IRaje Sabra, ekwabizwa ngokuba yiBhunga lase-United States, yenye yezindlu ezimbini zePalamente yaseIndiya kwaye inesiseko esiphambili sendlu yowiso-mthetho yelizwe. Ngoxa iLok Sabhaha imela abantu ngqo, iRajiya Sabhaha isebenza njengendawo yokulungiselela amaphondo kunye nemimandla yokuthatha inxaxheba ekwenzeni izigqibo zesizwe. Indima yayo ekuhloleni umthetho, ukukhusela izilangazelelo zikarhulumente, nokuqhubeka kokulawula yenza ukuba ibe sisakhiwo esibalulekileyo kwidemokhrasi yase-Indiya. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa isiseko somGaqo-siseko, ukwakhiwa, amagunya, imisebenzi, kunye nentsingiselo yexesha elifana nelamvo ka-Jajiya Sabra, inika ukuqonda okubanzi indima yayo yomthetho-mthetho.

Imvelaphi Yangaphambili Nesiseko SomGaqo-siseko

Imvelaphi yeRajeya Sabhaha isenokulandela iBhunga loMgaqo-siseko waseIndiya 1935, elalungiselela igumbi lesibini embindini. INdibano yeConstituent yaphikisana ngemfuneko yendlu ephezulu ngokugqithisileyo. Amanye amalungu aphikisa ukuba igumbi lesibini laliza kusebenza njengesiqhoboshi esithe ngxi kumthetho wenyanzelo, ngoxa amanye ayesoyika ukuba iza kuba ngugcino lweziphakamiso. Ekugqibeleni, indibano yagqiba ukuyila igumbi lesibini lesizwe eliza kumela amazwe nokukhusela izilangazelelo zawo phakathi koMgaqo-siseko wamaIndiya uthomalathi phantsi kom, amagunya, kunye neenkqubo zeRapya Sabra. Intlanganiso yokuqala yeRajya Sabba yabanjwa ngoMeyi 13 1952, isenza elinye lezindlu eziphezulu.

Uyilo lomgaqo-siseko lubonakalisa ulungelelwano oluluqilima. Ngokungafaniyo neLok Sabha, enokuthi itshabalale rhoqo emva kweminyaka emihlanu, iRajeya Sabha ngumzimba osisigxina. Oku kuqhubeka kuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ubekwe ngamalungu anokusetyenziswa ngokulinganayo kunye nenkumbulo ebanzi. Amalungu asebenza ngokushukumayo iminyaka emithandathu, ngokuthabatha isithathu ukuyeka rhoqo kwiminyaka emibini. Olu phawu luthintela utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwisakhiwo sendlu kwaye lunika uzinzo ekulungiseni imithetho.

Ukwahlulwa Kwamalungu

IRaje Sabra inamandla amakhulu angama-2550, apho u 238 angabameli boorhulumente kunye namasebe omanyano, kwaye i12 ityunjwe nguMongameli wase-Indiya. Amandla okwenene akhoyo ngoku angamalungu angama-245, njengoko kukho iizithuba. Abameli abavela kumazwe banyulwa ngokungangqalanga ngamalungu anyuliweyo eendibano zomthetho-mthetho zikarhulumente ezithile esebenzisa inkqubo enye yokuvota yomelo lolwa olulungelelanisiweyo. Le ndlela iqinisekisa ukuba amaqela amancinci namaphondo amancinci afumana umelo olufanelekileyo. Imimandla ye-Uni efana noDelhi, Puduchry, kwaye akukho nanye ethumela amalungu anyuliweyo ngeendibano zawo ze-Rograclate okanye iikholeji ezikhethekileyo zokhetho.

Amalungu atyunjwe umkhethe

UMongameli uchaza amalungu ali-12 anolwazi olukhethekileyo okanye amava asebenzisekayo kwimimandla enjengeencwadi, inzululwazi, ubugcisa, inkonzo yoluntu, kunye nenkcubeko. Eli lungiselelo, eliqulunqwe kwiGatya lama-80 lomGaqo-siseko, linenjongo yokuzisa abantu ababalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngaphandle kokuwabeka phantsi kwemiqathango yezobupolitika ezinyuliweyo. Ekuhambeni kweminyaka, abantu abadumileyo abafana neenkwenkwezi zemifanekiso, iingcali zezoqoqosho, izazinzulu, kunye nabazobi bezobugcisa baye basebenza kwiRajiya Sabha. Noko ke, abagxeki, baphikisa ukuba iingcamango eziziququ zithe ngamathutyana athile ziye zasetyenziswa, zinciphisa ixabiso elicetyiweyo.

Ukulungelelaniswa Nomahluko

Ummeli weRaje Sabha kufuneka abe ngummi waseIndiya, ubuncinane oneminyaka engama-30 ubudala, kwaye abe nezinye iimfaneleko ezinokuthi zichazwe yiPalamente. Ukungaqiniseki kubandakanya ukuba nesikhundla sengeniso phantsi korhulumente, ukuba nengqondo engachananga, okanye ukuba ngummeli ongahlawulekiyo. Ukumelelwa kwe- People Act, 1951, kumisela imithetho enkcubeko yehambo yonyulo.

Amandla nemisebenzi ye-Raje Sabha

I-Raje Sabra iqeqesha uwiso-mthetho, imali, iqumrhu eliphetheyo, icandelo kunye nendima yayo etshintsha-tshintshayo ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwemali kunye neemeko.

Umthetho Oqhelekileyo

Iphepha eliqhelekileyo lokuyibhala ukuba ibe ngumzekelo, kufuneka idluliswe zizo zombini izindlu zePalamente ngendlela efanayo. Le mithetho ingavela kunoma yiyiphi indlu, ngaphandle kwemali ehlawulwayo kunye neendleko zemali. Emva kwentshayelelo, ityala lidlula ekuqaleni, isibini ifunda (ukujonga ngenkani), iqonga lekomiti (ukuba kubhekiswe), kunye nokufunda okwesithathu. Enye indlu ngoko iqwalasela imali. Ukuba iRapya Sabha yala okanye ihlawule ityala elidluliswe yiLok Sabba, i-ha, i-ocklock lock. Phantsi kweSiphath, uMongameli angathumela ilungu lezindlu zozibini ukugqiba isigqibo esifileyo. Ukusukela oko iSibhaha isoloko ihlala kunye nelungu elinguwo. Kodwa, i-Syrhab isoloko ihleli kurhosa.

Iimali kunye nomthetho wezemali

UMgaqo-siseko unika iLok Sabba iSabha imvume kwimicimbi yemali. Inqaku le-109 lithi iBhili yemali (echazwe phantsi kweGatya 110) ingaziswa kuphela kwiLok Sabhaha. Emva kweLok Sabhaha idlulisa iMpatho yemali, idluliselwa kwiRajiya Sabha. IRajiya Sabha kufuneka ibuye ihlawule ityala ngeentsuku ezili-14, kunye okanye ngaphandle kwengcebiso. ILok Sabhaha ingamkela okanye yamkele bonke okanye naluphi na uncomelo. Ukuba iRajiya Sabbaha iyasilela ukubuyisa ityala ngexesha elichaziweyo, ityala licingelwa ukuba lidluliswe zizindlu zombini. Ngoko, indlu ephezulu inikwe amandla okukhuthaza nokulibala kuphela phezu kwe-Mongo, hayi.

Lo mahluko ubangele impikiswano enkulu. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, oorhulumente baye bahlula amatyala athile njengeeBhodi zemali ukuze bagqithe uvavanyo lukaRaje Sabbaar, ingakumbi iAadhaar Act, 2016, kunye noMthetho weMali, 2017. Ezi zigaba zacelw'ingxaki kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, ziphakamisa imibuzo malunga nomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wemali. Isigqibo senkundla siye sazama ukushwankathela ingcaciso, kodwa inkxwaleko ikho.

IziHlaziso zoMgaqo-siseko

Zombini izindlu zinamandla alinganayo ekulungiseni umGaqo-siseko, ngaphandle kwamalungiselelo afuna ukuhlaziywa yizindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. Ukulungiswa komthetho-siseko phantsi kweGatya 368 kufuneka kudluliswe ngobuninzi bamalungu apheleleyo endlu nganye kwaye ngoninzi lwamalungu angaphansanga ngaphantsi kwesithathu samalungu akhoyo kunye nokuvota. Ukuba iRajiya Sabba iyalwa ukutshintshwa, ayinakwenziwa nokuba iLok Sabba iwudlulise kwakhona. I-Rajiya Sabha isebenza ngomGawula-siseko njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo kubuchule bolawulo lokuguqula umthetho osisiseko.

Ulawulo lwegunya

IRaje Sabra iqhelisela ulawulo kwiBhunga labaPhathiswa ngemibuzo, iintshukumo, kunye nezigqibo. AbaPhathiswa, kuquka nabo basuka kwiRajiya Sabha, baphendula imibuzo ngexesha le Hour ye-Umbuzo. Le ndlu ingaphinda ixubushe ngemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente ngokubiza iintshukumo zengqalelo, iingxoxo ezifutshane, kunye nokuhamba okufutshane (nangonakungekho gunya lokugweba). Okunene, iRajeya Sabba ayinakudlula ntshukumo engavumelaniyo norhulumente ngenxa yokuba iBhunga Lok Sabhaha (iglafe 75), kodwa ke, inokudlula ukuhamba kwentshukumo (ngonamandla okungagwebiswanga).

Amandla akhethekileyo phantsi kweGatya 249

IRaje Sabba inandipha igunya elikhethekileyo elingekhoyo kwiLok Sabha. Phantsi kweGatya 249, iRajiya Sabhaha ingadlulisa isigqibo ngoninzi lwabaqulunqi bePalamente olugunyazisa ukuqulunqa iPalamente kuLuhlu lwezwe kuMdla wesizwe. Esi sigqibo sigunyazisa iPalamente ukwenza imithetho kulo mbandela wonyaka omnye, enokwenziwa. Eli lungiselelo livumela urhulumente osembindini ukuba angenelele kwimibani xa inzala yesizwe ifuna, kodwa kuphela ngemvume yendlu ephezulu emele amaphondo. Ngokunjalo, phantsi kweSiphakathi 312, i-Tapyyaha incosa ngesigqibo soonke esingunxantathu sincomela ukudalwa komnye okanye iinkonzo ezininzi ze-Indiya kwi-Unian kunye namaphondo. Eli gunya lisebenzise ukusetyenziswa kwenkonzo yenkonzo yenkonzo ye-Indiya, kunye namanye ama-Indiya.

Umelo lwamaZwe noLunganiso

NjengeBhunga laseSta, iRaje Sabra iqinisekisa ukuba amaphondo amancinci anelizwi kwimicimbi yesizwe. Ngokungafaniyo nelokul Sabha, apho umelo lusekelwe kubemi, iRajiya Sabhaha inika uxanduva lombuso ngamnye kubemi bayo kodwa ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo esithintela amazwe amakhulu ukuba angalawuli. Umzekelo, Utar Pradesh uthumela amalungu angama-31, ngelixesha amazwana afana noSikkim ethumela elinye kuphela. Oku kudityaniswa kuyinto ezenzekelayo: ivumela ukuba kubekho amazwe angenazintabalala zizinto zinokuwathintela okanye aphembelela ngokungenakutshintsha. I-jajiya Sabha isebenza njengegumbi lorhulumente, ukhuseleko lwemeko.

Rajeya Sabra vs Lok Sabha: Umahluko ongundoqo

Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwezi zindlu zimbini kucacisa indima ekhethekileyo yeRaje Sabha.

  • I- I- I-Lok Sabha inyulwa ngqo ngabantu kwaye inganyibilika. I-Rajiya Sabra inyulwe ngokungangqalanga kwaye iyindlu esisigxina.
  • Unyulo: Amalungu e-Lok Sabha anyulwa ngabantu abadala jikelele. URaje Sabba Sabra amalungu anyulwa ngeendibano zemithetho yowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ngomelo lolwahlulo.
  • Ixesha:[[FLT 1] Ligama le Lok Sabhah iminyaka emihlanu, ngaphandle kokuba lithe saphela ngaphambili. Amalungu uRajiya Sabha akhonza iminyaka emithandathu, nge-3 umhlala phantsi rhoqo kwiminyaka emibini.
  • Imfuneko ye ``[FLT'''' efunekayo: Lok Sabha ifuna ubuncinane beminyaka ye 25; Rajiya Sabha ifuna 30.
  • [[UMTL: 0] IiBhili zemali: Kuphela i Lok Sabha ingachaza kwaye ibe nentetho yokugqibela kwiiBhili zemali; i Rajiya Sabha ingakhuthaza utshintsho ngeentsuku eziyi 14.
  • Intshukumo eqinisekileyo: Kuphela i Lok Sabha engagqitha ntshukumo engaqinisekanga ukususa urhulumente; i Rajiya Sabha ayinako.
  • Amandla enjongo: I Rajiya Sabha ingadlulisa izigqibo phantsi kwe Amanqaku 249 ne 312 ukudibanisa kwimixholo karhulumente okanye ukwenza zonke iiNkonzo zeIndiya, iLok Sabha engenakuzenza yedwa.
  • Unikezelo: Lok Sabha imela abantu; Rajiya Sabha umele iimeko.

Indima Ebalulekileyo Kumanyano

I-Indiya yimeko ye-quasi-federal ejongene nocalucalulo olunamandla. IRajiya Sabha iyilelwe ukufaka iprojekthi yolawulo lwesizwe. Ngokunika oorhulumente umelo olungqalileyo, iqinisekisa ukuba izilangazelelo zengingqi azivalwanga ngurhulumente we-Union. Umzekelo, iindleko ezichaphazela imida yorhulumente, irhafu, okanye ulwabeko lwezibonelelo lwemali ngokufuthi lujongene nohlolo olunzulu kwi Rajiya Sabha. Imfuno yemithetho ethile efuna ukuba ilungise imigaqo-siseko ethile (ezinjalo ezichaphazela isakhiwo solawulo, umelo lwamazwe, kunye namalungiselelo egwebo) kufuneka zivunywe ngesiqingatha semithetho-mthetho-siseko esiqhubela phambili. Isivumelwano sika-Rajya Sabbaha asifuneki kwezo zimposiso, kodwa impembelelo yayo.

Ukongezelela, umgaqo wokulingana kwamazwe kwindlu ephezulu ubonwa kwilungiselelo lokuba urhulumente ngamnye akhethe inani elisisigxina lamalungu, nangona lingalingani neBhunga leNtlanganiso yase-US. Ulalanisa kwiNdibano yeConstituent kwaphumela kwinkqubo eyanika amaphondo amakhulu izihlalo ezingaphezulu kuneencinci kodwa engalinganisi umahluko wabemi. Le nkqubo ijolise ekulungelelaniseni ukuphakama kwamanani omazwe anabemi abaninzi kunye nemfuneko yokukhusela amancinci.

Inkqubela Nempikiswano Zakutshanje Ngotshintsho

IRaje Sabra ijongene nokugxekwa kwizizathu ezininzi. Unyulo lwayo olungangqalanga luye lwaphakamisa inkxalabo malunga nokungamele kwedemokhrasi. Amalungu anyulwa ngabamisi-mthetho bakarhulumente, hayi ngqo ngabemi, kwaye ngokufuthi kwimigca yeqela. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekumangaleleni ekuhanjweni kwamahashe ahamba-hambayo nakuqheliselo olungekho semthethweni. Ukuqaliswa konyulo ‘ lwendlela yokukhetha i-rapyopya Sabba ngo- 2003 kwaye kamva amanyathelo okuthintela ukunqamleza urhwaphiliselwano ayezama ukunqanda ukonakala, kodwa amatyala emali e-vote ayeqhubeka.

Enye ingxubusho ephambili inxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwetyala lemali iBhili yeRajiya Sabha. Ukumiselwa kukarhulumente iAadhaar Bill kunye neendleko ezithile zemali njengeManey Bills kwayithintela ngokunempumelelo iRajiya Sabbaha ukuba ibonise uphando lwayo olupheleleyo. Kwityala le-Aadhaar (Justice K.S. Putaswamy v. Umanyano lweNkundla ePhakamileyo lwaseIndiya), iNkundlelo ePhakamileyo yaxhasa indlela yemali ka-Aadhaar, kodwa isigqibo sagxekwa kakhulu. Isigwebo sathiwe ukuba u-Speader's congce Cring yeMoney Bill imele ukuhlolisingelwa kwetyala, kwaye urhulumente ubuchule bokusebenzisa kakubi lo ndlela buyenziwamxinzekile.

Bambi abahlalutyi bezobupolitika baye bacela ukuguqula iRajiya Sabra ukuze imele kwaye iphenduleke ngakumbi. Ingxoxo iquka unyulo olungqalileyo lwamalungu, ukumiswa kwezicwangciso ezisisigxina, kwaye inika indlu amandla okuvota ngaphandle kokwenza umsebenzi ongakholelekiyo. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi ukuphelisa iRajiya Sabba kungaphelisa uburhulumente kwaye kususe uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kwiintshukumisa ezinkulu. Ingxoxo iyaqhubeka, kungekho sivumelwano sibonakalayo.

Isiphelo

IRajeya Sabra idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho yamaIndiya. Iqinisekisa ukuhlolisiswa ngokucokisekileyo kwemithetho, imela izilangazelelo zamazwe, igcina ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi kwePalamente. Amandla ayo phezu kokulungiswa komgaqo-siseko, umthetho wolawulo-siseko, nokudalwa kweSebe le-Indiya kwenza ukuba ibe sisakhiwo esikhethekileyo kwinkqubo yomgaqo-siseko wezomthetho-siseko waseIndiya. Ngoxa ukugxekwa ngokuziphendulela nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwemali kufanelekile, ubuchule bukaRajiya Sabba bokunikela ukujonga okwesibini kwimithetho kunye nemibandela yengingqi yephondo ihlala ibalulekile kwidemokhrasi eyahlukahlukeneyo efana neIndiya. Ukuqonda imisebenzi yayo kunceda ukuxabisa ulawulo-demokhrasi olusemthethweni kunye noyilwenziwe ngononophelo oluqhelekileyo oluza kulungele ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yokhuseleko lwezwelozwe.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga kwigosa Rajya Sabha webhsayithi, i- i-Cunitution of India[, kwaye wenze uphando PRS Legisdative Research[ kuphengululo lwepalame.