Ukwazisa Kwinkqubo Yezibheno

Inkqubo yezibheno yenye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo zokukhusela kwinkqubo yokulawula. Inika inkqubo yokuba iinkundla eziphakamileyo zihlole izigqibo ezenziwe ziinkundla ezincinci, ziqinisekisa ukuba iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni, iimpazamo ezihamba phambili, okanye ukungaphumeleli kokusesikweni ziyalungiswa. Ngoxa ingcamango yesibheno ilula ```ukucela inkundla ephakamileyo' ukutshintsha umthetho wenkundla esezantsi'. Inkqubeko engowona mgaqo uphakamile ngemithetho yobugcisa, imiqathango engqongqo, kunye nokuqwalaselwa okufanelekileyo. Eli nqaku lichaza inkqubo yokubhenela kwimiba yolwaphulo-mthetho nakwiimeko zamakhaya, ukwaphula amanyathelo, izinyuko zokubheno, kunye nendima yenkundla ye-appellatte. Ukuba ungummeli, ugqirha, okanye ungomnye ofuna nje ukuqonda inkqubo ecacileyo yokutsala izicelo ezibugciphene.

Yintoni Ebangela Umtsalane?

Isibheno sisicelo esisemthethweni kwinkundla ephakamileyo sokuhlola nokubhukuqa isigqibo esenziwe yinkundla esezantsi. Izibheno asiluluvavanyo olutsha; iinkundla ze-appellate aziwaphulanga amangqina okanye ubungqina obubonakalayo obuphinda bubekho. Endaweni yoko, zihlola ingxelo yetyala lenkundla lokuvavanywa kwetyala , imiboniso, kunye nezenzo zezenzo zokwenza uphandle .

Ukuqonda ukuba isibheno asisiso into ebaluleke ngokufanayo: asilothuba lesibini ukunikela imeko engcono okanye ukuveza ubungqina obutsha (ngokungalinganiyo). Iqela elizisa isibheno() limele likhombe kwimpazamo ethile eyenziwa ngumgwebi ogwebayo okanye umgwebi ogwebayo ekwakubhenela kwityala labo. Oku kungenxa yokuba amacandelo okubhenela alinganiselweyo kwaye kutheni iziphumo ezininzi zokuvavanywa zigqibekile.

Iintlobo Zobheno: Ulwaphulo - mthetho Nemibutho Yabemi

Inkqubo yokubhenela iyahluka kuxhomekeka ekubeni ityala lisigebenga okanye likwindawo yoluntu. Ngoxa icandelo elilawulayo lifana, izibonda, amaxesha okumiswa kwesicelo, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuhlola isoloko isuka phezulu.

Izibheno Zezaphuli - mthetho

Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa unelungelo lokubhenela kwisiqinisekiso okanye kwisigwebo. Eli lungelo likhuselwe ngokwemigaqo-siseko kwiinkqubo ezininzi zomthetho, nangona lisebenza kuphela emva komgwebo wokugqibela. Izibheno zezaphuli-mthetho zidla ngokuziswa ngezizathu ezifana neempazamo ezisemthethweni (umz., imiyalelo ephosakeleyo, ukuvunywa kwetyala, ukuvunywa kobungqina obungafanelekanga, ukungaphumeleli kwesiluleko, okanye ukungaphathi-mthetho. Kweminye imiqathango engafanelekanga, kusenokuba namalungelo alinganiselweyo okubhenelayo, njengaxa ijaji elityala likhupha izityholo okanye licinezela ubungqina obusemthethweni. Ngenxa yokuba ukugweba kolwaphulo-mthetho kunokuthintela umntu ngenkululeko, iinkundla zenkundla zetyala kusebenzisa umgangatho ongaphezulu wokuqinisekisa ukuba umtshutshisiwa wamkele ityala elilungileyo. [FLT:]

Izibheno zaBami

Izibheno zamakhaya zivela kwiimpikiswano apho iqela elithile lingavumelani nesigqibo senkundla echophelayo. La matyala abandakanya ukudibana kwesivumelwano, ukuthethwa kwetyala lomntu ngokobuqu, amalungelo empahla, okanye imicimbi yomthetho. Ngokungafaniyo nezibheno zolwaphulo-mthetho, ezisoloko zibandakanya imibuzo esisiseko, izibheno zamakhaya zisoloko zigxininisa kwimibandela yokutolikwa komthetho okanye imposiso. Umzekelo, umbutho ophulukana nomthetho unokuthi ijajikisge isigwebo, ukuba isigwebo sabacholi-jaji besichasene nobunzima bobungqina, okanye ukuba umthetho wetyala ungabavumeli ukuba baphumeleli bavakalise ityala labo. Izibheno zamakhaya zilinganiselwe kwimiqatha kwimigwebo yokugcina (ngaphandle kwemithetho ethile efuna ukugqiba amalungelo abalulekileyo). Umnyango wokurhoxanduva umele ubonise ukuba imposiso enokuba iziphumo, isiphumo sawo.

Unxulumano Oluhamba Ngenyathelo

Ngoxa ulawulo lungafani kwiinkqubo ezithe ngqo, izibheno ezininzi zilandela amanyathelo afanayo. Ukuqonda iqonga ngalinye kunceda abalawuli namagqwetha alungiselele oko kuza kwenzeka ngaphambili.

Ukubhala Isaziso Sesibheno

Inyathelo lokuqala nelininzi elinovakalelo lwexesha lininzi kukubhala isaziso sesibheno ngenkundla egwebayo. Olu xwebhu, oludla ngokuyifomu elula, luchaza injongo yomphathi wokufuna uhlolo olufutshane. Iilayini ezifileyo zingqongqo: kwiinkundla zesebe, isaziso kufuneka sigcinwe iintsuku ezingama-30 zokungenisa umgwebo. Ukungalifaki ixesha kunganeli ilungelo lokubhenela ngokupheleleyo. Ezinye izithuba zifuna umrhumo wedokisi nophawu lwengxelo. Isaziso kufuneka sazi ngokucacileyo ukuba sazi ulungelelwaniso okanye umgwebo okhutshelweyo.

Ukulungiselela Ushicilelo Ngokutsalwa

Ingxelo ekwisibheno kukuqulunqwa okusemthethweni kwawo onke amaxwebhu, ubungqina, kunye nerekhodi evela kwinkundla echongiweyo. Oku kuquka ukuncedwa, ukuqeshwa, ukuboniswa, kunye nengxelo yobungqina yentatheli. Inkundla ye-appellate ixhomekeke kwingxelo kuphela ukugqiba ngetyala; ayifumani bungqina obutsha. Ukulungiselela ingxelo kusenokuba lixesha elipheleleyo nexabiso eliphezulu, ingakumbi kwiimvavanyo ezinde. Iingxelo zingachaza kuphela inxalenye yengxelo ukuba zikholelwa ukuba ezinye azisebenzi. Kwimithetho emininzi, i-appelate ijongene tyala lokucwangcisa nokuhlawula iprojekthi. Iimpazamo okanye iziphelo ezibhaliweyo zinokuba ziindawo zokukhupha isibheno okanye zokuhlola.

Ingenisa Izigqibo eziMfutshane

Xa irekhodi igqityiwe, omabini amacala afaka impendululo ebhaliweyo efutshane ebhaliweyo nempendulo emfutshane ye-appelle. Imposiso emfutshane ye-applellant mayizicacise iimpazamo ezithile ezenziwe yinkundla yamatyala kwaye ichaze isizathu sokuba ezi mpazamo zithethelela ukuguqulwa. Ikwacaphula amagunya asemthethweni (oooooooooomeli, umthetho) ukuxhasa impikiswano. Impikiswano emfutshane yenkundla evavanyiweyo ilungile okanye imposiso engalunganga. Impendulo emfutshane evela kwinkundla yetyala isoloko ivumelekile kodwa iyathanda kodwa iyathanda. Iziphelo zilandela imithetho engqongqo yokulungisa ubude, ifomatile, ifomati, kunye nesitako esifutshane. I-adedi ebhalwe kakuhle ingenza umahluko phakathi kokuphumelela nokulahlekelwa.

Iimpikiswano Ezingaqhelekanga

Emva kokuba ityala libekwe, inkundla yetyala ingacwangcisa iimpikiswano zomlomo. Asizizo zonke izibheno ezithethwayo; kwiinkundla ezininzi, ukuba iqela labagwebi ligqiba ukuba ukushwankathela ingqiqo kwanele, basenokukhupha isigqibo ngaphandle kokuthethwa ngamagqwetha. Xa kuqulwa, icala ngalinye linemizuzu eli-15 ukuya kwengama-30 ukunikela ityala lalo nokuphendula imibuzo evela kubagwebi. Abagwebi badla ngokusebenzisa isiphumezi-miyalelo esidluliselwa ngomlomo ukuhlolisisa ubuthathaka kwingqiqo yeqela ngalinye. Ingxoxo ye-Attorney kufuneka ilungiselele ukunikela ingxelezelo nokucacisa iingongoma zabo ezifutshane. Ingxoxo yomlomo ayikokuba nethuba lokunikela ingqalelo kwinkundla yetyala kwimibandela engokwasemthethweni.

Ukufumana Isigqibo

Inkundla enika ingxelo isigqibo emva kokuqwalasela ingxelo, iingxubusho ezifutshane, kunye nezithethwano. Isigqibo sisenokuvumelana okanye sahlukane, kwaye sikhatshwa luluvo olubhaliweyo oluchaza ukuqiqa. Iziphumo ezinokwenzeka ziquka: [

    [[FLT:][FFF:1][FFT]] [[10]] [FFT]] [FFT:] [2]] [enye inkundla esezantsi] iphendukile, kwaye ityala lisenokuphinda libekwe. [[11] [12] [FT] [FT] [12] [iiingxaki: [FT] [FT] [12] [egnohlulo: [12] [ethe , icandelo elisezantsi lobucala lingekho mvume] [[10]

    Iinketho Zokugqibezela Nokulungisa Nokulungisa

    Ukuba iqela alivumelani nesigqibo senkundla yetyala, bangafaka isicelo sokuphendula isicelo sokuphendula phambi kwenkundla enye (okanye inkundla ethintelayo) bephikisa ngelithi inkundla ayikhange inikele ingqalelo kwisibakala esibalulekileyo okanye kwinqaku elingokwasemthethweni. Iisicelo zokuphendula zinqabile. Amatyala aphakathi kwiinkundla ezilawulayo, inyathelo elilandelayo kukufuna uhlolo olusemthethweni kwinkundla ephakamileyo (hhala inkundla ephakamileyo yenkundla okanye inkundla ephakamileyo ye-U.S. Oku kwenziwa ngenkundla ephakamileyo ye-wart of cretiariari, enokuthi inkundla ephakamileyo ivume ngokusemthethweni. Inkundla ephakamileyo yase-U.

    Indawo Yokubhenela: Yintoni Enokutsalelwa?

    Asiyonto yonke enganelisekiyo ngeziphumo zokuvavanywa kwetyala ekwakusisizathu sokubhena. Iinkundla zezicelo ziya kuqwalasela kuphela iindidi ezithile zempazamo ezigcinelwe ukubukeza, ngokutsho kwento ephakanyiswayo enkundleni yamatyala ngokuchasa okanye ngokuhamba.

    • [[UMTL:0] Iimpazamo zemali — ijaji yetyala isebenzisa kakubi umthetho okanye inike imiyalelo engalunganga yabachopheli-tyala.
    • [[UMTL:0] ubungqina obunganele — isigqibo sasichasene nobunzima bobungqina bokuba akukho mcimbi ofanelekileyo onokuba nesigqibo.
    • Iimpazamo ezingokwesithethe — inkundla yayaphula imithetho yenkqubo, njengokungavumeli iqela linikele ubungqina okanye ukungavumi ukuphinda lisolulwe ngumgwebi orhwebe kakubi.
    • Ukwaphulwa ngokweenkqubo — kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, oku kuquka ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo esiluleko, inkqubo efanelekileyo, okanye ukhuseleko nxamnye nokuzingca.
    • Uncedo olungasebenziyo lwesiluleko — ummangalelwa wesaphuli-mthetho angaphikisa ngokuthi inyathelo legqwetha labo lingaphantsi komgangatho wobuchule bobuchule kwaye licalucaphule iziphumo.

    Imposiso imele ukuba “iphosa-phambili""" iyakuchaphazela iziphumo zetyala. Imposiso engenabungozi, engachaphazelekanga ngamalungelo amakhulu, ayizukukhokelela ekuguqulweni. Iinkundla zezicelo azizukukhokelela ekutshintsheni. Iinkundla zempinda zisebenzisa imigangatho eyahlukileyo yokuhlola kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwenkupho: imibuzo yomthetho iyahlolisiswa de novo (ntsha), ngoxa iziphumo zenyaniso ziphinda zihlaziywe ngokwempazamo ecacileyo okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwengqiqo.

    Indima yeeNkundla zokuBandakanywa

    Iinkundla zezicelo zisebenzisa umsebenzi owenziwe ngaphaya kokulungisa iimpazamo nganye. Zidala umzekelo osisinyanzelo okhokelela kwiinkundla ezisezantsi kwaye zilolonga uphuhliso lomthetho. Iimbono ezibhaliweyo zisoloko zichaza imimiselo, zicacisa amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, kwaye zinika imilinganiselo efanayo kwiimeko zexesha elizayo. Eli xabiso lemizekelo linye lingumzekelo omnye wesizathu sokuba izibongozo zibaluleke kangaka: isigqibo esinye esinenkcazelo ebanzi singachaphazela amakhulukhulu amatyala afanayo. Ukongeza, iinkundla zekhompyutha zinceda ukugcina intembelo kawonke wonke kwinkqubo yokulawula ngokunika uvavanyo lwetyala nokuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zisekelwe kumthetho, hayi ngokungxamla. Aziphinde anikele ubungqina obupheleleyo okanye okuzinzileyo kungqina ukuthembeka.

    Ukucingela Imisitho Ecetyiswayo

    Izibheno azizenzeli kwaye ziza namaxabiso abalulekileyo kunye nomngcipheko. Phambi kokuba zifakelwe, abanokukwazi ukuvavanya oku kulandelayo:

    • Comment=Ukwenza isiqinisekiso: Imisebenzi egqibekileyo ecwangcisiweyo (ekusoloko kukho iintsuku ezingama 30) ifuna isenzo esikhawulezileyo. Ukungahambi ixesha elicwangcisiweyo liyingozi.
    • Ugcino olukhutshiweyo: Isibheno silinganiselwe koko kukwingxelo yokuvavanya. Ukuba umba ongundoqo awuphakanyiswanga okanye ubungqina abuqukwanga, ayinakuthethwa ngesibheno.
    • Ii-' izibheno zibandakanya iindleko zefama, ukulungiselela itranscription, iindleko zamagqwetha, kwaye mhlawumbi neqhina lokuhlala uphumeza umgwebo. Iindleko zingangena lula kumawaka eerandi.
    • Icebo limele linikezele uhlolo olunyanisekileyo lwamandla esibheno. Izibongozo ezininzi zicelwe ngokufutshane kuba umfaki akakwazi ukuchaza impazamo enokubuyiselwa.
    • [[UMTL:0] Iinjongo ezikhoyo: nokuba isibheno asiyi kuphumelela, singalibazisa ukunyanzeliswa komgwebo okanye sinikezele ukusetyenziswa kwesixhobo sokulungisa incoko.

    Abo basukela isibheno, ukuqesha igqwetha elinamava kunconyelwa kakhulu. Uqheliselo lokubhunga lufuna ubuchule obukhethekileyo obucwangcisiweyo (ukufaka imilinganiselo elula yokubhenela, imilinganiselo yokuqonda yokuhlola, nokwazi ubuphi na ubunzima bemithetho yenkundla. Amagqwetha amaninzi avavanyanga ukubhenela, kwaye umahluko ophumezayo unokuba ngqiqweni.

    Imbono Eqhelekileyo Ephosakeleyo Ngezibheno

    Iingcamango eziliqela ezingenkqubo yokubhenela zinokukhokelela kukulindela okungekho ngqiqweni. Kubalulekile ukucombulula ezi ngcamango ziphosakeleyo:

    • [[FLT: 0] "IiAppel zilityala lesibini". Hayi. Ubungqina obutsha buphantse bungavunyelwa. Inkundla ye-appellate ihlola kuphela ingxelo yokuvavanya.
    • “ Inkundla yetyala iza kulungisa nakuphina ukungalungi.” Iimpazamo ezisemthethweni kuphela ezigunyazisa ukuguqulwa. Nokuba isiphumo sibonakala sinzima, ukuba ityala lilungile, isibheno siyakwaliwa.
    • “ Ungasifaka isindululo kuba nje ungavumelani. Ayiyo nyaniso. Kufuneka ufumane impazamo ecacileyo esemthethweni. Ukunganeliseki jikelele akwanelanga.
    • "IiAppal zikhawuleza.” Le nkqubo idla ngokuthatha iinyanga ukuya kwiminyaka, ingakumbi ukuba ityala lisiya kwinkundla ephakathi ngoko kwinkundla ephakamileyo.

    Imithombo Yangaphandle Yokufunda Kwakhona

    Ukungena nzulu kwinkqubo yezibheno, qwalasela ukukhangela izikhokelo ezisemthethweni ezigunyazisiweyo kunye nezixhobo zenkundla ezisemthethweni. La makhonkco alandelayo angaphandle anika inkcazelo ethembekileyo:

    • U.S. - Izibheno Ingongoma yePhepha – Ingcaciso ecacileyo yenkqubo yezicelo zengingqi karhulumente ukusuka kwi-Ofisi yoBuphathi yamaNkundla ase-U.S.
    • [[UMTL:0] Iqumrhu lolwazi lomthetho - Isibheno – A ungeno olubanzi lwe encyclopedia yomthetho olugquma iinkcazelo, iinkqubo, kunye nemigangatho yokuzihlola.
    • I-Melika Bar Association – Indima yamatyala eAppellate – Inqaku elixubusha umsebenzi nokubaluleka kweenkundla ezigwebayo kwinkqubo yomthetho.
    • [[UMTL: 0] Justia – Izibheno zezibonelelo – A isikhokelo esisebenzisekayo esinenkcukacha ezicacileyo zombuso kunye neefomu zomzekelo.
    • [[NTLA:0] ICornell LII – Certiari Imboniselo yegama - Ichaza inkqubo yohlolo olucacileyo kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S.

    Isiphelo

    Inkqubo yezibheno ligumbi lesiseko lenkqubo elungileyo nesesikweni esemthethweni. Inika inkqubo ebalulekileyo yokulungisa iimpazamo, ukucacisa umthetho, nokuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu ufumana intsebenziswano elungileyo. Enoba kulwaphulo-mthetho okanye kumatyala asekuhlaleni, kukuqonda amanyathelo , ukusukela ekufakeni isaziso sesibheno sokufumana isigqibo sokugqibela kunye namagqwetha ukuze enze ukhetho lolwazi. Ngoxa isibheno sintsonkothileyo, sixakekile, kwaye asiqinisekangaqiniseki, sihlala sisesona sixhobo esibalulekileyo sokukhusela amalungelo nokukhusela nokugcina iinkundla zetyala. Ngokwazi iziqinisekiso, imilinganiselo yokubhenela, kunye namaqhinga aluncedo ajongene ne-appellatte, nabani na ojongene nokwenziwa kokuzicenga okuzinzisa.