Ukuqonda Indima Yamasebe Karhulumente Kwintlalo - ntle Yabantwana Nokhuseleko

Intlalo-ntle yabantwana nenkuselo yabantwana yakha isiseko soluntu olunovelwano noluzinzileyo. Nyaka ngamnye, izigidi zabantwana eUnited States zidibana neenkqubo zobuntlalo-ntle babantwana, nabantwana abangaphezu kwama-60 000 beqinisekiswe njengamaxhoba okuxhatshazwa okanye okungakhathalelwa ngama-2022 kuphela, ngokwenkcazelo evela kubantwana abakwi-Diauau [. Amasebe karhulumente anikezelweyo kwintlalo-ntle yabantwana akwiziimeko eziphambili zikarhulumente enzelwe ukusingatha impatho, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko, nokukhuthaza iintsapho, ukunyamekela iintsapho. Aba bameli abasebenzi bezenziswa ngokweminyanzelo, imibutho, imibutho yoluntu, imibutho yoluntu, kunye noqheliselo oluqhelekileyo oluzabalazel ukukhusela amalungu anokukhuselwa koluntu. Ukuqonda indima epheleleyo yempatho-yo, ukukhusela inkundla yenkundla yenkundla, ukuxhasa imicimbi yabantwana, nabasebenzi abasebenzi bemeko, abasebenzi abanonopheka kakuhle, nabasebenzi abanonopheli bemeko abanonondisayo.

Igama elithi “isebe laseburhulumenteni” kule meko libhekisela jikelele kumbutho ojongene nomgangatho wabantwana ophantsi kwentlalo-ntle, osoloko ubizwa ngokuba liSebe leeNkonzo zoNtlalo, iSebe labantwana neentsapho, okanye into efanayo. La masebe ajonge uludwe lweenkqubo ezigunyazisiweyo ngumthetho karhulumente norhulumente, kuquka iinkonzo zokukhusela abantwana (CPS), inkathalo yokuqeqesha, ukunyamekela abantwana, kunye nokunyamekela ubudlelane babo. Ukuntsonkotha komsebenzi wawo kuvela kumsebenzi ophindwayo wokukhusela abantwana kwiingozi ngelixa nawomeleza iintsapho naxa kunokwenzeka. Ukubeka ezi njongo zidibaniselaneyo zifuna abasebenzi abanobuchule, oovimba abafanelekileyo, kunye nokuqonda okunzulu kwezinto ezinegalelo ekuxhatshaneni. Eli nqaku lihlola iinjongo, imisebenzi, imingeni, kunye nolwalathiso lwexesha elizayo lwemibutho yentlalo-dredipo yokunceda abantwana, ukulungiselela ukutshintsha kwabafundi abafuna ukufikelela kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo, kunye nokuqonda indlela eziqhelekileyo.

Imeko Yembali Nendaleko Yenkqubo Yolawulo Yokukhulisa Abantwana

Amasebe entlalo-ntle yabantwana akutshanje awazange avele ngesiquphe. Iingcambu zawo zibuyela emva ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-2012, xa iinkundla zolutsha kunye namaqumrhu akwimigangatho karhulumente akhusela abantwana asekwa ngenxa yokwanda kokuxhatshazwa kwabantwana nokungakhathalelwa. ISibonelelo se-19909 White House Conference eBantwana samisela iqonga lendima yesizwe kwintlalo-ntle yabantwana, nto leyo ekhokelela ekudalweni kweZiko loButho - mbuso lweNtlalo lwabantwana ngo-19121212122. Kwiminyaka elandelayo, kuchazwa ngokuthe ngcembe ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yokuxhatsha nokungakhathalelwa kwabantwana, kodwa yayikukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo yenkqubo yeSiko somthetho somthetho somthetho weChild Abugcist Accut noTrement (CATA) ngo- 1974 eyagunya ngalinye lokufumana inkqubo yegunya lokuphatha nokusabela kwiingxelo zokuxhatsha. CAPTA kwakufuneka ukuba kuphuhlisotemps ezingokwezinziswa kwabantwana.

Ngonyaka wama-1980 kunye nowe-1990 kwabonwa utshintsho olubalulekileyo, kuquka iNguqulo yoLuntu kunye noMthetho wokuSebenza kweMveli kaRhulumente kunye noMsebenzi weNtlalo-ntle wesizwe wangowe-1980, owagxininisa “imigudu esengqiqweni” yokukhusela ukususwa nokubuyiselwa kweentsapho, kunye noMthetho wokuRhulumelwa Nokukhuselwa Kweentsapho kunye noNyilelo. Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ugxininiso luye lwatshintsha, ukwenziwa kwesigqibo sogcino-lwazi, ukwenziwa kwesigqibo sogcino-lwazi, kunye nokunciphisa ukuhlaziywa kwemi kumaqela esizwe kwinkqubo yoluntu. Namhlanje, imibutho yezomkhosi isoloko ilungele ukuhlazisela ulungelelaniso ekuhlazisweni, ukutshintsha nokutshintsha oku kuhle kolwazi lwentlalo.

ISebe leMicimbi yeMisebenzi yeLizwe elilawulayo

Isebe lezentlalo-ntle yabantwana lisebenza ngokusemthethweni okuntsokothileyo okuquka imithetho karhulumente, imimiselo karhulumente, imithetho yenkundla, kunye nemimiselo yamasebe. Kumgangatho wesizwe, iCAPTA inikela ingcaciso esisiseko yokuxhatshazwa kwabantwana nokungakhathalelwa kwaye ifuna ukuba kubekho iinkqubo zokunika ingxelo. ISihlomelo se-II-E sikhuthaza ukunyanyekelwa nokufumana iinkqubo zoncedo, inxalenye yeSibonelelo soNtlalo-ntle, ixhasa iinkonzo zokhuseleko lwabantwana kunye nokumisela iimfuno ezinxulumene nokulungelelaliso olufanelekileyo, ukubukeza, kunye nokhuseleko lwabantwana. I-Indian Child Welvelvel Act (ICA) imisela imithetho engqalileyo kubantwana bamaMelika aseMelika. Ngaphezu koko, i-Fstering Conficences to Succeal Reation Act Act ibandakanya amalungiselelo okunyamekela iintsapho, ukhuseleko, ukhuseleko, ukhuseleko, kunye nokuzinzo.

Urhulumente ngamnye unemithetho yakhe yokukhusela abantwana echaza oko kungumsebenzi wokuxhatshazwa, ukutyeshelwa, okanye ukuxhomekeka, kwaye oyalelwe ukuba anikele ingxelo yokukrokreleka. Abacholacholi-ndaba abathe banikwa imvume yokuchaza. (abafana nabafundisi-bafundisi, oogqirha, nabaphathi-mthetho) bafuneka ngokomthetho ukuchaza nakuphi na ukukrokrala okusengqiqweni kokuxhatshazwa kwabantwana ngokwemali karhulumente okanye kwinkundla ekhuselekileyo yomntwana. Le mithetho yenzelwe ukukhusela abantwana, ukuqwalasela, nokuphendula kwezi ngxelo eziphakathi kwexesha elikhankanyiweyo, ngokufuthi phakathi neeyure ezingama-24 ukuya kuma-77. Isakhiwo somthetho sikwalawula ukususwa kwabantwana kumakhaya abo, okufuna ukuba kubekho inkqubo yenkundla okanye ukwenziwa kwemeko yexesha likaxakeka elisondeleyo. Le mithetho yenzelwe ukukhusela abantwana, nokuqinisekisa ukuba kungenelela komthetho nokulawula kolawulo olufanelekileyo.

Imisebenzi ye-Core yeSebe le-Rhulumente yoLuntu loLutsha loLuntu loLuntu

Amasebe karhulumente enza imisebenzi emininzi enokwenziwa kwiindawo ezininzi ezingundoqo. Ukuqonda indawo nganye ngobunzulu kubonisa ubuntsonkothile nokubalulekileyo komsebenzi wawo. Ngasezantsi sandisa iimbopheleleko zawo ezingundoqo.

Iinkonzo zokukhusela abantwana (CPS) nophengululo

Umsebenzi obonakalayo wamasebe entlalo-ntle yabantwana kuphando lweengxelo zokuxhatshazwa kwabantwana nokungakhathalelwa. Xa kufunyanwa ingxelo, umqeshwa oqeqeshiweyo weCPS kufuneka ahlole ukhuseleko olukhawulezileyo lomntwana, agqibe ukuba ngabaphi na ungenelelo oluyimfuneko, aze agqibe ukuba yiyiphi imigaqo efunekayo. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukubuza umntwana, abazali, namanye amalungu entsapho, ngokukunye nokunxibelelana nabo abahlohlisi abafana nootitshala noogqirha. Umsebenzi kufuneka aqokelele ulwazi olwaneleyo ukuze enze ukuzimisela ngaphakathi kwexesha elingqongqo //iixesha eli-30 ukuya kuma-60 enkqubo karhulumente, kuxhomekeke kwinkqubo karhulumente. Ukuba le ngxelo ibizwa kwakhona (ibizwa ngokuba “yi-Crediadiant), isebe linokunikela iinkonzo zokuzithandela, ukuvula imeko yokuhlola, okanye ukucelwa kwenkundla eqhubeka ukungenelela ukungenelela ukungenelwa kongenelwa.

Uphando alubhekiseli nje ekuboneni inyaniso; lukwafuna uhlolo lomngcipheko womonakalo wexesha elizayo. Abasebenzi basebenzisa izixhobo zokwenza izigqibo kunye nohlolo lomngcipheko wokongamela ugwebo lwabo. Kumazwe amaninzi, umsebenzi weCPS wahlukile kulawulo oluqhubekayo, kunye neeyunithi ezizodwa zokuyithabatha, uphando, kunye novavanyo. INFLTLD Information Gateway [ inika ukhokelo oluphangaleleyo kwinkqubo yokuphendula, igxininisa ukubaluleka kokhuseleko olukhawulezileyo kunye nokudibana neentsapho. Nangona kusenziwa uphando olungcono, uphando olunenkcacinelo olusuka kumacala amaninzi, kuquka nemfuneko yokukhusela abantwana xa behlonela i-Escieccums.

Inkxalabo yelo xesha

Xa abantwana bengenakuhlala ngokukhuselekileyo emakhayeni abo, amasebe karhulumente anembopheleleko yokubabeka ngaphandle kwekhaya. Inkathalo yeFoster ibandakanya ukubeka umntwana nentsapho yokutholwa enemvume, isihlobo okanye isizalwana, ikhaya, okanye isiko lokunyamekela abantu abahlala khona. Injongo kukubonelela ngemeko ekhuselekileyo, engazinziyo ngoxa isebe lisebenza ekuphindeni kuhlaziywa kwentsapho yokuzalwa okanye komnye ulungiselelo olusisigxina. Ngokunjalo, malunga nomntwana wama-390 000 ebekwindawo yokunyamekela iintsapho ezihlala eUnited States, malunga nama- 43% ezihlala kunye nezalamane (ukunyamekela ubuhlanga), 32% kunye nezingasayi kunyanyekelwa okanye ezinye iimeko eziseleyo.

Amasebe esizwe kufuneka afumane, uloliwe, kunye nelayisensi abazali abakhulisa abantwana, iliso, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba abantwana bafumana iinkonzo zezonyango, zemfundo, kunye nezempilo yengqondo ezifanelekileyo. Umthetho womanyano ufuna ukuba kucetywe ukulungiselela ukuqinisekisa inkqubela kwinkqubela. Ukuququzelelwa kwabantwana neentsapho (ACF) ukujonga iSihlomelo semali efanelekileyo, esingu-IVE, esithi sihlawulele iindleko zokulondoloza inkathalo kunye neendleko zolawulo. Ngoku inkxalabo yeKintrop ifumene ingqalelo ekhulayo ngenxa yokuba igcina unxulumano lomntwana nentsapho nempucuko, ngokufuthi ekhokelela kwiziphumo ezingcono. Noko ke, abagcini-mali kunye nabagcini-mali abakhoyo abanokufumana inkxaso ephambili ngaphandle kokuba isebe libancedisile iinkqubo zezixhobo zolawulo zolawulo. Ngoku iintsapho ezisebenzisa iindlela zolawulo zokuqala zeentsapho ezisebenzisa imigaqo zolawulo zokuqala.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Xa kungenakwenzeka ukuphinda kudityaniswe ngokuqatha, ukushiywa, okanye ukukhutshwa kwamalungelo abazali kufunwa ngamakhaya okukhulisa abantwana. Ukukhuliswa kwabantwana kulawulwa yimithetho yorhulumente neyorhulumente, ngenjongo yokufumana ubuchule ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka. I-ASFA iyalela ukuba ifake isicelo sokuphelisa amalungelo abazali (TPR) ukuba umntwana ebekhulisa abantwana abanokunyamekela abantwana kangangeenyanga ezili-15 kwezingama-22, ngaphandle kokuba inxalenye ethile iyasebenza. Emva kweTPR, isebe lisebenza ngokulingana nomntwana kunye nentsapho evunyelweyo ukuba akhuliswe, nto leyo esenokuba yisicelo sokuphelisa amalungelo abazali (TPR) okanye intsapho enyanyelwayo.

Amasebe esizwe alawula inkqubo yofundisiso lwasekhaya lokukhulisa, anika inkxaso-mali (ngokufuthi ngeSihloko-E), kwaye anikela iinkonzo zokuxhasa iintsapho emva kokufumana inkxaso-mvume. Abantwana abaninzi abathathiweyo kwinkathalo yokunyamekela abantwana baneemfuno ezikhethekileyo, kuquka ubudala, amaqela abazalwana, okanye iingxaki ezingokweemvakalelo, ngoko inkxaso yenkxaso-mali ibalulekile ekuncedeni iintsapho zihlangabezane nale ntswelo. Ukufumana inkxaso ekukhuliseni iintsapho kuxhomekeke kakhulu kurhulumente wesizwe, kwaye amaziko kufuneka ahlangabezane nemilinganiselo engqongqo yezivumelwano zokufumana inzala yokwamkelwa. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kuye kwagxininiswa ekunciphiseni imiqobo yokufumana i-LBGTQ neentsapho ezitsha, ngoxa kuqinisekisa ukuba zonke iintsapho zilawulwa ngokupheleleyo. [FLGLD: 0]

Ukuxhasa Intsapho Neenkonzo Zokulondoloza

Umsebenzi obalulekileyo kodwa ongabonakaliyo wamasebe ontlalo-ntle yabantwana karhulumente kukubonelela kwenkxaso yentsapho kunye neenkonzo zokulondoloza imfuneko yokulondolozwa. Ezi nkonzo zisuka kungenelelo olufutshane lwexesha lobunzima ukuya kulawulo lwezixa ezinde kwaye ziquka iiklasi zolawulo lweengxaki zobuzali, unyango lweziyobisi, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwempilo, iinkonzo zogonyamelo lwasekhaya, kunye noncedo lwemali kwiimfuno ezisisiseko. Kumazwe amaninzi, ezi nkonzo zinikelwa ngokubhekiselele kwinkxaso yoluntu enikezelwe lisebe lesizwe. Ingqiqo “impendulo ekhethekileyo” okanye“ impendulo engundoqo” iye yamkelwa ngurhulumente omninzi, ukuvumela amatyala aphantsi onyango ukuba afumane iinkonzo ngaphandle kokuphengulula ngokusemthethweni, ukuvumela iintsapho ukuba zingene ngokuzithandela kwaye zinciphise inkqubo yobume benkqubo yeCPS.

Iinkqubo zokutyelela amakhaya, ezifana neHeold Families America kunye noNdoda-Ntsapho, zinxulumene nentlalo-ntle yabantwana. Amasebe karhulumente angaxhasa okanye asebenzisa ezi nkqubo ukuxhasa iintsapho ezi-arisk ngaphambi kokuba kuvele ingxelo yokuxhatshazwa. Uhlolisiso lubonise ukuba ukusekwa kakuhle kweenkonzo zokulondoloza intsapho kunciphisa ukususwa nokuphucula ukhuseleko lwabantwana xa bethetha ngezizathu ezisisiseko zokuphathwa kakubi, njengobuhlwempu, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwabazali, nokunqongophala kwenkxaso entlalo-ntle. Kodwa ukuphumelela kwezi nkqubo kuxhomekeke ekuxhaseni ngokwaneleyo nasekuthembeni imizekelo esekelwe kubungqina. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [FLT] [FLT]] [FLT] [FLD1:1] kugxininiswe ukubaluleka kokuzingento efunekayo ekuthinteleni umgangatho wobuntlalo-ntle kunye neziphumo zoluntu.

Inkqubo Yophando

Xa ingxelo yokuxhatshazwa kwabantwana yenziwa kubushushu beli sebe kufuneka kuqala liqinisekise ukuba ingxelo idibana na nenkcazelo engomthetho yokuxhatshazwa okanye ukutyeshelwa nokuba ikwigunya lombutho. Ukuba le ngxelo iyamkeleka, inikwe iqondo eliphambili: elikhawulezileyo (ingozi efuna iiyure ezingama-24), ephezulu (ngeeyure ezingama-722), okanye ephakathi (ngeentsuku ezi-5-10). Umsebenzi owabelweyo uqhuba uphando, nto leyo eyenzeka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Uhlolo lokhuseleko olukwimo: lususa ukuba umntwana usengozini ekhawulezileyo nokuba ngaba naziphi na izenzo zokukhusela (umz., ukususwa, isicwangciso sokhuseleko) ziyafuneka.
  • Udliwano-ndlebe lwentsapho kunye notyelelo lwasekhaya: Ukuthetha nabakhathaleli, ukuqwalasela imeko-bume yasekhaya, nokuhlola iimfuno ezisisiseko ezifana nokutya, indawo yokuhlala kunye nolawulo.
  • Udliwano-ndlebe lwabantwana: oluqhuba udliwano-ndlebe olwahlukileyo, olufanelekileyo lobudala nomntwana, ngokufuthi kucwangciso lobundilele olufana nesazulu somntwana sokuxhaphaza ngokwesini.
  • Ingingqi zoqhagamshelwano: Ukuthetha nabacholacholi abagunyazisiweyo, izalamane, abamelwane, okanye ezinye izifundiswa ezinenkcazelo enxulumeneyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uvavanyo lwendlela yoxilongo lwengqondo nolungokwengqondo: Ukuba kurhanelwa ingozi okanye ukuphazamiseka ngokweemvakalelo, ukulungiselela iimviwo ezikhethekileyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Uhlolo lwe-Risk: Usebenzisa isixhobo sohlolo lomngcipheko ukuqikelela ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuphathwa kakubi kwixesha elizayo.
  • Isigqibo: ukuqukumbela nokuba le ngxelo “igwetywe” (ixhaswa bubungqina obuthembekileyo) okanye“ayisekelwanga.”

Uninzi lukwathi luqhube uluvo lwezibonelelo zentsapho” okanye “impendulo engaqhelekanga". Umzekelo wemeko ezisezantsi, apho kujoliswe kuko okuphambili ekungeneni kwentsapho kwiinkonzo kunokuba kuphengululo olusemthethweni. Le ndlela inxulunyaniswa nokudibana okuphezulu kwentsapho kunye nokuphindaphindwa kokuphathwa kakubi okusezantsi kwezinye iindawo. Ngaphandle komkhondo, umsebenzi makabhale zonke izenzo kwingxelo yetyala, ezinokusetyenziswa kwinkundla. Uphando lusoloko lulelona nyathelo linzima kakhulu kwiintsapho, kwaye abasebenzi baqeqeshelwe ukuchachanabeka kwimpucuko kunye nokukhubazeka. Kodwa inyaniso kukuba abasebenzi abaninzi bathwale iimeko eziphezulu. Ngokufunyani sithetha ukuba abasebenzi bafanele bathathe amatyala angaphezulu kakhulu, abacetyo kwaye bajikelele ukuphelelwa ngumgangatho wokuphanda. [FFF:]

Ukulungelelaniswa noMthetho onyanzeliswayo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yoluntu

Amasebe entlalo-ntle yabantwana akakwazi ukuzalisekisa umsebenzi wawo wodwa. Ukuxhatshazwa kwabantwana kudla ngokuba lulwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye amaziko okunyanzelisa umthetho abalulekile ekuhloleni amatyala okuxhatshazwa emzimbeni, ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesini, kunye nokungakhathalelwa okubangelwa yizo zinto eziyingozi. Amaphondo amaninzi anemithetho elungelelaniswayo ukwenzela ukulungiselela iCPS kunye namapolisa xa kuphendula kunye, ingakumbi kwiimeko zokwenzakala okunzulu okanye ukuziphatha kolwaphulo-mthetho. Amaqela amaninzi (amaMDTT) aquka i-CPS, ukunyanzelisa umthetho, abatshutshisi-ntrakatha, iingcali zempilo, kunye nabameli bexhoba aqhele ukudibana ukuze alungelelanise uphando, abelane ulwazi, aqinisekise ukuphendula okunciphisa intlungu kumntwana.

Izikolo zilelinye iqabane elibalulekileyo. Ngenxa yokuba ootitshala nabasebenzi besikolo besebenzisana nabantwana imihla ngemihla, badla ngokuphawula iimpawu zokuxhatshazwa okanye ukutyeshelwa. Izikolo ezininzi zinemithetho elandelwayo yokuxela kwisebe lesizwe elishushu kunye nokusebenzisana neCPS xa umntwana esengozini. Amasebe esebe karhulumente asebenza ngenkqubo yezonyango ukuze aphawule abantwana abazalelwe kwizinto ezithile (ezinjengokusetyenziswa kwe-opioid), ezifuna ukungenelwa ngokukhawuleza. Iintlangano zoluntu ezisekelwe kwimigaqo-nkqubo yoncedo yoluntu, kuquka iindawo zokuxhatshazwa kogonyamelo, amaziko okuxhatshazwa kweziyobisi, iibhanki, kunye neenkqubo zokuxhasa iindlu ezinceda iintsapho zikwazi ukuzinza. Ngokufunyaniswe yimiqatha, i-RG.[4]

Ucelomngeni olujamelene neSebe lezeNkcubeko yabantwana

Phezu kwayo nje indima yawo ebalulekileyo, amasebe alo ntlalo - ntle yabantwana ajamelana nocelomngeni oluzingisileyo noludla ngokunzima.

Imali kunye nokungabi namali

Intlalo-ntle yabantwana isoloko iphantsi kwemiqathango. Imali esetyenziswa ngomanyano ingeSihloko-E, esisigunyaziso sokunyamekela ukukhulisa abantwana nokuxhasa abantwana ngokusemthethweni kodwa esingagubungeleli zonke iinkonzo. Ii-odola kufuneka zigqume zonke eziseleyo, kwaye ngexesha lokuwohloka kwezoqoqosho, uqingqo-mali lokuthintela kunye nenkxaso yentsapho iyasikelwa. Oku kukhokelela ekuthwaleni kwemiqathango ephezulu, uqeqesho olunganelanga, kunye nemisebenzi elinganiselweyo kwiintsapho. Amazwe amaninzi aye ajamelana nokumangalelwa ngenxa yokungaphumeleli kwiinkqubo zobuntlalo-ntle babantwana bawo, ngokufuthi ezisekelwe kwiimeko ezinxulumene noovimba boovimba. [[[FLT: 1]] Umbutho we-Drivers rhoqo]

Ukuthwalwa kwetyala eliphezulu kunye nojiko lomkhosi womsebenzi

Abasebenzi abasebenza ngetyala basoloko bethwala amatyala angama-20-30 okanye ngaphezulu, ukudlula iqondo elinconyelweyo le-12-15. Ukuthwaliswa kwetyala elinzima kunciphisa ixesha abasebenzi abanokulichitha neentsapho, bonakalise ukwenza izigqibo, kunye nokwandisa uxinezeleko. Ukujika kwexabiso labasebenzi beCPS kunokufikelela kuma-30-40% nyaka ngamnye kwamanye amazwe, nto leyo ekhokelela ekulahlekelweni bubuchule nokungazinzi kweentsapho. Amazwe aye azama ukuqesha iibhonasi, ukuboleka ityala, ukuxolelwa, kunye nokuphucula ulawulo, kodwa ingxaki iyaqhubekeka.

Ukwahluka Kobuhlanga Nobuhlanga

Ugcino-lwazi lubonisa ngokungaguqukiyo ukuba abantwana abaNsundu naboMda weMerika bathenjiswa kakhulu kwiinkqubo zentlalo-ntle yabantwana. Balindeleke ukuba baxelwe, baphandwe, basuswe emakhayeni abo, kwaye bangabi mancinci ukufumana iinkonzo ezikhusela iintsapho zabo. Ezi zahlukaniso zibonisa ubuhlwempu obubanzi, kuquka ubuhlwempu, ubuhlanga, kunye nocalucalulo ekuxeleni nasekuphumezeni izigqibo. Amazwe aphantsi kwengcinezelo engakumbi yokusebenzisa ubuchule bokunciphisa iinqobo, njengoqeqesho olucacileyo lwekhethe, ukudityaniswa kwemibutho, kunye neenkonzo ezisabelayo ngokwenkcubeko.

Iintswelo Zentsapho Ezintsonkothileyo

Iintsapho ezininzi ezibandakanyeke kwimiba emininzi yentlalo-ntle yabantwana, ebangela iziphumo-ntle, eziququzelelayo: izigulo ezisebenzisa iziyobisi, ukugula ngengqondo, ugonyamelo olusondeleyo, ukungalungelelani kwezindlu, kunye nobuhlwempu obugqithisileyo. Ezi ngxaki zidla ngokufuna ixesha elide, iinkonzo ezilungelelanisiweyo ezingenakubonelelwa yintlalo-ntle yabantwana kuphela. Ubhubhani osisi sifo unyuse ngokuphawulekayo inani labantwana abangena ekunyanyeni ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwemichiza yabazali, ukucutha isixokelelwano esisele sikhululeke kakhulu. Ubuchule obunxulumene nempilo kunye nenkqubo yempilo yendlela eyingcali yempilo engaqhelekanga ye-silos.

Uphando Lwaseluntwini Nomthetho

Xa umntwana esifa okanye onzakele kakhulu ngoxa ephantsi kolawulo lwesebe lobuntlalo-ntle babantwana besizwe, umbutho ujongene nohlolo olunzulu lukawonke-wonke kunye nokumangalelwa okunokwenzeka. Ingxelo yamajelo eendaba ingayiphembelela inkqubo kunye nokuqhelisa, maxa wambi kukhokelela ekulungiseni ingqeqesho (umz., ukususwa koobhongo kakhulu) okanye ukuqhelisa ngobuchule bokuzikhusela. Ukulinganisa imfuneko yokukhusela abantwana ngoxa uhlonela amalungelo entsapho kuyinto ehlala ikhona. Amasebe karhulumente kufuneka ajonge oku kuqwalaselwe lo msebenzi ngelixa kuqwalaselwa kwizenzo ezisekelwe kubungqina.

Indima Yezikolo Nabemi Ekuxhaseni Uphuhliso Lwabantwana

Izikolo zinezikhundla ezikhethekileyo zokusebenza kunye nabantwana kwintlalo-ntle. Oothisha, abacebisi, kunye nabalawuli basebenzisana nabantwana iiyure eziliqela suku ngalunye kwaye banokubona iinguqu kwindlela yokuziphatha, inkangeleko, okanye imeko yemvakalelo ezisenokubonisa ukuxhatshazwa. Imithetho ebhaliweyo ifuna ukuba abasebenzi besikolo baxelelwe ukuxhatshazwa okanye ukutyeshelwa, kwaye imimandla emininzi inikela uqeqesho ngendlela yokubona iimpawu ezifana nezonzakalo ezingaqondakaliyo, ucoceko olugqithisileyo, ukurhoxa, okanye iinguqulelo ezingalindelekanga ekusebenzeni kwesikolo. Ngaphandle kokubika, izikolo zingalungiselela imekobume ekhuselekileyo, inkxaso yabantwana abanyanyekileyo. Ngoku umthetho womanyano ufuna izikolo zichaze inkxakelelwano olukhuthazayo nokuqinisekisa ukuba abantwana bahlala benyanye kwizifundo zabo zenkcukuhlalo ngaphandle kokuba bengenamdlalo oluphezulu. Iinkonzo zesikolo ezininzi zezo zothuthotho lweenkonzo zezo zezo.

Imibutho yoluntu ikwanendima ebalulekileyo. Amaqela asekelwe kukholo, iiklasi zolutsha, iintlanga zemidlalo, kunye nonxulumano lwasekuhlaleni lungasebenza njengoothunywashe abakhusela abantwana ngokunikela ulawulo, ubucebisi, nokuzikhusela ukubakho. Iinkqubo zokuthintela uluntu ezifundisa ngokuxhatshazwa kwabantwana, ukukhuthaza ukuba nabantwana bafaneleke, kwaye zinciphise umgangatho wobuzwe. Amasebe amaninzi esizwe ngoku abandakanya ukuxhatshazwa kwabantwana abaxhasiweyo, axhasa iinkqubo zemfundo yabazali kunye namaziko oonovimba bentsapho. Impumelelo yale migudu ixhomekeke kwintsebenzi yesebe lesizwe kunye nabaxhasi bemiqathangoonongeno. Njengoko [[FLT:] uGenegalelo-Ad Child Abugnute Devicelves Network [[FLD]], igxininisa ukuthintela ulawulo olusahlulweyo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokuhlaziywa kwenkqubo yophuhliso

Ubugcisa bezobugcisa belizwe buye basetyenziswa ngokuhambela phambili ukuze buphucule iziphumo. Amaphondo amaninzi aye asebenzisa iinkqubo zolawulo zale mihla, ezisoloko zibizwa ngokuba yi Comprehensive Child Welfare Information Systems (CWIS), ezifaka endaweni yeenkqubo ze-SACWIS ezindala. Ezi nkqubo zivumela ukulandelelwa kogcino-lwazi, izilumkiso ezixhobileyo, kunye nokusebenza ngokunempumelelo. Ubuchule bokusebenza kunye nokuxela kwangaphambili ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yezonyango yezakhono zonyango, zisetyenziswa kwezinye iindawo ukuchaza iintsapho ezisemngciphekweni eziphezulu zokuchaphaza nokuzinzisa. Kodwa, ezi zixhobo zinyusa inkxakezo ngokokusetyenziswa kobugcisa, kwaye amazwe aqhubeke kakuhle. Ucingo luye lwandisa ufikelelo lwabantwana olungokwempilo kwiindawo zokunyamekela kunye neentsapho zabo.

Ukulinganiswa kweziphumo kunye nokuphendula

Amasebe entlalo-ntle yabantwana esizwe abekelwe ityala ngohlobo oluthile lweenkqubo. Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni uqhuba inkqubo yeSikolo neSibonelelo soMsebenzi wezeNtlalo-ntle (CFSR) rhoqo emva kweminyaka embalwa ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwesizwe ngasinye kukhuseleko, ukugqibelela, kunye neziphumo ezintle. Amazwe kufuneka avumelane neemfuno zeNkqutyana yoRhulumente neNdlela yokuLandela nokuKhuthaza Izenzo zobuliso kunye nokuThila iNdlela yeSiko loMsebenzi yabantwana kunye neNdlela yokuSebe leSizwe (NCANDS), ezinika imigaqo-lwazi yesizwe. Ngaphezu koko, amazwe amaninzi aneeenkqubo yokuhlola intlukwano, amaqela amaqela abantwana, abukelo olufayo, kunye neekomiti zezemfundo, akhuthaza ukuhambela phambili nokuphuculwa kwemithetho-mthetho. Ngokutheth'ukuqinisekisa okuqhubekayo, ukusetyenziswa kwabantwana, ukusetyenziswa kwendlela yokusebenza nokuxhaswa kwendlela yokusebenza, ukusetyenziswa kwegunyazwa kwegunyazakhono, nokuxhaswa kwegunyazwa kwendlela yokusebenza nangokwenyuko.

Imigaqo Yexesha Elizayo Kwintlalo - ntle Yabantwana Karhulumente

Ummandla wentlalo-ntle yabantwana uyaqhubeka. Kukho ulwazi olukhulayo lokuba indlela yesithethe yokufikelela/ukusebenza, ukuqhuba kwemeko yamanqam, kunye ne-adversarial(ayinonelanga kwaye isoloko iyingozi. Imiyalelo yexesha elizayo iquka:

  • Iinkqubo ezibekwe phezulu zinyusa umlambo ukuxhasa iintsapho phambi kokuba ukuphathwa kakubi kwenzeke, ngokutyelela ekhaya jikelele, ngokuxhasa kwezoqoqosho, kunye neenkonzo ezisekelwe kuluntu.
  • Ukunciphisa ukwahluka kobuhlanga: ubuchule obufana nokususwa kwamehlo, uqeqesho lobuhlanga, kunye nezinye iindlela ezisetyenziswayo kuluntu kwintlalo-ntle yabantwana egcina abantwana bekhuselekile ngaphandle kokuzisusa.
  • Uqheliselo lweKin-eluqala kunye nentsapho esembindini: olungaphambili nolwezalamane, ukuxhasa abakhathaleli bolwalamano lomtshato, kunye nokudibanisa iinethwekhi zentsapho ezandisiweyo ekwenzeni izigqibo.
  • Inkathalo ephilileyo ephakathi: Ibonisa ukuba zonke iingxoxo nabantwana kunye neentsapho ziziva ziphazamisekile kwaye zikhuthaza ukumelana nokuchacha.
  • [[Utyalo-mali lomsebenzi: 0] utyalo-mali lomsebenzi olusebenzayo:[ ukuphucula imivuzo, imigangatho yokufaka umthwalo, ulawulo, kunye nenkxaso kubasebenzi bokunceda abantwana ukunciphisa ibhaso kwaye uphucule iziphumo.
  • Ukuhlanganiswa komntwana: kudibanisa ugcino-lwazi lwentlalo-ntle yomntwana nemfundo, impilo, kunye nogcino-lwazi lwasebuntwaneni ukuze luqonde kakuhle luze luncede abantwana.

Izindululo zomgaqo-nkqubo ezifana noMthetho weNdlu Yokuqalisa Yokhuseleko Lwentsapho (obenzelwe umthetho ngo-2018) zimela ukutshintshwa kokuthintelwa ngokuvumela amazwe asebenzisa imali karhulumente ukwenzela iinkonzo ezisekelwe kubungqina ezigcina abantwana bekhuselekile kunye neentsapho zabo. Ukufakelwa kuyaqhubeka, kwaye amaphondo asebenzela ukwandisa izicwangciso zawo zokukhusela. Injongo epheleleyo kukudala inkqubo yokhuseleko lwabantwana engeyondlela yokhuseleko yongxamiseko kodwa inkqubo yokuxhasa ebanzi enceda zonke iintsapho ziphumelele.

Isiphelo

Amasebe ephondo entlalo-ntle yabantwana nenkuselo abalulekileyo amaziko athwala imbopheleleko enzima yokukhusela abantu abasengozini. Umsebenzi wawo usuka kwingxaki ekhawulezileyo yokuphanda ukuxhatshazwa ukusa kusukelo olude lokuqinisekisa ukuba umntwana ngamnye unekhaya elikhuselekileyo, elisisigxina. Ngoxa ejongene neengxaki ezibalulekileyo , ukunqongophala kwemisebenzi, iimfuno zentsapho, nokuncitshiswa koluntu, kwaye kuqwalaselwa ngokubanziswa kwabantu. Ngokwenza ulawulo, ukwandisa imicimbi, imigaqo, kunye nabemi bemihla ngemihla ukuxhasa abameli ababalulekileyo. Ukukhusela abantwana akuko ukulawulwa kuphela kwembopheleleko yorhulumente; kubandakanya ukuzinikela okudityaniselwano-wonke. Ngokubhekisele kwizenzo zoluntu, ubugcisa obuneenzaniso, ubuchule obuzinzileyo, kunye nokuzinzisa phambili, nokuzinziswa kwempumelelo, kunakho ukubonelelanaka kakuhle, ukuphumelela kwabantwana, nokuphumelela kakuhle, kwaye kunakho ukuphumelela kwabantwana. Kodwa, ukusetyenziswa kolwazi lokuqala lokuqala lokuqala lokuqala nokuqhubekeka.