ziziphi na ii-asterences zorhulumente, iinkampani, okanye abantu ngabanye) ukusuka kuqheliselo lokubeka ucalucalulo. Nantsi imisebenzi engundoqo esetyenziswa ngamalungelo oluntu kwidemokhrasi:

  • Ukhuseleko oluchasene nocalucalulo: imithetho yamalungelo oluntu yokwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufana, ubudala, unqulo, ukukhubazeka, imvelaphi yobuzwe, nezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo. Olu khuselo luquka izigqibo zemisebenzi, amathuba ezindlu, ukufikelela kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke, kunye nokunxibelelana nomthetho. Ngaphandle kwezi migaqo-siseko, amaqela aphantsi komgangatho ophantsi, anokuba sengozini yokukhutshwa kwemithetho engekho sikweni kunye nokungabi nabulungisa.
  • Isiqinisekiso somgangatho woMgqino: ngokucutha ibala lokudlala, amalungelo asekuhlaleni aqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi banethuba lokuphumelela. Oku kuthetha ukufikelela kwimfundo ephezulu, imivuzo elungileyo, izindlu ezikhuselekileyo, kunye nomelo olungenazigwebo olusemthethweni. Ukulingana kwamathuba akuqinisekisi iziphumo ezilinganayo, kodwa kususa imiqobo engokwakhe ithintela abantu ekufikeleleni amandla abo apheleleyo.
  • Amandla abantu kunye namaQela: Xa abantu bewazi amalungelo abo, banikwe amandla okuthetha ngokuchasene nokungekho sikweni nokufuna ukuphenduliswa. Amalungelo abemi anika isigama esisemthethweni kunye neseti yeezixhobo zokuvavanya ingcinezelo enzima, ukusuka kwizikhalazo ze-Active Objective Commission ye-Olincial ye-Intellimentium ye-Implink ithatha inxaxheba kwimibutho ekhuthaza ukuqhankqeza ngoxolo. Oku kunika amandla okuzinzisa intlalo-ntle nokuqhubela phambili.
  • Ukuqulunqwa kwedemocratic Legastima: Idemokhrasi inamandla kuphela njengokuzimisela kwayo ukukhusela amalungelo abantu abambalwa. Xa amalungelo oluntu ehlonelwa, abemi bathemba ukuba inkqubo ilungile kwaye ilungile. Oku kuthenjiswa kubalulekile kwinxaxheba kwezobupolitika kunye nentsebenziswano yentlalo. Kwelinye icala, ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu okusasazekileyo kungaphelisa ukuthemba kukawonke wonke kwaye kubangele ukungazinzi.
  • Ubuchule kunye nomanyano lwentlalo: Iinkqubo ezikhusela amalungelo abantu zizinzile kwaye zihambe kakuhle. Iinkqubo zokukhuthaza ulwaphulo-mthetho azizonakalisanga abantu kuphela kodwa kwanoqoqosho olubanzi ngokudlala italente yomntu kunye nokudala ungquzulwano phakathi kwabantu. Umzekelo, uphando olubangelwa yi- Bureaunior of Economic Research[ lubonise ukuba ukunciphisa ucalucalulo lobuhlanga nolwe-caluvo lwabufana bungandisa iziphumo eziphawulekayo zezoqoqosho kunye nolwahlulo.

Le misebenzi ibonisa ukuba amalungelo abantu akangomdla okhethekileyo okanye umngeni wokukhetha; ayimfuneko kwidemokhrasi ephilileyo, esebenzayo. Abaqeqeshi, ngokukodwa, bamele banikele lo kubaluleka kubafundi, babancede bajonge amalungelo oluntu njengabantu abaphilayo, abaphefumlayo abanokuwasebenzisa ukuphucula imimandla yabo kunye nehlabathi.

Uhambo Lwembali: Iinkampani Eziphambili Nomthetho

Imbali yamalungelo abantu libali lokulwa, lokuncama nolwandiso. Ukuqonda le mbali kubalulekile ukuze siqonde ukuba side kangakanani na yaye umsebenzi uhlala ukho. Ngoxa isoloko ijoliswe kumava aseMerika, imibutho yamalungelo abantu iye yenzeka emhlabeni wonke, ngamnye uneempawu neempawu zakhe ezikhethekileyo.

IMbutho yaMalungelo aBantwana baseMerika (1950s-1960)

Ixesha elisukela phakathi konyaka ka1950 ukuya ekupheleni koo1960 limele ixesha elimanzi kwimfazwe yokulingana eUnited States. Le ntshukumo, esekelwe kwiinkulungwane zokuxhathisa ubukhoboka nokwahlukana kukaJim Crow, yasebenzisa uqhankqalazo olungenabundlobongela njengeqhinga layo eliphambili.

  • Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954): Esi sigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo savumelanayo sasirhoxa isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo se-"se-"Sidityanisiweyo kodwa silingana" imfundiso eyasekwa ePnevy v. Ferguson (1896). INkundla yavakalisa ukuba ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke wonke lwalwaphula uKhuselo olulinganayo lweSigqibo se-14. Lo mthetho wawululo olungolomthetho oluxhobisa amaLungelo ePolitiki, nangona ukwenziwa kwalo kwajamelana nenkcaso emfazwe kumazwe amaninzi.
  • iMontgomery Bus Boycott (1955-956): Iphazanyiswe nguRosa Parks ukubanjwa ngenxa yokwala ukunikezela isihlalo sakhe kumkhweli omhlophe, lo mfo wamashumi amahlanu anesine wendlela yoduladula waba yimodeli yokuqhayisa ngaphandle kogonyamelo. Waqhutywa ngumfundisi oselula ogama linguMartin Luther King Jr., i-Flott waphela ngenkundla ephakamileyo elawula ukuba ibhulorho ebhazini ingasetyenziswanga. Yabonisa amandla oxinzelelo lwezoqoqosho kunye nezenzo ezikhundlayo.
  • Intetho ekwi Washington (1963): abantu abangaphezu kwama-20,000 bahlanganisana kwiSikhumbuzo seLincoln ukwenzela oku kuboniswa okuyimbali. Kwakulapha apho uMartin Luther King Jr. wanikela khona intetho yakhe yemifanekiso engumqondiso "Ndinephupha", ebona ikamva apho abantu baza kugwetywa ngokomquluko wobuntu babo, hayi umbala wolusu lwabo. Uhambo lwaphembelela ngqo ukudlula koMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1964 kunye noMthetho we-Voting Rights ka-1965.
  • UMthetho waMalungelo oMsebenzi wowe-1964: Lo mthetho ulawulayo wakwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ibala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. Walwalela ukuhlaliswa kohlanga kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke, ucalucalulo olungekho mthethweni emsebenzini, kwaye wadala i-Actal Processional Commission (EOC). Lo mthetho uhlala ungomnye wezona nxalenye zibalulekileyo zemithetho yamalungelo abantu kwimbali yaseMelika.
  • Umthetho wokwenza amaLungelo wonyaka ka1965: Emva kweziganeko zogonyamelo ze "Mhla weCawa" eSelma, Alabama, lo Mthendeleko walwalela ucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvoteni. Yasusa imiqobo emininzi eyayisetyenziselwa ukukhulula amaMelika aseAfrika, njengovavanyo lokufunda nokuhlawula irhafu. UmThetho wawuyimpendulo engqalileyo kwizenzo zobungcakazo zamalungelo oluntu kwaye wandisa ukubhalisa nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwabamnyama.

Imikhosi yamalungelo asekuhlaleni

Umzabalazo wamalungelo abantu awungowodwa eUnited States. Kwihlabathi lonke, intsebenziswano iye yacel ’ umngeni ingcinezelo kwaye yafuna ukuphathwa ngendlela elinganayo phantsi komthetho. Umzekelo, umbutho olwa nolwayo nolwayo nolwandiso olungamashumi eminyaka kwinkqubo yocalulo lohlanga kunye nocalulo, eyayinzima kakhulu kunemithetho yeMelika. Iinkokeli ezifana noNelson Mandela, Desmond Tutu, noSteve Biko zakhokela umbutho wolwambutho wobugqeba, imibutho yemisebenzi, kunye namahlakani amazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ukuphelisa unyulo lwedemokhrasi ngo 1994. Ngokufanayo, i-Indiya i-I-Inte ephantsi kwe-Grand , ikhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kokungathobethi kobugqeni kwemi kwelizwe lonke elaseMelika. Ukuqonda oku kubangela uxabiso lwamalungelo abantu ngokubanziwa ngabantu ngokubanziswa yi-Rograc. [Intetion:[0]

Ucelomngeni Lwamalungelo Abantu

Phezu kwazo nje iimpumelelo zembali yexesha elidluleyo, ukulwela amalungelo abantu kusekude. Ngeendlela ezininzi, ibala ledabi litshintshile, kwaye kusekho nezinye izinto ezintsha ezididayo. Iimeko zanamhlanje zamalungelo abantu zidla ngokusetyenziswa ngendlela elungeleleneyo, zibumfutshane, kwaye zisekelwe ngokunzulu kwizakhiwo. Ukuqonda ngokunzulu ezi ngxaki kubalulekile ekukhuliseni ulwazi nakukunceda abemi abanemfesane.

Ukungekho Sikweni Kobuhlanga Nokungalingani Kwenkqubo

Ucalucalulo lobuhlanga lusaqhubeka ngeendlela ezininzi. Kwinkqubo yobulungisa yolwaphulo-mthetho, uphando oluqhubekayo lubonisa ukuba abantu abanombala omnyama noMlandu, badla ngokumiswa, bahlolwe, babanjwa, bagwetyelwe iziphumo ezikrakra kunezobumhlophe ngenxa yezono ezifanayo. Isiganeko sokuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi sichazwa njenge "Jim Nyusantsha" ngabaphengululi abanjengoMichellette Alekzandre, ibalase indlela inkqubo yezobulungisa yolwaphulo-mthetho ekhuthaza ngayo isigaba sobuhlanga. Kwizindlu kunye nomsebenzi, amanani ekhethelo ahlala ebalulekile, kwaye imiqobo phakathi kwamaqela emhlophe iyaqhubeka yanda. Imigaqo yezenzo eqinileyo, elungiselelwe ukuphendula kwembali, imingeni esemthethweni kunye nengxoxo kawonke. Umbutho weBlalf Livetafect, oye wavelisa ngayo ukubulala ukubulala amapolisa, uhlaziswe kwakhona kule ngxaki, kwaye ubangela incoko yandise incoko yamaqela ehlabathi ngentlalo-ntlalo-lu.

Ukulingana Kwendoda Nendoda Nesibhaka- bhaka

Nangona kuye kwenziwa inkqubela ebalulekileyo kumalungelo amabhinqa ukususela kwimibutho yamalungelo abesifazane yenkulungwane yama-20, ukungalingani kwamabhinqa kusaqaliswe. Isithuba sokuziphatha okubi emsebenzini, nangona sixinene, sisabona amabhinqa efumana malunga ne-82 yesenti ngemali nganye efunyenwe ngamadoda, ekwahlukaniseni okukhulu kwamabhinqa amibala. Ukuxambulisana okubangelwa kukuxhatshazwa ngokwesini nokuhlaselwa, okubalaseliswa ngumbutho we-# MeToo, ukubhenca ukuxhathisa kwezenzo ezingalunganga emsebenzini kunye nokungalingani kwamandla okuwavumela ukuba aqhubeke. Unikezelo lwempilo yezentengiselwano emakhaya, kuquka ukukhupha isisukrwelo, kukunciphisana okuqhubekayo kwamalungelo abantu, ngemilo yemithetho esemthethweni nemigangatho yorhulumente. IX yeSihlomelo semfundo semfundo yowe-19791, iyaqhubeka isokugxeka izixhobo zokulwa kwe-RG.

ILGBTQ+ Amalungelo kunye nolwamkelo

Umlo weLGBTQ + amalungelo uphumeze iimpumelelo eziphawulekayo, kuquka ukuvunywa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo ngomtshato ongokwasemgangathweni kwiObergefell v. Hodges (2015) nokhuseleko lwamalungelo omsebenzi phantsi kweSihloko seSithi VII soMthetho wamaLungelo kaWoluntu (Bostock v. Clayton County, 2020). Noko ke, ucalucalulo luyaqhubeka, ingakumbi ngokuchasene nabantu abatsha abatsha. Amazwe amaninzi aye amisela okanye acebise imithetho ejolise ukujolisa ulutsha, ethintela ukufikelela ekukhuseleni impilo nokuthatha inxaxheba kwimidlalo. Unyango olubanzi, olugwetyelwe ngokusemthethweni luhlala lusemthethweni kwimiqatha. Ugonyamelo oluchasene neLGTQ+ abantu ngabanye, ngokukodwa amabhinqa ahlala ephezulu, amaqela akhudluphalayo ngokugqeqe ngokwayo, amaqela aqhubeka e-Eccet, aqhubeka ekhuselwa ngokwanelwa ngokwamanani amanani afanelekileyo, ngokomthetho omele ukukhuselwa ngokusekelwe ngokwesithethe.

Ulawulo lwezibonelelo

Ukunika imvume yeyona mithetho ingundoqo kwidemokhrasi, kodwa ukufikelela kwibhokisi yebhola ekhatywayo kuseyimbambano yamalungelo abantu. Emva kwesigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo yowama-2013 kwi-Shelby County v. UHoker, owakhupha ilungiselelo elingundoqo lamaLungelo e-Voting Act, amazwe amaninzi agqithisa imithetho eyenza kube nzima ukuvota. Ezi ziquka iimfuno zomvoti ongqongqo, ukunqumla kwasekuqaleni kokuvota, ukucola imiqulu yevota, nokuvulwa kweendawo zokuvota kumaqela amancinane abantu abambalwa. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuba ezi zichasa ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto, ukuzamkela okusezantsi, nokuvota okuncinane. Kwangalonye, imigudu yokwandisa ukufikelela kovoti-bhayi-bhayiti, i-posi, kunye nokubhalisa i-vtivel-oti ye-coti ye-intanethi ye-intanethi yemfazwe ejoyitile ejoliswe kwida yemfazwe.

Imfundo Engacaciyo: Ukufundisa Ngamalungelo Asekuhlaleni Ngolawulo - melo Olunamandla

Ngokulindelekileyo imfundo yesona sixhobo sinamandla sokukhuthaza ukuphandlwa kwamalungelo abantu nokusebenza. Ngokuqhuba imfundo yamalungelo abantu kwizifundo, izikolo ziyakwazi ukuxhobisa abafundi ngolwazi, ubuchule, nangemilinganiselo ekufuneka bayifake kwisivumelwano, abemi abagxekayo abanokukhusela idemokhrasi. Oku kufuna indlela yokufundisa ngabom nangendlela ebanzi.

Ukusasaza Amalungelo Oluntu Kwimithetho

Imfundo ye-bic kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo engaphaya kwenkumbulo yemihla namaxwebhu. Ufundo oluqinileyo lwamalungelo abantu kufuneka luquke amabali okuqhuba ingca, indima yabantu abaqhelekileyo ekusebenzeni kweenguqu, kunye nokubaluleka okuqhubekayo kwezi ngxaki namhlanje. Ootitshala bangahlola imithombo eyintloko njengentetho, iileta, iinkundla, kunye nobuchule bokuyila ukuvelisa imbali. Kubalulekile ukuquka amava amaqela aphantsi kwengcambu, ama-Afrikaan, i-Latinos, i-American, i-Indicandinals, i-Indicans, i-Indicaricans, i-Iverties, i-LGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye. Soso isithi abafundi bazibona bebonakala kwingxelo yolwazi nokuchasana kwemilo-mthetho. Umzekelo, ukuhlolisisa i-Chican Moveticsty, i-Melika, kunye ne-Dmondmentmentationstymental Auvements.

Ukuququzelela Iingcinga Ezimandundu Nentsebenziswano

Imfundo yamalungelo amakhaya ayifanele ibe kukuhambisa intetho engokwamnye, ehlaziywayo. Kunoko, kufuneka ikhuthaze abafundi ukuba babuze imibuzo enzima: Kutheni amalungelo athile ethatha ixesha elide ukukhusela? Ngawaphi amashishini awenzileyo? Ngawaphi amacebo asebenzayo namhlanje? Siwalinganisa njani amalungelo akhuphisanayo? Ngokubandakanyeka kwiingxoxo, iimfaniso, kunye neeprojekthi zophando, abafundi baphuhlisa ubuchule obufunekayo ekuqhubeni kwemibutho entsonkothileyo kunye neendawo zezobupolitika. Izikolo zikwanokukhuthaza ukubotshwa kombutho wobuzwe ngokwezentlalo-ntle ngokudala amathuba okuba abafundi bathathela inxaxheba kurhulumente, kwinkonzo yoluntu, kunye nemisebenzi yokusebenza. Ukuyila iklasi yemfundo ekhuthaza iimbono ezahlukeneyo nentlonelo kuyimfuneko kwimigangatho ye-demodekhrasi.

Uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba

Izikolo azinakwenza lo msebenzi ngokuzikhetha. Ngokubhekele phandle, abafundisi-mfundo kufuneka baxhase amanyathelo alungiselelwe amalungelo abantu, amabutho embali, iimyuziyam, kunye namaqela okufunda angacebisa amava okufunda. Izithethi ezityeleleyo, uhambo lwasentsimini, kunye neeprojekthi zenkonzo zenkonzo zidibanisa iingcamango ezithelekelelwayo nemeko-yokwenene yehlabathi. Ngaphezu koko, abafundisi-bafundisi-bafundi kufuneka baxhase amanyathelo axhotyisiweyo axhasa amalungelo abantu, nokuba ngaba kucwangcisa iphulo lokufumana ulwazi olubanzi, ukubhalisa iklasi ukuba ivote, okanye ukuphakamisa ukuphaka kwemiba yemiba yasekuhlaleni. Imbali ibonisa ukuba abantu abaselula bebesoloko bekwindawo ephambili yotshintsho lwentlalo, ukusuka kubafundi abahlala-phakathi kwemibutho yolawulo, kwimibutho yezonyango yokwakha, kunye nezixhobo ze-Genestriesting.[1] kunye neezixhobo zokwakha ze-eprojectivesssssssss.[ft]

Isiphelo: Umlo Oqhubekayo Nembopheleleko Yethu

Ukuqonda amalungelo abantu akuyonkqubo yembali okanye yemfundo; kukukhuthaza ukuba kwenziwe. Izinto zexesha elidluleyo zazuzwa ngokuncama okukhulu, kodwa azinasiphelo. Isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka sifunde, sikhusele, kwaye sandise amalungelo ayila isiseko sebutho labantu elinobulungisa nedemokhrasi. Njengoko sijamelene neengxaki zale mihla `ukusukela kulwa nobuhlanga kunye nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho kunye nokusongelwa nxamnye namalungelo okhetho kunye namaziko edemokhrasi.

Ngokufundisa imbali, intanda-bulumko, kunye nenyaniso yangoku yamalungelo abantu, sixhobisa izizukulwana zexesha elizayo ngekhampasi yokuziphatha kunye nobuchule obusebenzisekayo bokwakha ihlabathi elinokulingana namacala ahlukeneyo. Umzabalazo wamalungelo abantu nguhambo oluqhubekayo, kwaye ufuna ukuba sonke sithabathe inxaxheba. Akwanele nje ukuvuma ukubaluleka kwamalungelo; kufuneka siwaxhase ngokukhutheleyo kwiindawo esihlala kuzo, kwiinkqubo zethu, nakwientliziyo zethu.