Ukwazisa: Iimbacu Neempunge EIndiya

I-Indiya ibisoloko isiya kwindawo yeembacu nabafuni beekhusi ababaleka intshutshiso, imfazwe, nokungazinzi kumazwe akufuphi naphesheya. Ilizwe linenani elikhulu labafuduki abanyanzelelwayo abasuka eTibet, eMyanmar (eBurma), eSri Lanka, eAfghanistan, kwaye kutshanje, kwimimandla efana ne-Iraq ne-Siriya. Ngokutsho kweZizwe Eziphezulu zoNtlanganiso yabathathi-mali (UNHCRR), ifihla amakhulu amawaka eembacuba nabafuni beenqaba, nangona kunzima ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho nkqubo yokubhalisa esemthethweni yamaqela amaninzi. Ukuqonda amalungelo asemthethweni aba bantu akuyo akuyo nje kuphela akuyo inkxalabo kodwa kukwangumsebenzi wokuqinisekisa ukukhusela, isidima, nokungenisa isidima sabo, nokufuduselwa kwebutho laseIndiya.

Ngokungafaniyo namazwe amaninzi, i-Indiya ayinawo umthetho wasekhaya opheleleyo. Endaweni yoko, isiseko somthetho olawula iimbacu eIndiya sidityaniswe ngamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, umthetho wesizwe, imigaqo yolawulo yezizwe ngezizwe, kunye namanyathelo olawulo oluphezulu. Esi sakhiwo sahlukeneyo sibangela amathuba kunye nokungaqiniseki kwabo bafuna ukukhuselwa. Eli nqaku linikela ushwankathelo olucacileyo lwamalungelo asemthethweni eembacu nabangafuni bekhuselwa eIndiya, lihlolisisa iingxaki abajamelene nazo, kwaye lihlola imigudu eqhubekayo yokuphucula ukuma kwabo.

Iimbacu Ezilawulayo Ezisemthethweni EIndiya

Umiselo oluphambili lomthetho lokhuseleko lweembacu emhlabeni wonke yiNgqungquthela yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ye- kunye nomthetho wayo 197]. I-Indiya asiyoyonto esayina ukutyikitya nasiphi na isixhobo. Nangona iso siso. Lo mthetho uqwalaselwayo, i-Indiya inamathele ngokwembali kumgaqo ongundoqo we-[[FLT:]4] wemithetho-okanye — ukunqanda ukubuyela kwibhada kwilizwe apho zijongene nezisongelo ezinzulu kubomi okanye inkululeko. Lo mgaqo uqwalaselwa ngokubanziswa ngokubanzi njengomgaqo wesithethe somthetho wezizwe zonke kwaye usebenza kuwo onke, nokuba kuphi nakuhlanga lwe-ractive.

Indlela ye-Indiya iphenjelelwa zizibophelelo zayo ezingokomGaqo-siseko. UmGaqo-siseko waseIndiya uqinisekisa amalungelo asisiseko kubo “bonke abantu,” hayi nje abemi. Inqaku 14 (kunene kulingana), 21 (kunamalungelo obomi nenkululeko yobuqu), kunye nama-2 (ukukhuselwa nxamnye nokubanjwa nokuvalelwa ngokwemposiso), zitolikwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo ukuba zandise iimbacu nabafuni bekhusi. Umzekelo, kwityala lembali yembali [[FLT: 0]] iNational Human Rights Comment Pradesh[[[FLT:] [196], iNkundla Ephakamileyo ikholelwa ukuba ilungelo lobomi phantsi kweQumrhulunqe 21 lisebenza kumntu ngamnye, kuquka neimbacuka.

Kukungabikho komthetho onikezelweyo, ukuma kobukho beembacu (RSD) kwenziwa ngamaqumrhu ahlukeneyo amaqela. I-UNHCR iqhuba i-RSD kubafuni bokhuseleko abangengawo amazwe alawulwa ngokukhethekileyo ngurhulumente wase-Indiya (njengeTibetan neSri Lankans). ISebe leMicimbi yeeNtlalo yeMbumbuluko lijonge imicimbi yeembacu, nomthetho we-Romspostrans Act, 1946, kunye noMgaqo-siseko we-Romatikom, 1939, zisoloko zisetyenziswa ukulawula ukungena, ukuhlala, kunye nokuhamba kwabantu basemzini, kuquka neimbacu, ukuvelisa i-mvoluko esemthethweni.

Iindidi Zeimbacu Neempatho Zazo Ezahlukileyo

IIndiya ayibaphathi bonke abafuduki abanyanzelekileyo ngendlela efanayo. Imeko esemthethweni nesebenzisekayo yeembacu iyahluka ngokuphawulekayo kuxhomekeka kwimvelaphi yelizwe layo nakwimeko yezobupolitika.

Iimbacu ZaseTibetan

AmaTibetan afika eIndiya emva kovukelo lwangowe-1959 aphakathi kwezona ntlalo zisunguliweyo zabaqaba. Bakhutshwa “Iziqinisekiso zokubhalisa” ngurhulumente waseIndiya kwaye bavunyelwa ukuba basebenze, amashishini abo, kunye neenkonzo zikawonke-wonke. Noko ke, abanikwa ubumi bamaIndiya ngokuzenzekelayo, kwaye ukuma kwabo okusemthethweni kuhlala kukhuselekile, ingakumbi emva koMthetho we-2019 Cotizenshiptionship Amendment Act (CA) eziwazichasa ngokucacileyo kwinkqubo yobuchule yokuzingela ekhawulezayo yabemi abavela kumazwe ahlala eNtshona.

Iimbacu ZaseSri Lankan Tamil

AmaTamil aseSri Lanka abaleka imfazwe yamakhaya ebefika ukususela ngoo 1980. Abanye bahlala kwiinkampu zorhulumente ezibalekayo eTamil Nadu, apho bafumana khona umxhesho, unyango, nemfundo. Abanye bahlala ngaphandle kweenkampu kwimimandla yedolophana. Ukuma kwabo kulawulwa yimiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo kwaye akukho nkxaso yemithetho-siseko. Abaninzi abanawo amaxwebhu okuzichaza anceda abantu ukuba bakwazi ukuqhuba okanye basebenze ngokwasemthethweni.

Iimbacu zaseMyanmar (eBurmese)

Iimbacu zaseMyanmar, ingakumbi ezisuka kuluntu lwaseRohinga naseChin, zijongene nocelomngeni olunzima. Ngeli xesha i-UNHCR iphatha i-RSD yabo, urhulumente waseIndiya uthathe ulwano oluchaseneyo noRohitya, ezibeka igama elibi njengeendwendwe ezingekho mthethweni kwaye ezizama ukugxotha. Ngo-2017, urhulumente wavakalisa icebo lokugxotha lonke iRohitya, ukudubula imingeni engokwasemthethweni. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iseza kukunika isigqibo sokugqibela sokugxothwa komthetho onjalo phantsi komgaqo wokungagxothwa.

IAfghan, ISomali, Nenye Iimbacu

Iimbacu zama-fghan — amaHindu/amancinane namaSimlamsi afuna indawo yokhuseleko — zibhaliswe kakhulu nge-UNHCR. Zijamelene neengxaki zokufumana iimvume zokufumana iimvume zexesha elide kunye nemvume yomsebenzi. Iimbacu ezisuka eSomalia, eIraq, kunye namanye amaphondo alwayo ngokufanayo zixhomekeke kumaxwebhu e-UNHCR, adla ngokungabonwa ngamagosa amaIndiya ukuze afumane iinkonzo zikarhulumente.

Amalungelo Eembacu Nabafuni BeeNtloko Ngaphantsi Komthetho WamaIndiya

Ngoxa engagunyaziswanga ukuba abe ngummiselo omnye, kufumaneka amalungelo aliqela eembacu nabafuni bokhuseleko eIndiya, abasuka kwisiqinisekiso somgaqo - siseko nezigwebo.

Icala ukuya kokungaphinde ufumaneke

Umgaqo wokungahlawulwa yindawo esisiseko sokhuseleko lweembacu. Iinkundla zamaIndiya ziqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba urhulumente akanakukwazi ukubuyisela umntu kwilizwe apho ajongene nomngcipheko wokona kutshutshiswa, ukuthuthunjiswa, okanye ukufa. Kyaram v. Umanyano lweIndiya [2088], iNkundla ePhezulu yaseDelhi yahlala igxothwa kwintsapho yeRohingya, ikhankanya ingozi yokutshatyalaliswa kohlanga eMyanmar.

Ilungelo Lobomi Nenkululeko Yobuqu (Inkcubeko 21)

Iimbacu zinelungelo lobomi nenkululeko yobuqu. Oku kuquka ilungelo lokuphila ngesidima, okuquka ukufikelela ekutyeni, kwikhusi, nakwizikhathalelo zezamayeza. K.A. Mathagan v. iSuperinten, iJail, iTiruchirapli, inkundla ikholelwa ukuba kwanomntu ophambukeleyo ongekho mthethweni akanakuphucwa ilungelo lokuphila.

Ilungelo lokulingana (Inkcazo 14)

Ilungelo lokulingana liyasebenza kubantu bonke. Abahlawulwa abanakucalulwa ngenxa yobuzwe okanye ubukho beembacu. Kodwa ke, ukusetyenziswa kweempatho ezahlukeneyo kwenzeka, njengokungacaci uRohingwa kwiinkqubo zempilo kawonke-wonke okanye ukukhanyelwa kwemisebenzi kuvumela iimbacu zasezidolophini.

Ilungelo lokusebenza

Ilungelo lokusebenza aliqinisekiswanga ngokuphandle kwiimbacu. Iimbacu zaseTibet ezineziqinisekiso zobhaliso zingasebenza ngokusemthethweni. Abanye kufuneka bathembele kwisisa sabaqeshi okanye kumsebenzi ongacwangciswanga, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kokhuseleko olusemthethweni. UMthetho we-Profterns Act umisela imiqathango emsebenzini, kwaye iimbacu ezingenazo iimvume ezisemthethweni zokubhalisa iingozi okanye ukugxothwa.

Ukufumana Imfundo Nonyango

Inqaku le-21A (ilungelo lemfundo) lisebenza kubemi kuphela. Noko ke, abantwana abaninzi beembacu bafumana izikolo zikarhulumente ngobuchule bokulawula. Unyango luyafumaneka kwizibhedlele zikawonke-wonke, kodwa ukunqongophala kwamaxwebhu okuzichaza kudla ngokukhokelela ekukhanyeni konyango. Iimbacu ezinamakhadi e-UNHCR zisenokufumana inkxaso ethile evela kwii-NGO, kodwa iinkonzo ezilungiselelwe ngurhulumente ziyaguquguquka.

Ukufumana Uncedo Olusemthethweni

Iimbacu zinelungelo lokumela umelo olusemthethweni, ingakumbi ekuvalelweni okanye ekugxothweni. Ii-NGOS ezininzi, ezifana noMnatha woMthetho wamalungelo abantu kunye ne-Amnesty International Indiya-[, zinikezela ngenkxaso yeprobono esemthethweni. Noko ke, unikezelo kubulungisa luhlala lulinganiselwe ngenxa yemiqobo yolwimi nokungakwazi ukwazi.

Ucelomngeni Abathwaxwa Ziimbacu EIndiya

Phezu kwazo nje izinto ezikhuselayo, iimbacu zaseIndiya zidibana nemiqobo emininzi ephazamisa ukhuseleko nentlalo - ntle yazo.

Ukungabikho kobume bomthetho

Iimbacu ezininzi azinayo imeko esemthethweni eqwalaselwe ngurhulumente waseIndiya. Ziphila ngemvume yexeshana, amakhadi e-UNHCR, okanye zingabi naxwebhu konke konke. Oku kwenza imeko yokuzimela okusisigxina, apho naluphi na utshintsho kumgaqo karhulumente lungakhokelela ekuvalelweni kwabantu abaninzi okanye ekugxothweni. Ukungabikho kwenkqubo esemthethweni kukwabenza babe sesichengeni sokuxhatshazwa ngabaqeshi, abanini-ndlu, kwanabo ukugcinwa komthetho.

Injongo Nothutho

Abafuni be-asyllum, ingakumbi uRohinga no-Afghans, basoloko bevalelwa kwiintolongo okanye kwiziko lokuvalelwa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe. Urhulumente waseIndiya wakha iinkampu ezininzi zokuvalelwa, wafaka imizekelo kwiziko lokuvalelwa kwe-Assam, ngokugcin ’ ityala “lamanye amazwe.” Iimeko zokungathobeli zingekho semthethweni, kwaye ababanjwa abaninzi abanalo ulwazi olungokwasemthethweni okanye lwamalungelo abo.

Unikezelo olulinganiselwe kuxwebhu

Ngaphandle kokwahlula okufanelekileyo, iimbacu azinakuvula ii-akhawunti zebhanki, iifowuni ezibhaliswayo, okanye indawo yerenti. Amaxwebhu e-UNHCR-asusis asoloko ekhokelwa ngamagunya ase-Indiya. Umzekelo, ikhadi le-Aadhaar (i-ID yobubanzi) libotshelelwe kubungqina bokuba ngabami okanye indawo yokuhlala yexesha elide, ezo iimbacu ezininzi ezingenayo.

Ucalucalulo noXenophobia

Iimbacu, ingakumbi uRohinga, zijamelana nocalucalulo olusasazeke ngokubanzi yaye ziyakwazi ukucalula intetho.

Izinto ezisetyenziswayo ezisekelwe kwintloko

Amabhinqa namantombazana ahlala ekwizikhuseli ezingakumbi ezisemngciphekweni wogonyamelo olusekelwe kwiintlobano zesini nakubufana. Ukungahambisani kwabantwana, iintsapho ezinamantloko amabhinqa, kunye ne-LGBTQ+ iimbacu zijongene neentselele ezongezelelekileyo zobungozi, njengoko inkqubo yomthetho ingawakhuseli ngokukhethekileyo.

Imigudu yeNtlanganiso neyokuphucula Amalungelo eembacu

Imibutho emininzi isebenza ukuzalisa isithuba sokhuseleko esishiywe kukunqongophala komthetho wesizwe.

I- INCR inika ubhaliso, RSD, kunye noncedo kwiimbacu eziwa phantsi kogunyaziso lwayo. Isebenza kwii-ofisi ezili-11 kulo lonke elaseIndiya kwaye inikela uncedo lwemali, ii-operal, kunye nenkxaso yemfundo. Noko ke, amandla ayo alinganiselwe, kwaye iimbacu ezininzi, ingakumbi ezisuka eSri Lanka, azigqunywanga yi-UNHCR.

Imibutho engeyoyangorhulumente enjengaye [[FLT: 0] BAOSCO [[FULT:1], Josuit Inkonzo yeempunge (JRS), [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] Imfumba yamalungelo eIndiya [[, kunye [[FLT]] ne'Actid [ inikezela uncedo olusemthethweni, uqeqesho lomsebenzi, kunye nokungena kuluntu. [[FLT:] Umthetho woburhulumente [[FLT] [[FLT:]] urhoxinze izitshixo ezingundoqo ezininzi kwiimeko zobugxeko kunye nongahlanga.

Kuye kwakho iminxeba ephindaphindiweyo evela kwibutho lasekuhlaleni ukuze iIndiya imisele uMthetho we-Rofulful noMgaqo-nkqubo we-Astylum. Iphepha ledrafti, njengoMthetho we- wexesha leMbali 2015 olungiselelwe ngabaqokeleli bomthetho, ubekwe kurhulumente kodwa uhlale ungasetyenziswa.

Inkqubela Yakutshanje Nesimo Sekamva

Imimandla esemthethweni yeimbacu eIndiya iye yanenkqubela ebalulekileyo kwiminyaka yakutshanje.

UMthetho we-CITP weSinyuso soLawulo lweNtlalo-Myusi] [[FLT] 2019 [[KAKA]] wanika ugunyaziso olukhawulezayo kwimimandla engekhoyo ekwimida evela ePakistan, e-Afghanistan, naseBangladesh, kodwa wawakhupha ngokucacileyo amaSilamsi kunye nazo zonke iimbacu zaseMyanmar, Sri Lanka, namanye amazwe. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba iCAA yaphula umgaqo wokungahlawuleli nokucalucalucalucalucalulo kwimilo yonqulo. Lo Mthetho ucetyo ucelwe kwiNku ePhaka ephakamileyo, kwaye umsebenzi wayo uyaqhubeka.

I- National Register of Citizens (NRC) e-Assam, ejolise ekuchazeni abaphambukeli abangekho mthethweni, yadala uloyiko olusasazekileyo phakathi kweembacu, ingakumbi amaSilamsi namaHindu athetha isiBengali aseBangladesh. Isicelo sikarhulumente sokukhupha isandi esilumkisayo selizwe lonke i-NRC malunga nokususwa nokuvalelwa kweembacu.

Kumphambili wejaji, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iMohammad Saleem v. Umanyano lwaseIndiya (2021]) lwathi urhulumente akanakugxotha umntu ngaphandle kokulandela inkqubo efunekayo kwaye ahlole ubungozi bentshutshiso. Noko ke, inkundla ayikasinikezi sisombululo esiqinisekileyo kwimithetho karhulumente yokugxotha iRohingya.

Ngo-2022, uBulungiseleli beMicimbi Yasekhaya bavakalisa i- Esezantsi i-Operaccedere (SOP) yokuqhubana nezizwe zasemzini , kuquka abafuni bekhusi. Ngelixesha i-SOP izimisele ukuqhuba iinkqubo zomjelo, iye yagxekwa ngokuvumela ukuvalelwa okungagqibekanga nokunganiki inkqubo esemthethweni yokuzinziswa kwemeko yeembacu.

Ukukhangela phambili, imfuneko yolwakhiwo olusemthethweni olunikezelweyo ingxamiseke kakhulu kunanini na ngaphambili. Ukungabikho komthetho weembacu kushiya i-Indiya ihamba ngokuhambelana nemilinganiselo yehlabathi lonke kwaye kudala ukungaqiniseki kwazo zombini iimbacu kunye nelizwe. Abaphengululi nabameli bacebise ukufikelela [ okulungeleleneyo okubhekiselele kwimicimbi yokhuseleko lwe-Indiya ngexesha uphakamisa amalungelo abantu. Iziqalelo ezingundoqo zomthetho wexesha elizayo zimele ziquke: inkqubo ecacileyo ye-RSD, imo ekhuselekileyo esemthethweni yeembacuphi, inkqubo evumela ukuba kubekho iinkonzo zoluntu, ukufikelela ekuhlaleni, nokukhuselwa ekuthintelweni kokhuseleko olungokwabantu.

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda amalungelo eembacu asemthethweni kunye nabafuni beekhusi eIndiya kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukukhuselwa nokuhlonelwa kwabo. Ngoxa iIndiya inesithethe esinamandla somgaqo-siseko esinamalungelo asisiseko kubo bonke abantu, ukunqongophala komthetho wekhaya kubangela ukungabi namali yokuzikhusela. Iimbacu zihlala kwindawo engaqinisekiyo, zithembele kwingqiqo yokulawula nokungenelela kolawulo lwazo olusisiseko. Iingxaki ezijamelana nazo — ukusuka ekucalulweni ukuya ekuhlawulweni — zigxininisa imfuneko engxamiseni imfuno esemthethweni esemthethweni. Ukuqinisa amalungelo eembacubacuphi akuyo akuyo nje kuphela imbopheleleko esemthethweni kodwa kukwabonisa ukuma kwe-ethotholo lwe-ethomo. Njengoko ukufuduka komhlaba wonke kuqhubeka, i-Indiya inethuba lokukhokela ngomzekelo kwaye ifumana ulwano olusemthethweni olulungele ulwano lwesizwe nolwano lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha nolawulo olufanelekileyo lomgaqo-mthetho.

[[UMTLL: 0] Ikhonkco le-External:[[UMTL]