Isiseko Samandla Angaphantsi Kwengqungquthela

Ukuchongwa kwemithetho-siseko kusebenza njengenkqubo eyintloko yokuba isebe lemithetho yokwalathisa, liphande okokuba likhokelele, liqokelele ulwazi olufunekayo ekwenzeni umthetho osebenzayo. Embindini kweli gunya lophando linamandla okukhupha izicelo ezingokwasemthethweni ezincinci //c ezinyanzelisayo zobungqina okanye amaxwebhu. Ngaphandle kwala magunya, iBhunga beliya kuxhomekeka kuphela kwintsebenziswano yokuzithandela, nto leyo enokuthi ithintele ngamandla ayo okubambisa abantu kunye nemibutho efuna ukuphendula. Ngoxa igane nelo binzana elithi “subpoena” libhaqwa ngokubanziswa ngokubanziswa, amanyathelo asemthethweni, amanyathelo e-procedmical, nemida elawula ezi miyalelo enzima kwaye idla ngokungaqondwa kakuhle.

Amandla angaphantsi achazwa ngokucacileyo kuMgaqo-siseko, kodwa aye aqwalaselwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo njengophawu olusisiseko lwegunya lowiso-mthetho ukususela kwimihla yokuqala yeRiphabliki. Mcrain v. Daughty [19207], iNkundla yaseka ngokuqinileyo ukuba iNkundla inamandla okunyanzela ubungqina kunye namaphepha aqhubele phambili imisebenzi yayo yowiso-mthetho. Kutshanje, [[FLTLT]Trumb v. Mazars USA, LLP[FL:] [20]), iNkuqinisekisa ukuba intlanganiso i-ocekana imele “engenakubalwa nakusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo.

Yintoni Ilungu Elingaphantsi Lengqungquthela?

Umthetho obhaliweyo okhutshwa yikomiti okanye yikomiti engaphantsi yeNdlu yabameli okanye iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso eyalela ukuba umntu okanye iqumrhu livele kwityala okanye ekufakeni, okanye ukuvelisa amaxwebhu achaziweyo okanye ezinye izinto. AmaSubpoena angakhutshwa ukuze kunikelwe ubungqina (iPopuad testficanceum) okanye kumaxwebhu neerekhodi (iipopoicaces texum). Iikomiti zikhupha ngokusisiseko ii-pona phantsi kwegunya elinikezelwe yimithetho yegumbi lazo kunye nesigqibo sekomiti esigunyazisayo.

Ngokungafaniyo nequmrhu elizukileyo labachopheli-tyala elikhutshwe ngumtshutshisi, i-dipoena engaphantsi kweqela lesizwe asiyonxalenye yesenzo solwaphulo-mthetho. Endaweni yoko, isebenza kwinjongo yowiso-mthetho okanye yokuvelela. Lo mahluko ubandakanya imicimbi ngenxa yokuba ukhuseleko olusemthethweni olukhoyo kumangqina . "Ngokufana noMmiselo-Mmiselo wesihlanu onelungelo lokuzichasa nxamnye nomthetho] ngokungafaniyo nowesigebenga-mthetho.

Igunya elingokwasemthethweni nesiseko somGaqo-siseko

Amandla Omthetho Angokwemvelo

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo uWatkins v. United States (1957) savakalisa ukuba amandla eNkundla yokuqhuba uphando “aphuma ngokomthetho kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho.” Le meko ikwabonelele ukuba uphando kufuneka lunxulumene nenjongo esemthethweni kwaye lungasetyenziswa kuphela ukubhenca imicimbi yobuqu. Inkundla yaqhubeka icombulula lo mgaqo kwi- Barenblatt v. United States[FLT:] (1959), ibamba ulungelelwano phakathi kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye nombuzo-ngqungquthela kufuneka lungathwale ngokuchasene nomdla woluntu ekuphengululeni.

Imithetho yendlu neBhunga

Igumbi ngalinye leBhunga linemithetho yalo elawula i-iduance of pepaenas. Kwindlu, iikomiti ezimileyo zidla ngokuba negunya elingaphantsi kwendlu okanye zinikwe izigqibo ezisebenzayo yikomiti. KwiBhunga leBhunga, iikomiti ngokufanayo zisebenza phantsi kwemithetho emileyo. Iikomiti ezininzi zifuna uvotelo oluninzi lwekomiti ukugunyazisa i-athopoena, ngoxa abanye bevumela ukuba isitulo sincipheke emva kokubuzana nelungu elincinane. Izichazi zakutshanje kumagumbi omabini ziye zafuna ukwandisa ukubonakala kwangaphandle kunye nokungeniswa kwe-bipartarian kwizigqiya.

Umda kunye nokuMiselwa kwenkqubo kwiKhompyutha

I Congresspoonaral ayqiniseki. Inkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Kilbourn v. Thompson (1881] yaqala ukuqaphela ukuba amandla esubpoena aphantsi kwemiqathango yemithetho-siseko, kuquka ukhuseleko olungekho ngqiqweni kunye nokuxhwithwa (Umphetho wesigubo) kunye nelungelo elichasene nolwethulo (uMphetho-mpungeno). Ngokunye, iinkundla ziye zalamkela ilungelo elilinganiselweyo xa i-athoponas zikhokelwa kwisebe eliphetheyo, njengakwi eUnited States. [[FLT][FLT]][FLT]][3] [12] [7]]

Inkqubo Yokuhambisa INgqina Ngenyathelo Eliliqela

Ngoxa ikomiti nganye ilandela inkqubo yayo, inkqubo eqhelekileyo yokunikela ubungqina kwintlanganiso echongiweyo ibandakanya amaqondo aliqela ahlukeneyo. Ukuqonda la manyathelo kunikela ingqiqo ngendlela iBhunga elisebenzisa ngayo igunya lalo lokuphanda ngoxa lihlonela imida esemthethweni.

Ukwazi AmaNgqina Nezinto Eziphathekayo

Le nkqubo iqalisa xa ikomiti ichaza abantu okanye imibutho enenkcazelo enxulumene nokuphanda kwayo. Abasebenzi bekomiti badla ngokuhlola iingxelo zikawonke-wonke, ubungqina bangaphambili, iingxelo zeendaba, kunye neenkcazo ezivela kubacuphi beempempe zokuqokelela uluhlu lwamangqina anokwenzeka. Abasebenzi abaninzi kunye nabambalwa bekomiti banokuba nenxaxheba kwiingxubusho ukuze bafikelele izivumelwano eziyimfuneko kumangqina.

2. Isicelo Sokuzithandela Sentsebenziswano

Phambi kokuba ijolise kwinkqubo yokunyanzelisa, iikomiti zithumela ileta ezicela intsebenziswano yokuzithandela. Le leta ichaza ububanzi bophando kunye nenkcazelo efunwayo. Amangqina amaninzi ayavuma ukunikela ubungqina ngokuzithandela, ingakumbi ukuba anomdla ekuxoliseni ingxelo kawonke-wonke okanye ekuphepheni iindleko ezinxulumene nokulwa kwe-athom peena. Ukuba ingqina lisebenzisana kwaye linika inkcazelo eceliweyo, akukho mfuneko yangaphantsi kwepoena.

3. IKomiti iSindululo sokuQhubela iQumrhu

Ukuba ingqina liyala ukusebenzisana, okanye ukuba ikomiti ikholelwa ukuba inkqubo enyanzelekileyo iyafuneka ukuze ikhuselwe, ikomiti kufuneka ivote ukuba igunyazise ukuthotyelwa kwelungu elingaphantsi kwelungu. Kwikomiti ezininzi, oku kufuna ukuba uvotelwa-malungu amaninzi akhoyo kwintlanganiso yophawulo okanye yeshishini. Ezinye iikomiti zivumela isitulo ukuba sinciphe phakathi kweentlanganiso kunye nokuvumelana kwelungu eliphezulu. Eli nyathelo liqinisekisa ukuba isigqibo sokunyanzela ubungqina sibonakalisa ukuthanda kombutho, hayi nje ukukhetha kwelungu elinye.

4. Ubuchule nenkonzo yeSubpoena

Xa igunyaziwe, i-subpoena ibhaliswe ngokusemthethweni ngesiluleko somthetho sekomiti. Kufuneka ichaze ixesha nendawo yokubonakala, kwaye kwimeko ye-subpoena duces tecums, kufuneka ichaze amaxwebhu okanye izinto ezimele zivezwe ngendlela eyaneleyo ukuze kuphetshwe ukungaqondakali. Inkonzo encinci isebenza kubungqina. Inkonzo inokwenziwa ngokunikezelwa ngesandla ngumhloli wekomiti, ngu-U.S.charshal, okanye ngezinye iindlela ezigunyazisiweyo. Imithetho yendlu nendlu yendlu yendlu yendlu yendlu yendlu yendlu ifuna ukuba kuphumezwe ngendlela engqinelanayo.

5. Uqokelelo okanye ukhuphiswano

Xa ingqina lifumana ipesenti, lingakhetha ukuthobela ngokupheleleyo, livumelane nenxalenye okanye lingavumi ukwenza oko. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ubungqina kunye nabasebenzi beekomiti babandakanyeka kwingxoxo yokuxinanisa umlinganiselo wesiqendu okanye ukumisela ucwangciso olufanelekileyo lokuveliswa kwamaxwebhu. Ezi ngxoxo zisoloko zingacwangciswanga kodwa zinokuba nengxabano xa kuqukwa inkcazelo ekhethekileyo okanye izicelo eziluxanduvayo.

6. Ucelomngeni Olusemthethweni Okanye Ukunconywa Kwelungelo

Ukuba ingqina likholelwa ukuba i-subpoena ithe gqi, ayisebenzi, okanye iyawaphula amalungelo abo asemthethweni, bangafaka intshukumo yokugalela okanye yokuguqula ipena encinci kwinkundla yephondo. Ingqina lisenokuwabeka amalungelo athile, anjengelungelo lokuLandlwa kweSigqibo sesihlanu nxamnye nokuzilawula, ilungelo elifanelekileyo, okanye ilungelo lomtshato. Ukufaka isiHlomelo soMphengululo asiwathetheleli ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba angaveli, kodwa linokubathintela ekufuneni ukuphendula imibuzo ethile. Ikomiti ingaphendula ngokufuna umthetho wetyala okanye ngokuqhubeka nesigqibo sokudelela.

Amalungelo Nakukhuseleko Lwamangqina Kwiziko Leentlanganiso

IsiHlomelo Sesihlanu Nomanyano

AmaNgqina akwizingqiniso eziququzelelwayo anelungelo lokubiza ilungelo lokuLandlwa kweSihlanu soMyezo osisiNgqongqo. Kodwa, ngokungafaniyo netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ingqina lequmrhu alikwazi ukuvele nje linikezele ngokupheleleyo. Kufuneka abonakale aze agxininise ilungelo kwisiseko sombuzo ngemibuzo. Ukuba ingqina liyawubiza uMphetho-wesihlanu, ikomiti ingakhetha ukufuna ukunikwa umkhuseli //umthetho ochasene nemithetho yekomiti. I-Immunity iyalela ukusetyenziswa kobungqina kwimibango yolwaphulo-mthetho elandelayo, ngaphandle kwengxelo ye-Phondo kunye nezityholo zobuxoki.

Isiluleko nomelo

AmaNgqina anelungelo lokuphelekwa licebiso elingokwasemthethweni ngexesha lokuchotshelwa kwetyala nangokweenkundla. Imithetho yekomiti idla ngokuvumela ukuba kucelwe isiluleko ukunikela ubungqina ngexesha lokuphumla nokuthetha ngasese, kodwa hayi ukulandula imibuzo okanye ukuphazamisa imicimbi. Indima yesiluleko ibaluleke ngakumbi xa kuvela imbambano entsonkothileyo engokwasemthethweni, njengokuthetha ngelungelo okanye iimpikiswano ezingokwalo lomgangatho wepopona.

UKhuselo oluPhambili

Imithetho emileyo yekomiti isoloko inika amangqina ukhuseleko oluqhelekileyo, kuquka ilungelo lokufaka ingxelo ebhaliweyo, ukuphinda uluvo lwezimvo zobungqina bawo, nokucela ukuba ivalwe ukuba ulwazi olunovakalelo lubandakanyekile. “Umthetho wokubeka umthetho wendlu” (Rule XI, icandelo 2(k) lichaza iinkqubo ezineenkcukacha zokufaka, kuquka imida yexesha, iinkqubo zokuchasa, kunye nokugcinwa kwengxelo.

Ukunyanzelwa: Ukucinywa kweBhunga

Xa ingqina lingavumi ukuhambisana nedenti yomthetho emva kokudinisa onke amatyala asemthethweni, ikomiti isenokuqalisa ukuthotywa kwetyala. Ukuthotywa kweBhunga liyindlela isebe lowiso-mthetho elinyanzelisa ngayo oopopu balo. Kukho iintlobo ezintathu zokudelela: ukudelelwa okungokoqobo, ukuthotywa kwesaphuli-mthetho, nokuthotywa kwesidima kwabezomthetho.

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukudelela okungalawulekiyo: Igumbi lingalathisa uSergent kwizixhobo ukubopha ubungqina nokuzisa phantsi ukuze kuvavanywe. Le ndlela ayiqheleki ukusetyenziswa kumaxesha anamhlanje.
  • Ukungahoywa kwesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho: Phantsi kwe 2 U.S.C. ▫ 192, umntu oye wasilela ngabom ukuthobela ipesenti angagwetywa liSebe leMithetho. Igumbi livota ukubhekisa lo mba kwiAttorney yase-U.S.
  • Ikomiti ingacela inkundla karhulumente ukuba inyanzelise ukuthobela umthetho. Inkundla isenokunyanzelisa iimali ezihlawulwayo okanye ivalelwe de ingqina lidibane.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iNdlu iye yabhenela ekumangalelweni kwabemi xa iSebe Lezobulungisa liye layeka ukunikela ityala, njengoko kubonakala kunyanzelo lwamagosa angaphantsi kwemibutho ekwakusetyenziswa kuyo amagosa angaphambili eWhite House.

Ucelomngeni Kubantu Abangaphantsi Kwenkundla

AmaNgqina afumana i-athom eququzelela inkundla yenkundla yesizwe ngezizathu eziliqela.

  • ILeta yenjongo esebenzayo yowiso-mthetho: Ipona encinci kufuneka idibane nophando olukwigunya lekomiti kwaye kufuneka ikhonze uwiso-mthetho, hayi nje ukunyanzeliswa komthetho okanye injongo yezobupolitika.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ibhanti elingaphaya komqulu kunye nokungabi nangqiqo: Ipopena akufunekanga iveliswe izinto ezingasebenziyo okanye ezinzima kakhulu. IiNkundla zisebenzisa umgangatho onolwazelelelo.
  • Amalungelo asemthethweni: AmaNgqina angaqinisekisa ilungelo eliphezulu, ilungelo eliphezulu legqwetha, uHlomelo lwesihlanu, okanye amanye amalungelo amkelekileyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Igqiza elifanelekileyo: Kwimeko ezinqabileyo, ingqina lingaphikisa ngokuthi ikomiti ngokungafanelekanga inika ilungu elinye okanye umsebe.

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo Trump v. Mazars [20] samisela uvavanyo lwefaktha ezine lokuvavanya ii-poenas eziphantsi ezikhokelwa kwiingxelo zobuqu zomongameli ohleliyo. Iinkundla ezisezantsi zisebenzise ukususela ngoko ezi meko kwezinye iimpikiswano eziphezulu. Ngokucacileyo, iD.C. isekethi ku [[FLT:] Committee kwi Jadicary v. McGahn[FLT:] [20]) zathi iinkundla zinyanzelela ukuba iinkundla zibambe ityala ngokuchasene namagosa aphezulu ephetheyo ephezulu amasebe phezu kwayo naphantsi naphantsi kwento efuna ukukhusela.

Imizekelo Yakutshanje Noqheliselo Lokujikeleza

Uphando lwe-propati ephezulu kwishumi leminyaka elidlulileyo luvavanye imida yamandla angaphantsi. I House Khetha Committee ephanda uhlaselo lwangoJanuwari 6 olukhutshwe ngaphezu kwekhulu lamathoba, amaninzi awo anikezelwe, ngoxa amanye ayecelw'ilelwa enkundleni. Ukusetyenziswa kwekomiti encinane yamatyala ukufumana iirekhodi zefowuni kunye nobunye ubungqina bemipu obutsha obuthiweyo baphakamisa imibuzo emitsha malunga nemfuno yomthetho. Ngokufanayo, uphando lweNtsimbiso kungenelelo lwaseRashiya kunyuselo lwamatshanawo amagosa ephulo nawamazwe asemzini, lubonisa ukufikelela koongezelelwe kwezinye iimfuno.

Ezi mpikiswano zakutshanje zihlaziyiwe ngokutsha malunga nokubuyiselwa kwenkqubo ye-subpoena. Iipropalia ziquka ukufuna izihlalo zekomiti ukufumana inkxaso ye-bipartisan kwi-topinas, ukuseka imigangatho efanayo yokuveliswa koxwebhu, nokucacisa indima yowiso-mthetho ekunyanzeleni iimfuno zomthetho. [ I-Prestidential Subpoena Authority Act (H.R. 5314) , iveliswe ngo-2021, izakumisela imidaba kwimida ephantsi kwe-topilee, nangona ingazange ibe ngumthetho. Inkonzo yophando oluthe rhoqo ikhupha iingxelo ezihlaziswe kuqheliselo olusezantsi, olufumanekayo [FLD [FFFF].[53]

Izenzo Ezilunge Ngakumbi ZamaNgqina NeeKomiti

Kumangqina, eyona ndlela yobulumko kukudibana nekomiti kwangethuba nokufuna icebiso elingokwasemthethweni. Ukusabela ngokukhawuleza kwizicelo zokuzithandela, ukugcina iingxelo ezichanekileyo, nokugcina amaxwebhu afanelekileyo kunganciphisa amathuba okufunyanwa kwe-topoena. Ukuba kukho amangqina, kufuneka ahlolisise umlinganiselo wayo aze axubushe nabasebenzi beekomiti ngokholo olulungileyo. Xa iingxabano zingaphepheki, amangqina afanele acinge ukuqhuba ukuqhutyelwa ukuzoba yindawo efihlakeleyo kuphela xa kukho isiseko esicacileyo esisemthethweni.

kwiikomiti, ezona zenzo zilungileyo ziquka ukuqinisekisa ukuba oovimba abangaphantsi kweenqanawa balungelelaniswa ngokufutshane nophando, ukunikela iinkcazelo ezicacileyo zezinto ezifunwayo, nokunika amangqina ixesha elifanelekileyo lokuzithobela. IiKomiti kufuneka zibhale injongo yazo yowiso-mthetho ngokucacileyo ukumelana novavanyo lomthetho. Ukubonakala gca malunga nenkqubo ```ngokupapasha iileta ezingaphantsi kwepeyinti' kunye namavoti ekomiti' zenza intembelo kawonke-wonke-wonke.

Isiphelo

Amandla okubeka amangqina kunye namaxwebhu angomnye wezona zixhobo zolawulo zeBhunga elinamandla lokuqhuba ukhokelo kunye nokufeza imisebenzi yalo yomgaqo-siseko. Kodwa elo gunya aliphelelanga. Likho phakathi kwenkqubo yemizekelo esemthethweni, yemithetho ebhaliweyo, kunye nemigaqo-siseko elungelelanisa imfuneko yesebe lemithetho yolawulo yolwazi nxamnye namalungelo abantu ngabanye kunye nemithetho elawula amasebe alungelelanisiweyo. Ukuqonda inkqubo yamasebe alawulayo angaphantsi kwemibutho. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, kuya kuhlala kungumqondiso ophambili wokuchanaba abantu abafanele bafanele baboniswe kwimithetho engaphambili, ngokusetyenziswa kwemithetho ehlazisayo, kunye nendlela iBhunga lomthetho othe qonga, kunye nemithetho kawonke.