Ukuqonda ulungelelwano phakathi komthetho wamakhaya nowamatyala kubaluleke kakhulu kuogqirha, kubafundi, nakumntu nabani na oqhuba inkqubo yokusesikweni. Ngoxa omabini amasebe eyila isiseko somyalelo womthetho, asebenza ngokweenjongo ezahlukeneyo, asebenza phantsi kwemithetho eyahlukeneyo, kwaye avelise iziphumo ezingafaniyo. Eli nqaku linikela uhlalutyo olunzulu lomthetho wesigqeba nowezolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuhlolisisa iinkcazelo zawo, iimpawu ezingundoqo, ukwahlukahlukana ngokwesithethe, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo echasanayo phakathi kwawo. Ngokuhlolisisa imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene kunye nemigaqo engaphantsi, sijolise ekucaciseni indlela ezi nkqubo zimbini ezisebenza ngayo kunye ukugcina ulungelelwano kunye nokudlulisela okusesikweni.

Ukuqonda Umthetho Wamakhaya

Umthetho wamakhaya ulawula iimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo ngezantsi, amashishini, okanye eminye imibutho. Ayikhathazeki ngokohlwaya ububi ngokwesi-se, kodwa ngokucombulula iingxabano nokunika abo baye benzakala. Umlinganiselo womthetho wamakhaya mkhulu, ugquma iindawo ezinjengezivumelwano, impahla, ii-tort (ukulimala kobuqu, ukunyeliswa), ukungakhathali), umthetho wentsapho (ukufumana ilungelo lokugcina abantwana), kunye nelifa.

Injongo eyintloko yomthetho wasekuhlaleni kukubuyisela umntu olimeleyo kwindawo ebebeya kuba kuyo ukuba bekungekho nto imbi. Oku kufunyanwa ngokuhlawula imali, okwaziwa njengomonakalo, kodwa kusenokuquka imiqathango (imiyalelo yequmrhu yokumisa okanye ukunyanzela isenzo), ukwenza okuthile (ukunyanzela umntu ukuba aphumeze isivumelwano), okanye ukugweba. Ngenxa yokuba izibonda zibandakanya amalungelo ayimfihlo kunokuba zikhuseleke eluntwini, imigaqo yokukhusela iprocedtura ayinyanzelekanga kakhulu kunemiqathango yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Iimpawu Ezingundoqo Zomthetho Wamakhaya

  • Party Isakhiwo: Ukumangalelwa kusungulwa ngummangalelwa (umtyaba owenzakala) (ummangalelwa). Urhulumente akalothenti ngaphandle kokuba wenza njengelungu labucala.
  • Ibherin yobuMqondisi: I-Placttiff mayibonise imeko yabo ngokuqwalasela ubungqina, ithetha ukuba kunokwenzeka kakhulu kunengeyo (kunokwenzeka okungaphezulu kwama-50%) ukuba izenzo zommangalelwa zibangele ingozi.
  • Umiselo: Unyango lokuqala lukonakaliswa yimali (ukuhlawulwa, ukukhutshwa, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwegama). Unyango oluthe tye olufana nemiyalelo okanye umsebenzi othile lukwakhona.
  • Ityala: Ligcinwa ngamagqwetha azimeleyo amela i-paltiff. Urhulumente akabandakanyekanga ekuqaliseni okanye ekuxhaseni iisuti zoluntu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukufumaneka kwe-Jury Availism:[ Kumazwe amaninzi, naliphi na iqela lingacela ukucela ukuchotshelwa kwetyala labachopheli-tyala, kodwa iijaji azinyanzelekanga kwiimeko zabemi, ingakumbi ukwenzela iingxelo ezilinganayo.

Umthetho wamakhaya usekelwe kwingcamango ye uxanduva oluthe tyaba ``iityala lomntu ngamnye ,'. Ukwaphulwa kwaloo msebenzi, njengokungabikho komthetho okubangela umonakalo, kudala impazamo yabucala enokulungiswa kwiinkundla zasekuhlaleni. Ukutshona okunzulu kwinkqubo yamakhaya, bona [iNteko yeNkcubeko yolwazi yomthetho].

Ukuqonda Umthetho Wakwaphula Umthetho

Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezithintelweyo ngenxa yokuba zisongela ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ucwangco lokuziphatha, okanye ukuzinza kwelizwe. Izenzo ezifana nobusela, ukuhlasela, ukurhwebelana ngeziyobisi, nokubulala zithathwa njengeziphosakeleyo kwibutho labantu liphela, nokuba zenziwa nxamnye nomntu othile. Urhulumente ./ukusebenzisa abatshutshisi .ukuzisa izityholo kubantu. Iinjongo eziphambili zomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho kukubohlwaya abaphuli-mthetho, ukuphelisa ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukubuyisa abenzi-mthetho, ukuguqula abantu abangendawo, nokubeka ityala.

Ngenxa yokuba iinkolelo zolwaphulo-mthetho zinokuphumela kwisohlwayo esinzima "ukubanjwa, ukuhlawuliswa, ukugwetywa, okanye kwanesohlwayo sokufa", inkqubo yomthetho imisela imigaqo engqongqo ekhuselayo. Ummangalelwa ucingelwa ukuba umsulwa, unelungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza, ilungelo lokucebisa, nelungelo lokumangalelwa, . Umthwalo wobungqina ngowona uphezulu kumthetho: umtshutshisi makamise ityala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni [[, engashiyiyo enye ingcaciso evakalayo yobungqina.

Iimpawu Eziyintloko Zomthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho

  • Party Isakhiwo: Ityala liziswa ngurhulumente (ukutshutshiswa) komntu othe wamangalelwa. Ixhoba aliloqela kodwa linokuba nenxaxheba njengengqina okanye linikezele ingxelo yexhoba.
  • Ibheride yobungqina: Ityala kufuneka lingqine zonke iinkalo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni/umlinganiso ongafuni siqinisekiso sipheleleyo kodwa ushiya abachopheli beyisekile ngokuqinileyo.
  • Iziphumo ziquka ukuvalelwa, iimali ezihlawulwa urhulumente, inkonzo yoluntu, ukuvavanywa, okanye isohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokungafaniyo nezono zetyala lasekuhlaleni, ezi zigwebo zenzelwe ukusohlwaya kunokuba zihlawule.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho liqala ngokubanjwa okanye ukumangalelwa ngokulandelelwa zityala ezisemthethweni ezibekwe umtshutshisi. Amaxhoba awawazisi amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho ngqo.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukhuseleko lobuProfente: Abameli banandipha amalungelo phantsi kweyesine, eyesihlanu, eyeSithandathu, neyesibhozo, kuquka ukhuseleko ekuphandeni okungaqiqekiyo, ukungazifuni, kunye nengozi ezibini.

Inkqubo yobulungisa yolwaphulo-mthetho igxininisa ngokuzimela okuthe ngqo ukuphendula ].

Uhlalutyo Oluthelekisayo Lomthetho Wamakhaya Nowakwaphula Umthetho

Nangona umthetho wamakhaya nowamatyala usebenza kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, bayabelana ngeziseko. Zombini zinkqubo ezisekelwe kumthetho ezifuna izicelo ezifanelekileyo, ukumela okusemthethweni, nokunamathela kwinkqubo efanelekileyo. Zombini zivumela ukubhena. kwaye zombini zinempembelelo enzulu kubomi babo babandakanyekileyo. Noko ke, ukungavisisani kwazo kunzulu kwaye kuyimfuneko ekuqondeni ummandla ongowona ubanzi womthetho.

Ukufana Phakathi Komthetho Wamakhaya Nowakwaphula Umthetho

  • Umelo lwemithetho: Izivumelwano kuzo zombini iinkqubo zigcina amagqwetha ukuze athethele, nangona abamangalelwa bezaphuli-mthetho benelungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokucebisa ukuba abanako ukulithenga.
  • Isakhiwo sekoriti: Zombini iindidi zamatyala zinqunyulwa kwinkqubo enye yenkundla (iinkundla zamatyala, iinkundla zetyala) kumazwe amaninzi, nangona iinkundla ezikhethekileyo (umz., iingxelo ezincinane, iinkundla zeziyobisi) zinokubakho.
  • Imithetho yenyani: Zombini zixhomekeke kwimithetho yobungqina, ubungqina, kunye nobungqiniselo obuyingqokelela ukuseka izibakala. Noko ke, imigangatho kunye nemilinganiselo engabonakaliyo isenokuhluka.
  • Amaqela angaphumeleliyo kokubini kwimicimbi yamakhaya neyolwaphulo-mthetho anelungelo lokubhenela kwiinkundla eziphezulu ezisekelwe kwiimpazamo zomthetho okanye inkqubo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukukhupha kunye noMqathango: Zombini iinkqubo zijolise ekudibeni ihambo eyingozi. Iimpahla zamakhaya zithintela ukungakhathali ngenxa yosongelo lwetyala lemali, ngoxa umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho uthintela isohlwayo kunye nehlazo.

Ukwahluka Komthetho Wamakhaya Nowakwaphula Umthetho

  • Umthetho wamakhaya uthetha ngeempazamo zabucala kubantu; umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho wohlwaya uwonke wonke kwibutho labantu.
  • Isenzo seParty Intiating Action: amaqela azimeleyo azisa iisuti zamakhaya; urhulumente umangalela amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Ibheriji yeMbumbulu yeMbumbulu: ye-Enikn: uqwalaselo lobungqina (ngokungaphaya kobunjalo). Ulwaphulo-mthetho: ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni (ukuziphatha okuqinisekileyo).
  • Ingeniso: Ingeniso yemali yangaphakathi iquka (imiyalelo, imiqathango). Isohlwayo sesaphuli-mthetho sisohlwayo sokunikwa isohlwayo (ukunikwa intlawulo, iimali, ukuvavanywa).
  • Ilungile ukuya ku Jury: Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, uHlaziyo lweSithandathu luqinisekisa ukugwetywa kwetyala elinzulu labachopheli-tyala. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, uLawulo lweSebethi lugcina ilungelo kwinkundla yabachopheli-mgwebi kuphela xa umthetho oqhelekileyo ubiza imali engaphezulu kakhulu kwe R1, kodwa amatyala amaninzi asekuhlaleni aqhubeka ngaphandle kwejaji.
  • [[NTL:0] I-Reopardy ephinda-phindeneyo: IsiHlanzi sesihlanu soMgaqo-nkqubo sikwalela ukumangalelwa kwetyala lesibini ngenxa yetyala elifanayo emva kokugwetywa okanye ukugwetywa. Noko ke, isenzo esifanayo sisenokukhokelela kwityala loluntu kunye netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho ngaphandle kokwaphula ityala eliphindwe kabini (izenzo ezibini zithathwa ngokwahlukeneyo).

Ukuqwalasela umahluko womthwalo wobungqina, i-Cornell LII ekungeneni kumthwalo wobungqina inika uthelekiso oluneenkcukacha lwemigangatho.

Ukudibana Komthetho Wamakhaya Nowakwaphula Umthetho

Umthetho wamakhaya nowamatyala awenziwenga kakuhle. Isenzo esinye singabangela ukuba kubekho iimfanelo zoburhulumente kunye nezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kudibanisa kubangela ukuba iingcali zomthetho zisebenzise iliso elibukhali. Umzekelo, umqhubi oqhuba isibane esibomvu aze abulale umntu ohamba ngenqwelo-moya angajamelana netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho lokubulala umntu ngeli lixa egwetywa ukufa okuphosakeleyo yentsapho yexhoba. Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho liza kujolise ingqalelo kwinjongo kunye nokungakhathali, ngoxa ityala loluntu licinga ngokungakhathali nokungakhathalelwa.

Imizekelo Yokuwa Ngokugqithiseleyo

  • Assault: Ukuhlasela okuphathekayo kungaphumela kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho (ulwaphulo-mthetho nebhetri) kunye netopiki yelizwe efuna umonakalo womntu ngamnye.
  • [[NTL:0] Fraud:[ ukuqhatha ngemali, njengokurhoxisa imali, kukhokelela kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho ngenxa yobusela okanye ubuqhetseba, kunye nokumangalelwa kwamakhaya ngenxa yokwaphula umsebenzi wokuzimela okanye ukuqhatha ngemposiso yemali nelahleko yesohlwayo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ugonyamelo oludityanisiweyo: ukuziphatha okuxhatshazwayo kudla ngokubangela izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho (ulwaphulo-mthetho, ibhetri) nomyalelo wokhuseleko lwamakhaya (ulawulo lomthetho) osungulwe lixhoba.
  • Iprojekthi yobunyani: Imveliso enesiphene ebangela umonakalo isenokuphumela kwiziphumo zezaphuli-mthetho zolwaphulo-mthetho ukuba inkampani ithe yayaphula ngempazamo imithetho yokhuseleko, ngoxa abathengi bonzakeleyo bafaka intelekelelo yemveliso yasekuhlaleni.

Esinye isiphumo esiphawulekayo sokudibana kwemida yembutho yingcamango yokuchacha kwemibutho yabemi emva kokugwetywa. Nokuba ummangalelwa wesigebengu ufunyaniswe engenatyala (ngenxa yomthwalo ophezulu wobungqina), ummangalelwa omnye angabekwa ityala kwityala letyala le-pulti. Umzekelo obalaseleyo ngu-O.J. Simpson ugwetyelwe kwinkundla yakwaphula umthetho ngenxa yokubulala ngokuphosakeleyo. Oku akubangelwangangxenge-ngozi ephindwe kabini ngenxa yokuba iziphumo zomthetho zithathwa njengezizohlukeneyo kwaye zisebenza iinjongo ezahlukeneyo.

Ukuqwalaselwa Okufanelekileyo KwamaGcisa

I-athorney emele abaxhasi kwimiboniso engenayo kufuneka ivelise iindlela ezidityanisiweyo. Igqwetha lezaphuli-mthetho elikhuselayo lingacebisa ngokuchasene nokuvavanywa kwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho ukuze liphephe ucalucalulo, kodwa elo gama lingasetyenziswa ngokuchasene nomxhasi ekudibaniseni kwemibutho yabemi. Ngokuchaseneyo, igqwetha loluntu lisenokuquququzelela abatshutshisi ukuba lisebenzise uphando lolwaphulo-mthetho ukuvumbulula ubungqina, njengoko ukufunyanwa kwezaphuli-mthetho kusoloko kwandile. Ukuqonda iziphumo ze-Phondo ze-FLT [[FLT:] Fifth Develoption , i-emperectivelsel (ispreclition), kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemimiselo-mthetho yemiqathango-yo.

Indima Yamabhokhwe Nemilinganiselo Yobungqina

Umthwalo wobungqina obungangqinelaniyo ungaphezulu kunezomthetho; zibumba indlela iityala eziqhutywa ngayo nendlela eziqulunqwe ngayo ngamatyala. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ijaji iyalela abagwebi ukuba bafanele beyiseke ngetyala lokuziphatha ngokuqiniseka . okanye naliphi ithandabuzo elisengqiqweni kufuneka likhokelele ekukhululweni. Kumatyala asekuhlaleni, abagwebi baxelelwa ukuba bagqibe ngokusekelwe kuphi na uhlobo lweziganeko olunokuthenjwa, nokuba abaqiniseka ngokupheleleyo. Lo mlinganiselo ubonakalisa ubunzulu obulinganiselweyo beziphumo: ukulahlekelwa yimpahla.

Ngokubhekele phaya, amatyala asekuhlaleni adla ngokusebenzisa ukuvavanywa kwebhedi (isigqibo esigwebayo) xa isixa sempikiswano sincinane okanye xa kufunwa isiqabu esilinganayo. Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, ingakumbi amacala eejaji, phantse ngamaxesha onke abandakanya inkundla echophela amatyala ngaphandle kokuba abamangalelwa bathe bawachasa ngokufanelekileyo. Ukubakho kwenkundla egwebayo kongeza ulwahlulelo lwebutho, olusebenza njengengqwalasela kumandla karhulumente kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Imida Etshintshatshintshayo

Umgca phakathi komthetho wamakhaya nowamatyala uyaqhubeka uguquka. Olu tshintsho lubonisa unyanzelo lwasekuhlaleni lokwaphula umthetho , apho kwakukhe kwaphethwe khona ngesohlwayo samakhaya (umz., ukuchasana kwemekobume, ukunganyaniseki kwezezimali) ngoku luneemvume zolwaphulo-mthetho. Olu tshintsho lubonisa ukunyanzeleka kwabantu ukuba baphendule ngetyala elikhulu kodwa lukwanyusa inkxalabo ngokugqithisileyo nangokungalawuleki kwesohlwayo. Olunye umba wokusetyenziswa kwempahla yamakhaya ehlatywa yimi, apho umthetho uthatha khona impahla erhanelwayo ngaphandle kokubanjwa yityala yolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kwenza imida efihlakeleyo phakathi kweenkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho nezolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukongezelela, ukunyuka kweenkqubo zokulungisa kungenisa imifuziselo edityanisiweyo edibanisa amacandelo azo zombini iinkqubo. Iinkqubo zobulungisa ezibuyiselweyo zibandakanya ukubuyiselwa kwamaxhoba kunye nokuhlawuliswa kwemibutho yabantu, ngokufuthi njengenye indlela kwisohlwayo sesithethe sezolwaphulo-mthetho. Nangona zisekelwe kwisigqibo sengxubusho yamakhaya, iinkqubo ezinjalo ziya zidityaniswa ngokukhula kwiinkqubo zenkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho, ingakumbi kumatyala aselula okanye aphantsi.

Izicelo Ezisebenzisekayo Zabenzi Bokubhaliswa Kwasemthethweni

Kumagqwetha, ubuchule bokulungelelanisa umthetho wasekuhlaleni nowamagqwetha asiyomfundo nje. Igqwetha elizenzakalisayo kufuneka liqonde xa ityala lomthengi likwangumthetho, nendlela ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho (okanye ukugwetywa) elinokuchaphazela ngayo ityala elinxulumene nemeko yasekuhlaleni. Igqwetha elikhusela ityala limele licebise abathengi ngeemeko ezifanayo kunye nomngcipheko wetyala lasekuhlaleni emva kwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Icebiso lomntu owenzakalisayo kufuneka lithathe amanyathelo anokuphengulula amatyala asemthethweni anokuvelisa izenzo zomthetho kunye nezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho zabasemagqwelejini.

Abafundi bomthetho kunye neengcaphephe eziphambili zomthetho kufuneka bafunde imithetho ecacileyo necacileyo yazo zombini iinkqubo. Iizifundo ezibubungqina, ukuvavanywa kwetyala, kunye nemigaqo esemthethweni isoloko ibalaselisa umahluko. Ukuqonda le migaqo-nkqubo kukwanceda ekukhetheni indlela yokusebenza: amanye amagqwetha akhetha idrama ephambili kunye nokhuseleko lomthetho wezaphuli-mthetho; amanye atyekele kwizifundo zobugcisa kunye nenkcubeko yezoshishino.

Isiphelo

Ulungelelwano lomthetho wamakhaya nowamatyala luphawu olunamandla nolubalulekileyo lwayo nayiphi inkqubo yomthetho ekhulileyo. Ngoxa umthetho wasekuhlaleni ugxininisa ekucombululeni iimpikiswano zabucala nakumaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho, umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho usebenza ukusohlwaya iimpazamo zikawonke-wonke kwaye ukhusela ibutho labantu. Ukungavisisani kwabo nomthwalo wobungqina, isiseko seqela, iinjongo, kwaye iziphumo zibonakalisa amaxabiso ahlukileyo enkqubo nganye exhasayo. Kodwa ukuba ufunda kunye nesenzo esifanayo singenza ukuba kubekho iimfanelo zoluntu kunye netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye kunyusekwe ukuqiniswa kwendlela yokuziphethe ngokusemthethweni. Iingcali zezomthetho ezisebenzisa zombini imigaqo yomthetho zixhotyiso ezixhotyiswe kakuhle, zixhobisa ngokunelisayo, zisebenzisa izilangazelelo-mdlangalala-mthetho. Ukuba ungumfundi, umenzi-mali, ummi, okanye ummi wabemi abatshanqinisi, ukuxabisa ukuqondwa kwakho ukusetyenziswa komthetho, ukusetyenziswa kweengxaki, nokusetyenziswa kwezo ezingekho gwenxa.