Isiseko somGaqo-siseko samandla ahlukeneyo

Inkqubo karhulumente waseMerika yakhiwa ngokuthandabuza okunzulu kwegunya eliphakamileyo. OoFata Abasunguli, besebenzisa intanda-bulumko yezobupolitika yaseMontesquieu kunye namava abo obukumkani baseBritane, bakha ngabom inkqubo apho amandla ahlulwe kwaye ahlulwe. Oku kuyabonakala kakhulu kulwalamano phakathi koMongameli noMbutho, apho isebe ngalinye linganeli nje linamandla alo ahlukileyo kodwa likwanendlela yokuxhathisa ukungenelelana ngelinye. Isiphumo singuxinzelelo olunamandla oluye lwabumba ulawulo lwaseMelika ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini.

Amanqaku I kunye ne II omGaqo-siseko amisela le siseko sobume. Inqaku I liwafaka onke amagunya owiso-mthetho kwiBhunga, ngelinye iGatya II libeka igunya eliphezulu kuMongameli. Kodwa ukwahlukana kukude kakhulu. UMongameli angawuyeka umthetho, kwaye iBhunga linokuwuyeka lo mgaqo-mthetho. UMongameli umisela abagwebi nabaphathi, kodwa iCantenel kufuneka iqinisekise. IBhunga livakalisa imfazwe, kodwa uMongameli uyalela umkhosi. La magunya angenani awenza oko uJames Madison anokukuchaza kuludwe lwamanyene noNo. 51 njengenkqubo apho u-"uMgaqo-siseko kufuneka enziwe ukulwa ne-omatilo."ICandelo kufuneka lenziwe ukuba licinezele."

Le midlalo iphakathi asisiso isiphene kulwakhiwo lomgaqo-siseko kodwa kumsebenzi wayo ongundoqo. Uhlolo nolungelelwaniso phakathi koMongameli kunye neKhomishini luqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho lwenkqubo lufuna ukuvumelana okubanzi, inciphisa isenzo sikarhulumente ukunqanda izigqibo ezingxamisekileyo okanye ezibuzwilakhe. Kwangaxeshanye, esi sakhiwo singakhokelela kwiqhina lokubophelela xa amasebe elawulwa ngamaqela aphikisanayo, siphakamisa iingxoxo eziqhubekayo malunga nokuba inkqubo iyasebenza kusini na njengoko kucetyiwe okanye kufuneka ukwenziwa kweli xesha.

Ukuqonda Iindima Ezahlukileyo Zesebe Ngalinye

Ukuze ayiqonde ngokupheleleyo indlela esebenza ngayo le ngxaki nolungelelwano, umntu kufuneka aqale aqonde iindima zomGaqo-siseko ezinikwe uMongameli neNkqutyana. Ezi ndima zichaza umgaqo-siseko wegunya apho isebe ngalinye lisebenza khona.

Umongameli: Intloko kaRhulumente noRhulumente

UMongameli usebenza njengentloko yorhulumente kunye nentloko karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Le ndima idityaniswe nemisebenzi yesithethe negunya elingaphantsi kwegunya lolawulo oluphezulu. UMongameli ujongene nokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho karhulumente iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka, ukukhokela imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo yosuku kusuku, kwaye ukumela i-United States kwimicimbi yamanye amazwe. Njengomyaleli-omphathi-mikhosi exhobileyo, uMongameli unegunya elipheleleyo kwimisebenzi yomkhosi, nangona iKonkqu yesizwe kuphela enokuthi ivakalise imfazwe kwaye ixhase umkhosi.

UMongameli umisela kwakhona ucwangciso lwenkqubo yesizwe ngentetho yeSizwe se-Union, icebisa uqingqo-mali lwesizwe, kunye nemiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo elawula indlela ephunyezwa ngayo imithetho ekhoyo. Ezi zixhobo zinika uMongameli impembelelo ebalulekileyo kulwalathiso lwelizwe, kwanangaphandle komthetho omtsha. Noko ke, onke la mandla aphantsi kohlolo lwembutho, ukuqinisekisa ukuba igunya lomongameli lihlala linyanzelekile kwimida yesiseko.

IBhunga: Isebe Elilawulayo

IBhunga liyiko leBhunga leBhunga neNdlu yabameli, ngalinye elinamagunya ahlukeneyo kodwa asebenzisanayo. Indlu, enezihlalo ezabiwe ngabantu, imela izilangazelelo ezithe ngqo zabantu kwaye inegunya elipheleleyo lokusungula iindleko zengeniso nelokungatyunjwa kwamagosa karhulumente. INdlu yeeNtsimbi, enamalungu amabini kwiphondo ngalinye, imela izilangazelelo zamaphondo kwaye iphethe amandla okuqinisekisa ukumiselwa komongameli, izivumelwano ze-raiftify, kwaye izama ukuqinisekisa ukuqulungwa komongameli.

Inqaku I libala amandla akhethekileyo eBhunga, kuquka amandla erhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, imali, ukusungula iiofisi zeposi, ukusungula imfazwe, ukuphakamisa nokuxhasa imikhosi, kwaye kwenza yonke imithetho iyimfuneko kwaye ifaneleke ekuphumezeni la magunya. I-Icetal neMoniment Claus, ngokukodwa, iye yachazwa kabanzi ngokuhamba kwexesha, ivumela iBhunga ukuba licombulule imicimbi abaQaphi be-condayo, ukusuka kumgaqo wemekobume bendalo ukuya kumgangatho okhuselekileyo.

Esi sakhiwo se-bimeral ngokwaso sisebenza njengohlolo lwangaphakathi kumandla owiso-mthetho. Umthetho kufuneka udlulise omabini amaziko afanayo phambi kokuba athunyelwe kuMongameli, uqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ubonisa ukuvumelana okubanzi kunokuthanda kweqela elinye.

Amandla angundoqo kaMongameli neSiseko sawo somGaqo-siseko

Amandla kaMongameli adweliswe kwiGatya II lomGaqo-siseko, nangona ulwimi lungenankcukacha zininzi kunezo zichaza igunya leBhunga. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwingxoxo eqhubekayo ngobungakanani bamandla alawulayo, ingakumbi ngamaxesha amanqam.

Amandla Eveto

Mhlawumbi iveto nguvavanyo oluthe ngqo loMongameli kwiBhunga. Phantsi kweCandelo I, ICandelo ngalinye elidluliswa yiKhonkxa-ntle kufuneka linikwe uMongameli ukuze livunyelwe. UMongameli uneenketho ezintathu: tyikitya ityala kumthetho, ligalelwe kwaye libuyiselwe kwiKhomishini ephikisayo, okanye livumele ukuba libe ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino emva kweentsuku ezilishumi. Ukuba iCandelo lithelekisa ii-ambronears ebudeni bexesha leshumi, ingxowa, kunye nomthetho ufa ngaphandle kwesenzo soMongameli.

Iveto ngamandla angalunganga avumela uMongameli ukuba avimbele umthetho kodwa angawudali. Ingqungquthela ingawugqitha umgangatho onee-"3" kuninzi lwamagumbi omabini, umvalo ophakamileyo onqabile ukuphunyezwa. Kwimbali, oomongameli baye basebenzisa umthetho owenzelwe ukugatya, abakholelwa ukuba awukho mthethweni, ungenankathalo, okanye ngokuchasene nomdla wohlanga. Umongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt ubamba ingxelo ngo635vees, ngelixa abanye oomongameli, kuquka uJohn Adams noThomas Jefferson, abakhange basebenzise umthetho owenziweyo, okanye abawusebenzisi bonke.

Imiyalelo yegunya eliphakamileyo kunye nolawulo loMongameli

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo yimiyalelo ekhutshwa nguMongameli ukuba alawule imisebenzi karhulumente worhulumente wesizwe. Ngeli xesha umGaqo-siseko ungakhankanyi ngokucacileyo imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo, ufumana kumsebenzi weQumrhu II ukuba "yinyamekele ukuba imithetho iphumezwe ngokuthembeka." imiyalelo yegunya lolawulo olunolawulo oluphezulu isebenza kumaqumrhu karhulumente kodwa kufuneka ibekwe kwigunya elikhoyo okanye kumandla omgaqo-siseko.

Abalawuli baye basebenzisa imiyalelo yabalawuli ukufikelela iinjongo zabo ngaphandle kokulinda ukuthatha inyathelo lombutho. Imizekelo ephawulekayo iquka umyalelo womphathiswa kaTruman ophelisa umkhosi, uMongameli Eisenhower womyalelo wokunyanzela isikolo ukuba sipheliswe kwi-Little Rock, Arkansas, kunye noMongameli Obama's Defered Defection for Childhoontal actions. Ngoko, imiyalelo yegunya eliphetheyo ingawiswa yiBhunga-mthetho, ikhutshwe yinkundla ukuba igqitha igunya lomgaqo-siseko, okanye ipheliswe ngumongameli olandelayo.

Amandla eSindululo kunye neNkqutyana

UMongameli umisela abagwebi bephondo, kuquka abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, oothunywashe, amalungu eKhabhinethi, neentloko zamaziko azimeleyo. Oku kumiselwa kuvumela uMongameli ukuba abumbe ikomiti yejaji kunye nesebe elilawulayo kangangeminyaka okanye amashumi eminyaka angaphezulu kwegama elinye. Noko ke, iSivumelo sikaNondyebo sikaClaus kufuneka onke amagosa ayintloko afumane icebiso kunye nemvume yeNdlundyebe, enika iBhunga ingcebiso elibalulekileyo kweli gunya.

Inkqubo yeQela i-Intenet iye yaqalisa ukuphikisana ngokukhulayo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Abaququzeleli bangalibazisa okanye bathintele ukuvalela phakathi kwezibambi, ii-finbuster, okanye ukuchaswa okucacileyo. Abameli kufuneka basoloko bethethane nabaququzeleli ukukhusela isiqinisekiso, ingakumbi xa iqela elichasayo lilawula iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba ukumiswa kubonisa iqondo lesivumelwano se-bipartis, nangona kusenokukhokelela kwizithuba ezithe kratya.

ISindululo soLawulo oluPhezulu neSigqeba soMsebenzi weQumrhu

Oomongameli bakwathi banegunya lokufumana ilungelo eliphezulu, ilungelo lokuvala ulwazi kwiBhunga kunye neenkundla zokukhusela imfihlo yokuququzelela amasebe alawulayo. Eli lungelo alichazwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko kodwa liye laqwalaselwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo njengelimiselwe ngokuzalwa kwahlulwa amagunya. United States v. Nixon [1997]), iNkukholelwa ukuba ilungelo eliphetheyo likho kodwa alimele liphelele kwaye kufuneka linikezele kwiimfuno zenkqubo yokulawula yezaphuli-mthetho.

Ingcamango yesebe elilawulayo, ethi uMongameli unegunya elipheleleyo kwisebe eliphetheyo, iye yacelwa ngoomongameli bale mihla ukuthethelela ukusetyenziswa ngogonyamelo kwamandla olawulo. Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi iqinisekisa ukuphendula ngokubeka imbopheleleko kwigosa elinye elinyuliweyo. Abahlalutyi bathi ijongela phantsi inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ngokunikela ingqalelo kakhulu kwigunya kwiNdlu yabamhlophe.

Amandla angundoqo eBhunga kunye neSizinzi somGaqo-siseko

IBhunga linamagunya amaninzi ahlola isebe elilawulayo, amaninzi awo adweliswe kwinqaku I, Icandelo 8. La mandla avumela iNgqungquthela ukuba inyanzele, ingqale ize iphande inyathelo lomongameli.

Amandla Okulawula

Amandla ayintloko eBhunga ligunya lokwenza imithetho. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ifuna ukuba omabini amaziko adlulisele amatyala afanayo, anikelwa kuMongameli. Eli gunya livumela iNgqungquthela ukuba imisele iinkqubo ezidibanisa isebe eliphetheyo. Ukuba uMongameli akavumelani nomthetho, isebe eliphetheyo kufuneka liwunyanzelise ngaphandle kokuba liphinde lipheliswe okanye lifunyanwe lingekho lihlelo.

Inkqubo yokwenza umthetho icotha ngabom kwaye iyavala. Xa uMongameli ethatha inyathelo ngelinye ixesha ngemithetho, iikomiti ezingaphantsi, kunye neengxoxo zomgangatho kumagumbi omabini ngaphambi kokufika kwidesika yoMongameli. Oku kuntsonkotha kuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uqwalaselwa ngokucokisekileyo, kodwa kwakhona kuthetha ukuba iBhunga lizama ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza xa kuvela iingxaki. Xa uMongameli ethatha inyathelo ngokungenamdla ngemiyalelo yegunya, iBhunga lingaphendula ngokukhupha umthetho ovumela ulawulo lwalo, liqulunqele ngokuphumelela umsebenzi wempalathiso.

Amandla Okuthenga

Inqaku I, Icandelo 9 linikela ukuba "akukho mali eza kuthathwa kuMandla, kodwa kwiNcedo yeZigqibo ezenziwe nguMthetho." Eli gunya lemali linika impembelelo engaqhelekanga kwiNgqungquthela kuzo zonke iinkalo zikarhulumente wezwe. IBhunga limisela ukuba yimalini umbutho ngamnye ayifumanayo, oko inokuchithwa kuyo, kwaye phantsi kwayo nayiphi na imeko. Oku kuvumela iBhunga ukuba linikele izivumelwano okanye lihlawule inyathelo lobumongameli eliphantsi, livuze okanye lisohlwaye, limisele imithetho ephambili ngaphandle kokuyidlulisa umthetho ongaphantsi komthetho.

Inkqubo yokuchaza ingundo phakathi koMongameli kunye neKhomishini. Oomongameli bacebisa ukuba kwenziwe uqingqo-mali, kodwa akuyomfuneko ukuba iNgqungquthela ithathe inxaxheba. Xa uMongameli kunye neNgqungquthela ingavumelani nokusebenzisa izinto eziza kuqala, iziphumo zingaba kukuvalwa korhulumente, izigqibo eziqhubekayo, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwemali echithwayo edityanisiweyo elinganiswe ngeemali kunye. Amandla emali yemali avumela iBhunga ukuba linyanzele iimeko ekuxhaseni imali, njengokufuna abameli ukuba banikele ingxelo ngemisebenzi yabo okanye baphephe ukusebenzisa iinjongo ezithile.

Ukungakhathalelwa Nokushenxiswa

Amandla eBhunga angomnye wezona zihlolo zalo zoyikekayo kwigunya lomongameli. Icandelo II, iCandelo lesi-4 linika ukuba uMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, nawo onke amagosa angowaseUnited States angasuswa eofisini ngokungagunyaziswa, kwaye akhuselwe, ukungcangcazeliswa, ukunyotywa, okanye obunye ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nabameli abangekho mthethweni. Indlu yabameli inamandla okungathobeli, ifuna ivoti enkulu. Indlu yendlu ikhombisa ukuvavanywa kwaye isenokubanjwa ngabaninzi ababini-3, ngenxa yokususwa kwesikhundla.

Ukungaquki kungumgaqo-nkqubo wezopolitiko, hayi wesigebengu. Intsingiselo ye "ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nabasebenzi abangekho mthethweni" iye yaxutyushwa kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, ithe yaphikisa ukuba igqubuthela kuphela ihambo enzulu yolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye abanye baxambulisana ngokuthi iquka ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla okusongela umgaqo-siseko. Oomongameli abathathu baye baphenjelelwa yiNdlu: Andrew Johnson ngo1868, uBill Clinton ngo1998, kunye noDonald Trump ngo-2019 kunye no-2021. Akukho nanye eyabekwa ityala yiNsungulo, nangona uMongameli Nixon phambi kokuba indlu irhoxiwe.

Ulawulo nophando oluseluxongweni

Amandla okuphanda akakhankanywa ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko kodwa aye aqwalaselwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo njengeyimfuneko kumsebenzi wowiso-mthetho weNkqutyana. Ngokuva, ii-pona, kunye neengxelo, iBhunga linokuhlolisisa indlela isebe elilawulayo elisebenzisa ngayo imithetho, ukukhutshwa kwenkunkuma nokuxhatshazwa, kwaye ligcine amagosa eekomiti ephendulayo. Inkqubo yeekomiti ivumela iBhunga ukuba liphuhlise ubuchule kwimimandla ethile yezomgaqo-nkqubo nokuqhuba ulawulo oluqhubekayo lwamasebe neenkqubo.

Uphando lweBhunganion lutyhile amahlazo amakhulu, kuquka iTsikiti leDome yee1920, iWatergate opulse-in, i-Iran-Contra, kunye nohlaselo lwe-Benghazi. Olu phengululo lukhokelele ekulahleni, ekudutyuleni, ekutshisweni kwemithetho, nakwiimeko ezithile, ukutshutshiswa kolwaphulo-mthetho. Noko ke, ukuphumelela kokuphatha kwe-mthetho kuxhomekeke ekuthandeni kwe-Phondo nokuvuma kwayo ukuvavanya isebe eliphetheyo, elinokulinganiselwa xa iqela lilawula omabini amasebe.

UMthetho woKhuthazo noMgaqo-nkqubo waMazwe

Xa uMongameli eqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe kwaye eqhuba izivumelwano, iNdlu yeQeqesho kufuneka ivume izivumelwano zobuGcisa ngobuninzi obubini obuzii-3 ngaphambi kokuba zisebenze. Oku kunika iNdlu yeNdlu yeMacana isandi esinamandla ekulungiseni izibophelelo zezizwe ngezizwe zaseMelika. IBhunga lingacebisa ukubuyiselwa kwizivumelwano, ukumisela iimeko ekukhuthuzweni kwezivumelwano, okanye ukungafuni ukuqwalasela isivumelwano ngokupheleleyo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba uMongameli akanakudibanisa iUnited States ngelinye ixesha kwizivumelwano ezingekho nkxaso yamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe.

Oomongameli maxa wambi baye bayiphepha inkqubo yesivumelwano ngokusebenzisa izivumelwano ezilawulayo, ezingafuni mvume yeBhunga. Izivumelwano zoLawulo oluPhezulu zibophelelekile phantsi komthetho wezizwe kodwa azinalo ilungelo elisemthethweni elisemthethweni elifanayo nalelo lesizwe njengezivumelwano. IBhunga liye lazichasa ezi zinto, amanye amalungu ephikisa ukuba ijongela phantsi indima yomGaqo-siseko weNdlu yeeNkundla. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaxhasa ukusetyenziswa kwezivumelwano zegunya elilawulayo, ukuba nje ziyavumelana negunya elikhoyo lomthetho-mthetho.

Ubuchule Bokusebenzisana

Iingqikelelo kunye nomlinganiselo phakathi koMongameli kunye neBhunga zisebenza ngothotho lweenkqubo ezithile ezivumela isebe ngalinye lixhathise ukuphamba kwelinye.

Ukujongana Noomongameli Kwingqungquthela

Ngapha kweveto, uMongameli unezixhobo ezininzi zokuhlola amandla engqungquthela. UMongameli angabiza ingqungquthela kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo, evumela umphathi ophetheyo ukuba amisele imimiselo yowiso-mthetho. UMongameli ukwanamandla okugquma iKhonkxa-mbuso ukuba amagumbi amabini akanakuvumelana ngomhla wokugquma idinga, nangona eli gunya lingafane lisetyenziswe. Amandla okuxolela, avumela uMongameli ukuba anike u-Reprievations kunye nezisolelo zetyala likarhulumente, akathotyelwe kukukhotyoliswa kwesivumelwano kwaye asebenza njengovavanyo kwisebe lomthetho kwaye, ngokungangqalanga, ngamandla eBhunga-Candelo lokuchaza ulwaphulo-mthetho.

UMongameli ukwaphembelela iKhonkxa ngeqonga eliqhwalela abantu ngenkxwaleko, esebenzisa iintetho zikawonke-wonke kunye nokubonakala kwemithombo yezosasazo ukuze akhe inkxaso ethandwayo yocwangciso lolawulo. Umongameli onemigangatho ephezulu anganyanzela iKhomishini egunya ukuba idlulisele umthetho, ngelixa umongameli onemigangatho ephantsi esenokukufumanisa kunzima ukuqhubela phambili naliphi na inyathelo. Eli gunya lingacwangciswanga kumGaqo-siseko kodwa liye laba sisixhobo esibalulekileyo solawulo lomongameli kwisizukulwana samajelo eendaba.

Ukujongana Nomongameli

IBhunga lineenkqubo ezininzi zokuhlola amandla omongameli ngaphezu kwalawo sele kuxoxwe ngawo. Icebiso leNdlu yeQesho kunye namandla okuvuma adluliselwa kwizivumelwano nakukumiselwa, ngelixa amandla endlu okukhupha iindleko zemali zemali ehlawulwayo eyenza ibe nendima ephambili kwimigaqo yemali. UMthetho woLawulo wama-25th wokuHlaziyiswa uvumela iKhomishini ukuba ibe nenxaxheba kwizigqibo ezimalunga nokukhubazeka komongameli kunye nokulandelelana, iqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo liyaqhubeka lisebenza naxa uMongameli engenamandla.

UMthetho woMthetho woMgaqo-siseko we-Reorganisation Act ka-1946 wadala inkqubo yoqingqo-mali, inika iKhomishini inkqubo esesikweni yokumisela inkqubo yokungahambelani nomthetho wemali. UMthetho woLawulo loHlahlo noLawulo loMmandla we-Imposta othe waphinda waqinisa amandla eBhunga lengxowa-mali ngokumisela ukungahlawuli imali efunwa yiBhunga. Lo mthetho wawukukusabela okungqalileyo kuMongameli Nixon ekusetyenzisweni kokungasetyenziswa kwemithetho ekwahlulelwa ekuthinteleni iinkqubo.

Imicimbi ezimeleyo noRhulumente woLawulo

Ulwando lwezwe lolawulo luye lwazinzisa nzima iingqikelelo kunye nolungelelwano lwesithethe phakathi koMongameli kunye neNgqungquthela. Amasebe azimeleyo anjengeFederal Reserve, iKhomishini yoNdebenzo kunye neKhomishini yoNxulumaniso, kunye neKhomishini yoManyano iyinxalenye yesebe elilawulayo kodwa yenzelwe ukugqunywa kulawulo olungqalileyo lomongameli. Iinkokeli zawo zisebenzisa izicwangciso ezizinzileyo kwaye zingasuswa kuphela ngenxa yesizathu, zithintele amandla kaMongameli okulawula izenzo zazo.

IKhomishini yayila aba bameli ukusingatha le miba yomthetho efuna ubuchule kunye nozimeleyo kwezobupolitika. Noko ke, uzimele kwaba bameli baye bacelw'ucelwa ngumongameli abathi bachasene nengcamango yesebe elilawulayo. INkundla ePhakamileyo ithethe ngale ngxaki kwiimeko ezifana i-Humphrey's Dector v. United States [1935] kunye [FLT] i-Free Enterpurise Fund v. Public Company Accounting Over Oversart Board ] (20)], ixhasa umgaqo-siseko solawulo esizimeleyo ngexesha lokulawula.

Imizekelo Yembali Ebonisa Ukulungelelana Nokulungelelana

Ulwalamano oluphakathi koMongameli neBhunga loMbutho luye lwavavanywa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika.

Ityala leNtlanganiso yamanzi neNkokeli

Ihlazo leWatergate lonyaka ka-1970 lisengumzekelo obalaseleyo woNcedo yokuhlola amandla omongameli. Emva kokwaphulwa kwekomkhulu leKomiti yeSizwe yeDemocratic, iKhomishini yasungula uphando olubanzi olwabonisa indlela yokusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya nguMongameli Nixon kunye nolawulo lwakhe. IKomiti yeCatherame Watergate yaba nesandi esicuthekileyo ebamba ingqalelo yohlanga, ngelinye ixesha iKomiti yeHouse Judiciary ivumile ukunqanda ukuthintela ukuphatha okusesikweni, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya, kunye nokudelela iBhunga.

Ukurhoxa kukaNixon ngoAgasti 1974, phambi kokuba indlu ivote ngokungacetyiswanga, kwabonisa ukusebenza kobuphathi bombutho xa kudityaniswe noxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke kunye nesenzo sokugweba. Ihlazo lakhokelela kwiinguqu ezinkulu, kuquka i-Ethics in Government Act, ukudalwa kwemimiselo yezemali ezimeleyo, kunye nemimiselo yezemali ephuculiweyo. La mava amisela imizekelo yokuba oomongameli banokubekwa kwityala lokuxhatshazwa kwegunya, kwanaxa ezo mpatho zingabi zizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukungaphakamisi Nokusikelwa Kwemida Kwamandla Engqungquthela

Ukungagunyaziswa kukaMongameli Clinton ngo-1998 kwavavanya imida yokungaqeshwa kweBhunga. Indlu yacenga uClinton ngezityholo ze-perjury kunye nezithintelo zobulungisa ezinxulumene nolwalamano lwakhe neNdlu emhlophe. Eli tyala laphakamisa imibuzo esisiseko malunga nokuba kutheni kungubugxwayiba obukhulu kunye nabaphambuki bemithetho engafanelekanga okanye kusini na ukuba ukungagunyaziswanga kufanele kugcinelwe ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla asemthethweni kunokuba kubekwe ngendlela engafanelekanga yobuqu.

IBhunga leNdlela yakhulula uClinton emva kokuvavanywa kweeveki ezintlanu, kungekho nqaku lokungakhuthaziyo elamkela ivoti enkulu. Isiphumo sacebisa ukuba iKhomishini igcine ukungaceli ihambo esongela umgaqo-siseko ngqo, ngokuchasene neempazamo zobuqu. Esi siganeko sikwabethelela imeko yezobupolitika yenkqubo yokungagunyazi, ngokunjalo namavoti alandela kakhulu imiqathango yeqela.

UMthetho wokunyamekela onokufumaneka kunye nemida yamandla oMthetho

Ukudlula koMthetho we-Affordble Care Act ngo-2010 kwabonisa amandla eNgqungquthela okumisela iinguqu ezinkulu zenkqubo, kwanaxa wayejongene nenkcaso yobungameli. Umongameli u-Obama wenza utshintsho lonyango oluphambili, esebenza ngokusondeleyo nomthetho weBhunga lobuchule obuza kwandisa ukukhutshelwa nokulawulwa kweentengiso ze-inshorensi. Umthetho wamiswa kuphela ngeevoti zeDemocratic ment emva kwengxoxo ethathe ixesha elingaphezu konyaka.

Iziganeko ezilandelayo zabonisa uvavanyo olokuba oomongameli bangalusebenzisa kumthetho okhoyo. UMongameli uTrump, owachasa i-ACA, wasebenzisa imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo kunye neenguqu zolawulo ukwenzela ukunciphisa inkxaso-mali yokufikelela nokubhalisa, ukwandisa izicwangciso ze-inshorensi zexesha elifutshane ezingavumelaniyo nemithetho ye-ACA, kunye nokuxhasa imingeni yenkundla kumgaqo-siseko womthetho. Ezi zenzo zabonisa ukuba ngoxa iBhunga limisela imithetho, uMongameli unamandla aphawulekayo okubumba indlela esetyenziswa ngayo.

Amandla emfazwe eengqungquthela Nesenzo Somkhosi

ISigqibo seWar Powers sowe-1973, esidluliselwe phezu koMongameli Nixon's, simele enye yezona mizamo zeBhunga elibalulekileyo lokuhlola igunya lomongameli kwiinkqubo zangaphandle. Umthetho ufuna ukuba uMongameli adibane neBhunga phambi kokuba afake imikhosi exhobileyo kwimfazwe, arhoxe imikhosi ephakathi kweentsuku ezingama-60 ukuya kwezingama-90 ngaphandle kokuba iKhomishini igunyazise isenzo. Esi sigqibo sasiyimpendulo engqalileyo kwimfazwe yaseVietnam, leyo abaninzi kwiBhunga-ngqungquthela ababekholelwa ukuba yayiqhutywe ngaphandle kogunyaziso olufanelekileyo lomthetho.

ISigqibo samaGunya emfazwe besiphikisana ukususela ekumisweni kwayo. Abameli baye baphikisa ukuba iphazamisa igunya labo lomgaqo-siseko njengentloko-ntloko kwaye isoloko ingaphumeleli ukuthobela iimfuno zayo zohlolo. IBhunga alifane linyanzelise isigqibo, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuba amalungu athandabuza ukuthatha imbopheleleko yezigqibo zomkhosi phakathi kongquzulwano. Uxanduva phakathi kwamandla omongameli negunya lombutho luhlala lungapheliswa, kunye nongquzulwano ngalunye olulandelelanayo oluphakamisa imibuzo emitsha ngolungelelwano olufanelekileyo.

Ukulungelelana Okuqhubekayo Kwamandla Kwixesha Lanamhlanje

Iindlela zokuhlola nokulinganisela phakathi koMongameli neNgqungquthela ziye zaguquka ngokuphawulekayo kule nkulungwane idluleyo, ziqhutywa kukutshintsha kobugcisa, kwezobupolitika nolawulo lukarhulumente.

Ukuvela Korhulumente Wolawulo

Ulwando lukarhulumente wequmrhu ngexesha leNew Deal kunye neGreat Society lwasusa amandla abalulekileyo kwiBhunga eliphetheyo ukuya kwisebe. IKhomishini yadala amasebe amaninzi yaza yanika igunya elibanzi kuwo, ilindele ukuba abalawuli abanobuchule baphumeze imimiselo entsonkothileyo kuneyoyinoyikisayo. Eli gqiza liye lanika oomongameli impembelelo ecacileyo kwimimandla yezomgaqo-nkqubo eyayikade ingummandla opheleleyo weBhunga.

IBhunga liye lazama ukukhupha elinye lala gunya ngomgaqo-nkqubo ofana noMthetho weBhunga eliBalamli, ovumela ukuba iNgqungquthela ibhukuqe imimiselo yeziko ngokwesigqibo samalungu anye. Noko ke, iCRA iye yasetyenziswa ngokuncipha, kwaye intsingiselo iyonke ibikugunya eliphezulu kurhulumente wolawulo.

Ukuhlaziywa kweQela kunye nokungqubana kweZiko

Ukwanda kwentsebenziswano phakathi koMongameli kunye neNgqungquthela. Xa umongameli kunye neNgqungquthela zilawulwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo, ungquzulwano lwamaqumrhu lungaba yimfazwe elwahlulayo, kwicala ngalinye lisebenzisa amandla alo omgaqo-siseko ukuvala icebo lomnye. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwimibutho eninzi, iincutshe ezingakumbi, uphando olungakumbi, kunye nemigudu engakumbi yokuvala inkqubo yemithetho yemithetho eqhelekileyo ngemiyalelo yegunya elikhulu nezinye izenzo ezingekho mthethweni.

Abanye abaphengululi bathi ukudilika kuye kwenza inkqubo yokungalungelelani nokungalungelelani yabangela ukuba urhulumente angakwazi ukusingatha iingxaki ezicinezelayo ezifana netyala lesizwe, ukufuduka, nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi le nkqubo isebenza ngendlela ecetyisiweyo, ithoba ulawulo nokunyanzelisa ukulalanisa, nokuba ngamanye amaxesha oko kuphumela ekubeni ityala lihambele phambili.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokutshintsha kolawulo

Ubuxhakaxhaka buye batshintsha indlela uMongameli neNkcubeko esebenzisana ngayo. Imithombo yezonxibelelwano ivumela oomongameli ukuba banxibelelane ngqo noluntu, bagqithe amajelo eendaba, yaye, ngaxa lithile, iBhunga loMbutho. Kwangaxeshanye, izixhobo zemivo zikwenze ukuba ulawulo lombutho lusebenze ngakumbi, iikomiti zikwazi ukufikelela iingxelo ezininzi zenkcazelo nothungelwano ebudeni bophando.

Iminyaka yamanani ikwaphakamisa imibuzo emitsha ngokuphathelele ilungelo eliphezulu kunye nokufikelela kwingqungquthela. IHolo yeWhite House iye yazichasa izicelo zonxibelelwano lwangaphakathi, iphikisa ngelithi zikhuselwe lilungelo eliphezulu kunye nenkqubo yokuthomalalisa. IBhunga liye laphendula kwii-athoponas kwaye, kwezinye iimeko, ukuthotyelwa isidima, nto leyo ekhokelela kumadabi asemthethweni angazange asoloko econjululwe ngokucacileyo.

Isiphelo: Ukuthotywa Okunyamezeleyo Kweepeksi Nolungelelwano

Iingqiniwa kunye nokulungelelana phakathi koMongameli kunye neNgqungquthela kusafuneka kumsebenzi wedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Le nkqubo, eyayenzelwe ngabaseki abaFundi Bokuseka ukunqanda ukuxinezeleka kwamandla, ingqineke inamandla aphawulekayo ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini zeemeko ezitshintshayo. Iye yasinda kwiimfazwe, iingxaki zezoqoqosho, iimpazamo zezobupolitika, kunye nokutshintsha okusisiseko kwemeko karhulumente.

Ukuqonda ezi zinto zinamandla asiyonto nje efundiswayo. IMisebenzi eyiqondayo indlela elungele ngayo uMongameli neKhomishini iyakwazi ukuvavanya iimpikiswano zezobupolitika, ibeke abameli bayo esichengeni, ize ibe nenxaxheba ngendlela ecacileyo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Le nkqubo ixhomekeke kuluntu olunolwazi oluqonda amagunya kunye nemida yesebe ngalinye likarhulumente.

Njengokuba i-United States ijongene nocelomngeni olutsha olusuka kutshintsho lwezobugcisa ukuya kukhuphiswano lwezentlalo-bume, uvavanyo kunye nolungelelwano phakathi koMongameli kunye neKhomishini luza kuqhubeka luguquka. Ubugcisa obutsha, izisongelo ezintsha, kunye nolungelelwaniso olutsha lwezobupolitika ziya kuvavanya isiseko somGaqo-siseko ngeendlela abangenakuzilindela. Kodwa umgaqo ongundoqo uhlala ufana: akukho sebe elinye likarhulumente elifanele libambe amandla angathintelwa. Unxulumano oluqhubekayo phakathi koMongameli noMbutho, kunye nazo zonke iingxwabangxwabangxwano zalo, asingomqondiso wokusilela nokusilela kodwa umqondiso wokuhlala komGaqo-o-siseko waseMerika.

Ukuqhubeka kufundwa, hlolisisa umbhalo opheleleyo womGaqo-siseko kumaZibonelo esizwe , phinda uhlolo AmaPhepha aMalungiselelo kwiBhunga.gov, kwaye hlolisisa [[FLT:] inkcazo yeNdlu emhlophe yeHolo yesebe eliphetheyo[.