IMaphepha oBukhosini zimi njengenye yezindululo ezigunyazisiweyo zomGaqo-siseko wase-United States, zinikela iwindow kwinjongo yokuqala yabaququzeleli bomthetho, ulungelelwano, kunye nokulawula. Ezi ncwadi ziyingqokelela yezincoko ezingama-85 ezipapashiweyo phakathi ko-1787 no-1788, ezi zincwadi zaveliswa nguAlexander Hamilton, uJames Madison, noJohn Jay ngaphantsi kweqela le-intempm “Publius.” Injongo yabo yayikukunyanzela ukunyanzela abemi baseNew York, ulungelelaniso, kunye nengxubevange yemi baseMelika. Uninzi lwamaMelika (16) kwaye uqulunqene nomthetho omtsha osemthethweni. Kodwa ixabiso labo lufikelela kude ngaphaya kwelo mphingo wezo zezopolitiko. UPlutellist Pages uchaza ubucuphini kunye nendlela elungele ulungele ukulingana kwegunyazo namandla, kunye nolwano lwezimo lweziko olulungelelaniso lwemithetho yezo nezo lwezo zezo zezo zezo zezo zezo ze

Imeko Engokwembali: Ingxaki Yemiba Enzima

Ukuxabisa ngokupheleleyo iimpikiswano ezikwiMapathili yoManyano, umntu kufuneka aqale aqonde ubuthathaka obuyilwe nguMgaqo-siseko ukuba busicombululo. Emva kokuphumelela uzimeleyo kwi-Great Britain, amathanga alishumi elinesithathu angaphambili awayesebenza phantsi kweZithintelo zoMgaqo-siseko, isivumelwano esingeyonto esanika igunya elincinane kurhulumente ophakathi. Amanqaku angqineka engenalo igunya: iBhunga loburhulumente lokuhlawula iirhafu, ukulawula ushishino lwezorhwebo, okanye ukuphakamisa umkhosi wesizwe. Amazwe ayesebenza njengeenkosi ezizimele, ngokufuthi emisa imiqobo yawo yorhwebo, eshicilela imida enyanzelo, nokuxambulisana kwemida ephakathini. Ukuvukela kukaShay'umnyaka wewaka-1786-8779, kwenza ukuba ukuqhaqhaqhatha komanyano olucacileyo lwemilo oluqhelekileyo eMassachuseMassachuse, aphantse ukuba angayifumani mkhosini asebenze ngenxa yokuba amajoni emkhosini asebenze nakuqeqeqesho.

Xa iNdibano yoMgaqo-siseko yahlanganisana ePhiladelphia ngowe-1787, abameli benza uxwebhu olwalubhalwe ngokuchanekileyo phakathi koorhulumente norhulumente wesizwe. Kodwa ukwenziwa komGaqo-siseko kwakungaqinisekiswanga. Abachasi, abaziwa ngokuba yi-Anti-Federalist, baphikisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko omtsha onamandla ayingozi oya kudala urhulumente onamandla otshabalalisa amaphondo kwaye anyathe inkululeko nganye. AmaPhephaphu abhalwa ngokungqalileyo kwezo zizathu zoloyiko. Banikela ingongongongongo, ngencam yokhuselo lwazo zonke iimpawu ezingundoqo ezicetyiweyo, bechaza isizathu sokuba izakhiwo ezithile zamagunya, iihendo nolungelelwano, ulawulo lwesizwe, ulawulo oluzimeleyo, ulawulo lwe-judicatel-jdiary-al oluzimeleyo kuphela kodwa oluyimfuneko ekulondolozeni umthetho.

Injongo Yamaphepha Oluhlu Lolawulo Lwamafashoni

Embangweni, izincoko zizimisele ukuchaza nokukhusela imigaqo yomGaqo-siseko njengeyona ndlela ilungileyo yokumisela urhulumente okwaziyo ukumisela imithetho ngokunempumelelo ngoxa ehlonela amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Aba babhali bathetha ngoxinezeleko olusemgangathweni olwaluhlupha oorhulumente bamaRiphabliki ukutyhubela imbali: indlela yokulondoloza ucwangco ngaphandle kokutyibilika kolawulo. Isisombululo sabo yayilurhulumente wesizwe onemiqathango, odweliswe ecaleni koorhulumente bobuchule jikelele. Eli lungiselelo, baliphikisa, lalifaneleke ngokukhethekileyo ukunqanda ukuqokelelwa kolawulo lwegunya nakwesiphi na esinye isixeko ngexa kusekho igunya elinamandla elifunekayo ukugcina uxolo.

AmaPhepha oLungelo loManyano agxininisa ukuba umthetho nocwangco azinakufunyanwa kuphela ngeenjongo ezilungileyo. Zifuna izakhiwo ezilungelelanisa izilangazelelo zabo banegunya ngokulungileyo kukawonke-wonke. Njengoko uJames Madison wabhala ngodumo kuFederalist No. 51, “Izikhundla kufuneka zenzelwe ukulwa nephulo.” Ngokwahlula amandla phakathi komthetho-mthetho, olawulayo, namasebe eekomiti, nangokuyahlula ngokubhekele phambili indlu yowiso ibe ngamagumbi amabini, umGaqo-siseko uqinisekisa ukuba akukho siseko omnye onokulawula wonke urhulumente. Oku kujongo kucekwa kwenkululeko eyayalelwa ngurhulumente.

Ngaphezu koyilo lweziko, izincoko zikwathetha ngesiseko sengqondo nesobuntlalo. KuFederali No. 49, uMadison uthi intlonelo yabantu ngomGaqo-siseko ngokwawo iyasebenza njengegunya elizinzileyo. Ukuba umthetho osisiseko uphantsi kokuzihlaziya rhoqo ngeendibano ezidumileyo, urhulumente uya kungazinzanga kwaye angabi nakuqiniseka. Ngokwenza umGaqo-siseko kube nzima ukuwulungisa, abaxhasi bafuna ukuxhasa inkqubo esemthethweni ngemigaqo enokuthi ingabi nazinkanuko ezingapheliyo. Le mbono ende ibalulekile ekuqondeni umthetho kunye nocwangco oluqhelekileyo ibalulekile ekuqondeni ukuba okusesikweni kufuna ukungaguquguquki, hayi nje okomzuzwana.

Imixholo Engundoqo Enxulumene Nomthetho Nolungelelwano

AmaPhepha aManyeneyo agxininisa imixholo emininzi ehlala isemgangathweni kumthetho waseMerika kunye nolawulo lwezobulungisa. Le mixholo idityanisiwe ichaza indlela abalayishi befalsam ababecinga ngayo urhulumente onokuthi agcine ucwangco ngaphandle kokuthoba kulawulo lobuzwilakhe.

Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya

Mhlawumbi owona mgaqo usisiseko wokwakha kukwahlulwa kwamagunya. UmGaqo-siseko wahlula urhulumente wesizwe ube ngamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo: uwiso-mthetho (uMongameli), umphathi ophetheyo, kunye nesebe lezomthetho (ienkundla zephondo). Isebe ngalinye labelwe iseti eyahlukileyo yemisebenzi kwaye lisebenza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngokunjalo isebe elisetyenziswa ngabantu liyingozi ngenxa yokuba alilawuli likrele okanye isipaji.

Kumthetho nocwangco, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kuthetha ukuba akukho gunya linye elinokwenza imithetho liphinde liyinyanzelise. Indlu yowiso-mthetho kufuneka idlulisele imithetho ecacileyo; umphathi-mthetho kufuneka anyanzelise loo mithetho ngokungenasandla; ijaji kufuneka ayichaze ngokungakhethiyo. Esi sakhiwo somchamo sidala iingongoma ezininzi zokuziphendulela. Abahlali banokubhenela kumasebe ahlukeneyo ukuba omnye uphazamisi omnye. Umthetho ongekho sikweni unokucetyo ungacelw'iselwa phantsi ngohlalutyo; umyalelo wesigqeba ongaphaya kwemidabi uzakubekwa phantsi. Ukwahlulwa kwamandla ngaloo ndlela kusebenza njengesakhiwo sokukhusela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya okudla ngokukhokelela kwisiphithiphithiphithi-phithi-phithi-phithi-phithi-thulo.

Iipeksi Nolungelelwano

Ngeli xesha ulwahlulo lwamagunya lwahlula imisebenzi eyahlukileyo kwisebe ngalinye, ukuqinisekisa kunye nokulungelelana kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linokulawula amanye. UMongameli angawulawula umthetho; iBhunga lingawulawula loo mthetho ngevoti ezimbini. ISentete iqinisekisa ukumiswa koomongameli nokuquququzelelwa kwezivumelwano. Indlu ingaba ngamagosa angoorhulumente, kuquka uMongameli, kwaye iBhunga libambe ityala. Isebe ngalinye linokuvakalisa imithetho engavumelaniyo namandla okuhlola okugweba (amandla uHamilton akhusela ubude bobuPristial List List. 78.) Kwaye uMongameli umisela abagwebi, abalawulwayo, baphantsi kwesiqinisekiso seNdlund. La magunya angenayo anokwenza inkqubo yokuba kubekho inkxaso kunye namandla okuchasana nabanye.

Kumbono womthetho nocwangco, le nkqubo ayiqinisekisi ukufezeka kobulungisa, kodwa yenza ukuba urhulumente angenzi ngokungxama okanye ngokufihlakeleyo. Umthetho odlula kuzo zombini izindlu zeKhomishini, usinda kwi-veto enokwenzeka ukuba ngumongamelial congress, kwaye kamva uphumele ekuhlolweni komgaqo-siseko kwinkundla. Le nkqubo ayiqinisekisi ukuba ubulungisa obugqibeleleyo ```inkqubo yomntu'' kodwa yenza kube lula kakhulu ukuba imithetho ibonise ukuqwalasela nokuhlonela imida esemthethweni. Iindlela zokuhlola zikwanika i-valve yokuzikhusela: ukuba elinye isebe liba lide lixhaphaze, elinye liyakwazi ukukuyeka. Oku kuchasene nolungelelaniso lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo, apho onke amandla aphuma kumthombo omnye nomntu ophilileyo. Umbutho wombono we-Federalder uyakwazi ukubonakalisa ukulungele ukuphatha ngendlela elungeleneyo, imigaqo elungele ukulinganayo.

Igunya lomanyano nomanyano lwesizwe

Umxholo oyintloko weManyano yamaFederali uluxanduva olunamandla lorhulumente ophakathi ukugcina uzinzo lwesizwe kunye nomthetho onyanzelisa imithetho ngokulinganayo ngaphaya koorhulumente. KuFederalst No. 23, Hamilton uthi amagunya anikwe urhulumente wesizwe kufuneka ahambisane nezinto eziphathisiweyo kwinkathalo yayo, qha, ukukhusela okuqhelekileyo, ukulondoloza uxolo lukawonke-wonke, nomthetho wezorhwebo. Ukuba urhulumente wesizwe uswele amandla okuphakamisa imikhosi, irhafuthelo, okanye urhwebo, alunakukwazi ukuphendula kwiingozi zangaphandle okanye ukuvukela. Umthetho woburhulumente unokwenza umthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, osebenza kubo bonke abagwebi nakuwo nakumthetho. Lo mthetho ulawulo lwesizwe ufanele ulungele ukugcinwa komthetho we-United States.

Noko ke, ababhali bomanyano loManyano loManyano loMgaqo-siseko nabo baziqaphela iingozi zokomelezwa okugqithisileyo. Bayila inkqubo karhulumente apho urhulumente wesizwe eqhuba imigaqo ekwalatha kuphela amagunya ngexa amazwe egcina ulawulo jikelele kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni. Eli candelo linciphisa ungquzulwano phakathi kwamagunya esizwe naworhulumente ngelixa liqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente osembindini ungenza ngokugqibeleleyo kwimicimbi yesizwe, ukuquququzelelwa kwemithetho-mthetho. Oku kuthetha ukuba amaziko omthetho womthetho afana ne-FBI kunye neenkundla zesizwe ayakwazi ukuthetha ngolwaphulo-mthetho onqamlezi mthetho, ubugrogrisi, kunye nomthetho onzima olawulayo, ngoxa urhulumente kunye namasebe asekuhlaleni ephatha ubuninzi bosuku-mthetho, ukuchokodwa komthetho osemthethweni wolawulo oluthe kratya lwesizwe kufuneka ulwenziwe ngomthetho woluntu nolawulo lwesizwe.

Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo kwiSiseko soMgaqo-siseko esiHlayiweyo

Ama-Anti-Federalist afuna umthetho wamalungelo okukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kurhulumente omtsha worhulumente. Ngeli xesha amaFederali ekuqaleni aphikisayo ukuba uludwe olukhethekileyo lwamalungelo lwalungayimfuneko, ngenxa yokuba uMgaqo-siseko ngokwawo wawamisela amandla orhulumente ngenxa yokuba umisela urhulumente olinganiselweyo, ucalucalula amagunya. Umzekelo, uMgaqo-siseko awuniki gunya lokulawula intetho yentetho, akukho khuseleko lucacileyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukwakhiwa kolawulo lukarhulumente nolulo lawulo lwegunya, uHamilton uthi umGaqo-siseko ngokwawo uyityala ingumthetho wamalungelo onegunya, uyakwazi ukubeka amagunya alinganiselweyo. Umzekelo, awuniki mithetho-Candelo lokubeka intetho, akukho khuseleko olucacileyo. Ngaphezu koko, umgangatho karhulumente u-No.[8]

Kumthetho wale mihla, lo mxholo ubalulekile. Ifundisa ukuba amalungelo awangomadinga nje angenakubonwa; afakwe kumalungiselelo equmrhu. Ilungelo lomanyumnyezi lokumangalelwa elikhuselekile, kungekuphela nje ngeSinyusi seSithandathu kodwa ngesibakala sokuba abagwebi abazimeleyo, abatshutshisi banokuphendula, kwaye amatyala asebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amandla karhulumente. Eli lungelo lokuthetha likhuselwa yiSinyuselo sokuqala, kodwa kwakhona likwayisibakala sokuba iNkqulu yemithetho ebekelwe umda kwaye inokuba ibekelwe ityala ngomkhethelo. Ubulumko besizwe buthetha ukuba amalungelo angenakuhlala entweni engenanto; kufuneka kukhuselwe imvume karhulumente ethintele amandla angeyo. Oku kuqiniswa kwemithetho-Octivestyy, kuqiniswa nezigqizo zeNkuMganiso zeNkundla ye-Orcewdiary. Ingxelo yemithetho iyakhuselwa kwaye ayiqondwa ngokufanelekileyo.

Izilingo Zomthetho Nolungelelwano Lwanamhlanje

Imigaqo echazwe kwiMaphethisi yoManyano-mthetho iyaqhubeka iphembelela iinkqubo zomthetho zaseMerika ngeendlela ezinzulu. Umthetho womgaqo-siseko wangoku wakhiwe kwisiseko esincediswa zezi zincoko. Iimbono zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zisoloko zikhankanya amaPhepha adweliswe ngooMgaqo-siseko anegunya lokuqonda kwasekuqaleni. Ngoxa iNkundla ingawachazi njengazibopheleleli, amandla awo okuyekelela akhulu kakhulu, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezibandakanya ukwahlulwa kwamandla, ulawulo, ulawulo, kunye nomgangatho wegunya elilawulayo.

Enye yezona ngqiqweni zibalulekileyo zale mihla inxulumene nolungelelwano phakathi kokhuseleko kunye nenkululeko yabemi. Ekulandeleni urhulumente worhulumente wandisa ulawulo lwakhe kunye namandla okuvalela ngomthetho njenge USA PATRIOTT Act. Abagxeki abaninzi baphikisa ukuba ezi zigqibo zaphula imigaqo yeSine Yommisi-nkqubo yokuzikhusela ngokungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhwala kunye nenkqubo efunekayo yokufumana izindululo zokhuseleko. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba igunya elinamandla elingurhulumente liyimfuneko ukugcina ukhuseleko lwesizwe. Ingxoxo ichaza kanye iimpikiswano ekwenziwe kwiiNkulwano zesizwe: limele ukuba linamandla kangakanani urhulumente wesizwe ukuba agcine ulungelelalise ucwangco, kwaye kuphi nakulowo ulawulo olucinezelayo? [unyaka obeluphantsi komgaqo we-R.Foms.Nt.4] kunye nomgaqo-onke ayaqhubeka.[4]

Enye indawo apho impembelelo kaFederalist Paper ivakala ikwimfundiso yale mihla ye- elungele ukukhululwa kwesizwe. Ngaphantsi kwengxelo yobukhulu, umthetho wesizwe ungawususa umthetho wesizwe xa iBhunga liceba ukuthatha indawo. Oku kubalulekile kulawulo olufanayo lwezorhwebo, imigangatho yemekobume, ukufuduka, nezinye iindawo ezifuna ukungaguquguquki kwesizwe. Umzekelo, i-Ceac Air Act imisela imigangatho yokhuphozo lwemputha yomhlaba engenakuyenza buthathaka. Ngokufanayo, umthetho wequmrhu uyakwazi ukuphelisa imigudu yokulawula ukufuduka. Le mithetho inqanda imisebenzi yemithetho yemithetho engqubanayo ephazamisa ukugcinwa komthetho phakathi komthetho nemeko-rhulumente elawulayo. Le nkqubo inika ukufaneleka komthetho wesizwe elungele ukulungiselela ukufaneleka kobulungisa obuselu lululo: inkqubo yezoshishino lwelizwe kunye ne-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-oglobal. Kwimimandla ekhuselekileyo seNkulawula ifuna imicimbi engundoqo, njengoko ingumeko ekhuselekileyo, njengoko ingunxanxa-mthetho elawula urhulumente

Ijaji ezimeleyo, ekhuselwe kakuhle nguHamilton in Federal List No. 78, ihlala ililitye lesiseko lomthetho nocwangco lwaseMelika. Abagwebi abalungeleleneyo babamba iiofisi zabo ngexesha lokuziphatha okuhle (ngokusisiseko ubomi) kwaye imivuzo yabo ayinakuncitshiswa ngexa beseofisini. Le miqathango yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba abagwebi bakhululekile ukugqiba amatyala ngokwemithetho, ngaphandle koloyiko lweziphindezelo lwezopolitiko. Olu nkululeko lubalulekile ekulondolozeni umthetho: xa ijaji isiyalela urhulumente ukuba aphumeze ubungqina, okanye amise inkqubo engahambisangabuphathi buso, okanye angayithobeli phantsi kwemithetho ephakamileyo. [[3][4][4], urhulumente uyakwazi ukuthobela ngokulula inkundla, kwaye wonke umsebenzi wezomthetho uyakwazi ukunikezela. [ungwevulo-Geneedeade] [[10][4]

Ngaphezu koko, iNkundla ePhakamileyo igxininisa kumthetho kumthetho wabantu oye wabumba impucuko yaseMelika engokwasemthethweni. Ingcamango yokuba imithetho imele ibe yeqhelekileyo, uwonke wonke, ulindele, kwaye inyanzeliswe ngokulinganayo igxininiswe kwi-'Unit Programme Clauses's. INkundla ePhakamileyo ibambe ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba imithetho engacacisekanga okanye echaseneyo nenkqubo ekhoyo ngenxa yokuba abanganikeli mithetho esesikweni bangayinikeziyo isaziso esifanelekileyo kubemi kwaye bangayikhuthathi mithetho esemthethweni. Umgaqo wokukhusela okulinganayo, osuka kuMgaqo-siseko we-Gadeneth Demitemplited, ukwawuphinda uphindo lwenkciso yokuba urhulumente amele aphathe bonke abemi phambi komthetho. Xa urhulumente elawula umthetho othe ngqo, kufuneka asebenze ngokunjalo, umele asebenze kwimithetho elawula wonke.

Iimbambano Zexesha Elidlulileyo: Amandla AseManyaneni

Namhlanje, iingxoxo ngomthetho nomthetho ziyaqhubeka zingena kwiinkundla kunye nomthetho. Iingxoxo ezifana nokubekwa komjumba ngokomthetho, izixeko ezingcwele, namalungelo okuvota zifaka umlinganiselo wonke phakathi kwegunya lorhulumente nelorhulumente. Ngokomzekelo, amaphondo amaninzi aye agunyazisa ulonwabo lomyanxulumano nangona luqhubeka lungekho semthethweni phantsi komthetho karhulumente. Oku kungenisa inkqubo yokungavumelani nomthetho wezomthetho. Abaququququzeleli balindele ukuba imida yamandla ekhoyo iqhubeke ikhuphiswana. Imigaqo yomanyano yemithetho icebisa ukuba ulawulo lungazama ngezindlela ezahlukeneyo ukuzama ukulwa nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa urhulumente ugcina amandla omgaqo-siseko ewo ukunyanzelela ukugcinwa kwawo imithetho esemthethweni ukuba kukhethwe ngumthetho. Oku kubangela umgaqo onamandla, onamandla lowo abaqulukileyo abaqululekileyo balindele ukuba imidabi baqhubeke nokuncintisana. Umbutho lwesizwe alunike ingxube yomthetho; ingxusho yengxoxo ye-e-e-e-e-eall.

Ngokufanayo, ingxubusho engo “mthetho nocwangco” emongweni wotshintsho lwamapolisa ichaphazela imixholo yee-checks kunye nolungelelwano. Ukugaxelelwa kokuphendula kwamapolisa kusoloko kugxininisa kwimfuno yokungahoywa, iikhamera zequmrhu, kunye neziphumo ezisemthethweni zokunganyaniseki. La manyathelo zinkqubo angoku enkqubo ye-Federalist amele ahlolwe ukunqanda ukuxhatshazwa. Imfundiso yeNkundla Ephakamileyo yezokhuseleko olufanelekileyo, esoloko igxekwa njengehlazisa ukuxilonga. Iingqungquthela kunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho zidityanisana eziya kulungisa ulungelelaniso olusebenzayo phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho namalungelo abantu ngabanye. I-Federanistlist Papersis isikhumbuza ukuba zombini zibalulekile: imfundiso yenqobo engenamthetho, kwaye uluntu olungenamalungelo alunaku ukumaniswa.

Isiphelo: Ukunyamezela Ukuphakanyiswa Kwamaphepha

AmaPhepha aMasi aMalungiselelo ahlala eyisikhokelo esiyimfuneko kuvavanyo lorhulumente waseMerika. Bachaza isizathu sokuba umthetho nocwangco zingafuni nje imithetho, kodwa isakhiwo esilungiselelwe kakuhle esisasaza, esahlulayo, nesihlola amandla. Bafundisa ukuba ukusukela ucwangco kumele kungaze kuvunyelwe ukuba kusithe khunubene, kwaye inkululeko iqhubekeke kuphela kwisiseko somthetho ozinzileyo, oxeliweyo. Ezi ncwadi zikwanika ubunyani obuqhelekileyo: ziyavuma ukuba abantu abazo iingelosi, kwaye nayiphi na inkqubo karhulumente mayicetyelwe ukumelana nenkcitho, inyani, nento ephosakeleyo yeenkokeli.

Kumaxesha ethu aphikisanayo, amaPhepha anika imbono exabisekileyo. Asikhumbuza ukuba umthetho awuzenzekeli qha, kufuneka abemi abalumkileyo, iinkundla ezizimeleyo, kunye nabanyulwe abasemagunyeni abahlonela imida yomgaqo-siseko. Iingxoxo ngamandla orhulumente, igunya elilawulayo, namalungelo omntu ngamnye abaqulunqe kuwo asatyhilwa. Ngokubuyela kumazwi kaPublius, sinokuyiqonda indlela yobulumko yokuqala yokuba isixokelelwano sethu somthetho sisebenze kwaye senze izigwebo ezithe nangakumbi ngendlela yokulondoloza umthetho nolungelelwano kwinkulungwane engamashumi amabini anesithathu.

Ukuqhubeka kufundwa okupheleleyo, okubhaliweyo koLuhlu lwamaPhepha kufumaneka kwiLithala leeMbali leNkqutyana ihttps:/guides.lov.gov/federalist-maphepha-mbhalo opheleleyo[. IZiko loMgaqo-siseko linikela isikhokelo sokuphendulana [[FLT:] [[FLT:]] i-httpstives.org/internetic-constitution/constitution[. Ukunyukela nzulu kakhulu kumo yembali, bona [[FLT:]] [FLT] [4] Iphepha lomkhosi: Funda isiKhokelo [FLT:] [FLT] [FLN]