Ukuqalisa Umthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho Nenkqubo Yokusesikweni

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho usisiseko senkqubo yokulawula, umisela imithetho echaza ukuziphatha okungavumelekanga kunye nezigwebo kwabo bawaphulayo. Engundoqoni wawo, umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ukhusela ukhuseleko loluntu, uphakamisa ucwangco lwentlalo-ntle, kwaye uqinisekisa ukuphendula ityala lokuziphatha okuyingozi. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wesizwe, ocombulula iimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo, umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ubandakanya urhulumente omangalela umntu okanye umntu othile owenzelwe ukophula umthetho. Imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho emiselwe yimithetho yomthetho, imigaqo eqhelekileyo, nemigaqo yemithetho emisela igunya likarhulumente. Imithetho yonke ingurhulumente, okanye imigaqo yezomthetho yasekuhlaleni, okanye ibandakanya imigaqo yayo yolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa yonke izabelana isakhiwo esisekelwe kwimiqathangombutho yolwaphulo-mthetho: ukwenza isenzo sobugqenti (isenzo esinetyala) kunye nabantu (izenzo ezibunyani) ezigweba ezikhoyo. Ukuqonda ezi migaqo zomthetho ziyimfuneko okanye isiseko somthetho.

Imigaqo Eyintloko Esekelwe Kumthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho

Ngaphambi kokuntywila kumgangatho wemvelaphi, kubalulekile ukuqonda imigaqo elawula onke amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Ezi migaqo ziqinisekisa ukuba umntu unelungelo lokuzikhethela nokukhusela inkululeko yakhe yonke loo nto.

Ukusetyenziswa

Wonke ummangalelwa ucingelwa ukuba umsulwa de agwetywe enetyala. Lo mgaqo ubeka umthwalo onzima wobungqina ngokupheleleyo kwityala. Ummangalelwa akamele angqine ukuba akanatyala; kunoko, urhulumente kufuneka aveze ubungqina obaneleyo ukuqinisekisa ijaji okanye abachopheli-tyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni.

Umthwalo Nomgangatho Wobungqina

Ityala lithwala umthwalo wombini (ukunika ubungqina obaneleyo bokuxhasa inkalo nganye yolwaphulo-mthetho) nomthwalo wokweyisela (ukuqinisekisa ukuba ufumana inyani). Ukuthandabuza okusengqiqweni akuyontsomi okanye intelekelelo kodwa kukuthandabuza okusekelwe kwingqiqo nobungqina obusekelwe kwintlawulo yononophelo olululo. Ukuba kukho ukungaqiniseki okuseleyo, isigqibo kufuneka singabi natyala.

Izinto Ezibangela Ulwaphulo - mthetho

Zonke iimpazamo zezaphuli-mthetho zichazwa zizinto ezithile ezimele zingqinwe ngurhulumente. Ii-asethi ezimbini ezibalulekileyo yi-actus reus (isenzo sokuzithandela okanye ukushiya) kunye namadoda aphinda afumane ityala (imeko yengqondo, njengenjongo, ukungakhathali, okanye ukungakhathali). Ulwaphulo-mthetho oluninzi lufuna ukuqhathwa kwaye lwenzeke. Umzekelo, ukugwetywa ngetyala ngenxa yobusela, ummangalelwa kufuneka abonise ukuba ummangalelwa omaziyo uthatha impahla yomnye ngenjongo yokumhlutha loo nto.

Iinkalo Ezinenkcukacha Zezaphuli - mthetho

Inkqubo yobulungisa yezaphuli-mthetho kukulandelelana kwamanyathelo acwangcisiweyo, enzelwe ukulungelelanisa izilangazelelo zokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, amalungelo amaxhoba, kunye nokhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko. Ngelixesha kukho umahluko phakathi kwemithetho elawulayo, la manqanaba alandelayo amele isiseko somgangatho kwinkqubo ye-advertari.

1. Uphando kunye novuselelo lwangaphambili

Umthetho onyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho uqalisa uphando xa ufumana isikhalazo, ukujonga imisebenzi ekrokrelekayo, okanye ukuqokelela ubukrelekrele. Amagosa aqokelela ubungqina obuphathekayo, amangqina okuphendula iingxelo zokhangelo, kwaye angasebenzisa imvume yokufuna imvume yokukhangela. UMthetho Wesine oLawulayo ufuna imiyalelo esekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo kwaye achaze ngokungqalileyo indawo ekufuneka iphandwe kunye nezinto eziza kuthinjwa. Kwizinto ezingxamisekileyo (imeko ezikhoyo), abaphathi-ofisi bangaphengulula ukuba ubungqina bubonakala busengozini okanye umntu usengozini ekhawulezileyo. Ubuninzi bemicimbini ye-icell, ii-imeyili, kunye nezikhumbo zonxibelelwano zoluntu zibonisa indima ebalulekileyo kuphando lwangoku.

2. Ukubanjwa nokubhaliswa kwencwadi

Ukubanjwa kwenzeka xa amapolisa ethatha ukrokrelwa kwintolongo ngenxa yesizathu esilindelekileyo sokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenziwa. Amabanjwa amaninzi enziwa ngesiqinisekiso esikhutshwe ngumgwebi, kodwa amagosa angabanjwa ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ukuba abonile ulwaphulo-mthetho okanye anezizathu ezifanelekileyo zokukholelwa ukuba ityala lenzekile. Xa sele sikwisikhululo, kucekwa ukuba kubhaliwe ingxelo yobuqu, ii-minwe kunye nemifanekiso ethathweyo. Kule meko, amatyala amele axelelwe ukuba afanele axelwe ngamalungelo awo eMiranda okanye ahlale ethe cwaka, ahlale ekhululekile kwigqwetha. [flct:0]. [FLT:]

3. Ukuvumela Izigqibo kunye nembonakalo yokuqala

Kwixeshana elifutshane emva kokubanjwa (ngokuqhelekileyo iiyure ezingama-24-48), ityala kufuneka lisiwe phambi komgwebi ukuze kuvele imbonakalo. Ijaji iyazisa ummangalelwa ngezityholo, ibakhumbuza ngamalungelo abo, icwangcisa ibheyile okanye iimeko zokukhulula, ize imisele icebiso ukuba ummangalelwa akanakukwazi ukuhlawula enye. Okwangoku, abatshutshisi bahlola ubungqina baze bagqibe enoba baza kufaka iifayile zetyala ezisemthethweni. Le qhinga likhulu kusini na: abatshutshisi banokumangalela ezona tyala zinzima, ziquka ulwaphulo-mthetho, okanye zilahleke ngokupheleleyo. Izizathu eziphembelela esi sigqibo ziquka amandla obungqina, ubungqongqo bolwaphulo-mthetho, imbali yommangaliso, kunye nemali egcina ityala. Kwezinye iindawo, abagwebi abaphezulu bangakhupha umbaleli-tyala ngenxa yetyala, ngoxa abanye besebenzisa ityala elifanelekileyo.

4. Ulungelelwaniso kunye nomthetho

Ityala yimbonakalo yenkundla esemthethweni apho ummangalelwa eva izityholo aze angene kwisibongozo. Izicelo eziqhelekileyo zezi:

  • [[FLT: 0] I-Guilty: Ummangalelwa uyavuma kwizityholo kwaye ubeka ityala ekunene ekuvavanyeni. Ityala liqhubeka ngqo ekugwebeni.
  • Akanatyala: Ummangalelwa uyawakhanyela amatyala kwaye ufuna ukuchotshelwa. Inkundla icwangcisa ucwangciso lwezolawulo lwangaphambili kunye nemihla yokuvavanywa.
  • Akukho khuphiswano (nolo imantiere): Ummangalelwa akavumi ukuba unetyala kodwa wamkela isohlwayo ngokungathi unetyala. Esi sibongozo sisoloko sithintela ukunyanzeliswa ekusetyenzisweni njengobungqina kwityala elinxulumene nelo tyala.
  • Awubobo tyala ngenxa yokuphambana: Isibongozo sokuphakamisa imeko yengqondo njengesikhuselo, esibangela uvavanyo olwahlukileyo nokuva.

Ukuba ummangalelwa akavumi ukungenela isibongozo, inkundla iya kungena kwisibongozo esingenatyala ngenxa yabo.

5. Ukuqhubekeka nokufunyanwa kovavanyo

Isigaba sangaphambili sovavanyo sisoloko sinde kwaye sisesona sibalulekileyo kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Omabini amacala abandakanyeka kwityala isoluvo , ukutshintshana kobungqina nolwazi. Abatshutshisi kufuneka batyhile ubungqina obubonisa ukuchanabeka (uncedo olulungileyo kukhuselo) phantsi Brady v. Maryland [1963]). Ukhuselo lwezigwebo zefayile zokucinezela ukucinezela ngokungekho mthethweni, ukuvavanya ukwenziwa kolu lwabiwo, okanye ukutshintshwa komthetho. Izicelo eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukungacimi: Izakhono zokuba ubungqina bufunyenwe ngokwaphula uHlahlo lweMiphetho yeSine, Eyesihlanu, okanye yeSithandathu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umqukumbelo kwi-limine:[[UMTL:1] ufuna ukungabufaki ubungqina obuthile okanye ubungqina obunganikelwanga ekuvavanyweni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukufumana: Ifuna amaxwebhu akhethekileyo, uluhlu lwamangqina, okanye iingxelo zengcali.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukurhoxa: ixela ukuba izityholo azinele ngokusemthethweni okanye ukuba ingtshutshiso yaphula imithetho yesithethe.

I-Plea ingumsebenzi ophambili kwinkqubo yangaphambi kwetyala. Ngaphezu kwama-90% amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho eUnited States aphela ngokufaka isibongozo kunokuba avavanywe. Xa etshintshiselwa ityala, umtshutshisi anganciphisa izityholo, ancome isigwebo esilula, okanye alahle ezinye ii-arhente. Amagqwetha okhuselo kufuneka acebise abaxhasi ngeengozi neengenelo; ijaji kufuneka iqinisekise ukuba isibongozo siqhutywa ngokuzithandela kwaye sikrelekrele ngaphambi kokuba asamkele.

6. Ukuvavanywa

Ukuba akukho sifungo sifikelelweyo, ityala liyaqhubeka lichotshelwa. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lomGaqo-siseko lokuchophela ityala ngokukhawuleza nangowonke-wonke liqulunqwa limgwebi ongakhethi buso (okanye ityala lebheri ukuba lirhoxisile inkundla). Ityala lilandela indlela eyakhiwe ngayo:

  • [[NTL: 0] Ukukhetha (ukutshaya): kunye nejaji ibuza ukuba abalawuli bejaji bangabhenca ucalucalulo kwaye babethe abantu abathile ngeengxaki ezizizizicombululo okanye imingeni yenjongo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iingxelo ezivulayo: kwicala ngalinye lichaza oko baceba ukukungqina. Ingxwabangxwaba ihamba kuqala.
  • Ukunikelwa kobungqina: Ingxengxezo ibiza amangqina ize izise imiboniso. Ingxelo yokuzikhusela ekunqamlezeni-examine nganye. Emva kokurhoxa, ukutshutshiswa kunganikela ubungqina bakho, kuquka amangqina nobungqina obungochwepheshe. Umtshutshisi angakhetha ukungqina okanye ahlale ethule; abachopheli-mthetho amele bachophe intetho ephikisayo ukusuka ekuthuleni.
  • [[FLT: 0] Impikiswano ezicacileyo: icala ngalinye lishwankathela ubungqina lize liphikisane nesigqibo esithile. Ityala lidla ngokuhamba kuqala landule ke liphinde liphikise ukhuseleko.
  • Imiyalelo ye-JURT: Ijaji ifundisa abachopheli-mthetho kumthetho osebenzayo, umthwalo wobungqina, kunye neziqalelo ezimele ziqinisekiswe.
  • Isigqibo kunye nesigqibo: Abachopheli-tyala bathatha umhlala-phantsi ngamabomu. Kwizigwebo ezininzi zolwaphulo-mthetho, isigqibo kufuneka sihlangane. Ukuba abachopheli-mthetho abavumi-mthetho abavumelani, ityala liphunyezwe, kwaye abatshutshisi bangaliphikisa eli tyala.

Kulo lonke elo tyala, ijaji ibeka imithetho enxamnye nokuchasa, ilawula inkundla, ize iqinisekise ukuba amalungelo ommangalelwa ayakhuselwa. Ummangalelwa ugqalwa njengomsulwa, yaye ummangalelwa umele angqine ukuba unetyala ngokungenakuphikiswa.

7. Ukugwetywa

Ukuba isigqibo sinetyala, inkundla iyaqhubeka igweba. Isigwebo singabakho ngokukhawuleza emva kwesigqibo okanye emva kwetyala elahlukeneyo apho ijaji iqwalasela ityala elibi kwaye isenza sinyuswe. Umanyano norhulumente usoloko unika uludwe lwezigwebo ezinconyelweyo ezisekelwe kumgangatho wetyala kunye nembali yetyala lommangalelwa. Isigwebo esikhoyo siquka:

  • Isiqinisekiso: Ummangalelwa uhlala kuluntu oluphantsi kolawulo, kunye neemeko ezifana nokuvavanywa kweziyobisi, ukufika kwexesha, okanye inkonzo yoluntu.
  • Ukudityaniswa: Ligama lokuvalelwa entolongweni (kwizigwebo ezimfutshane) okanye intolongo (kwizigwebo ezide). Amanye amagunya anezigwebo ezinyanzelisayo ezingephi kwityala elithile, njengokurhweba ngeziyobisi okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo.
  • [[UMTHL:0] kunye nobuyezo: izigwebo ze-moneta ezihlawulwayo kwilizwe okanye imbuyekezo kwixhoba lelahleko.
  • Iimeko ezi-' ezi-' Ezinye iinkundla zinikela iinkqubo zokuzikisa, unyango lweziyobisi, okanye ukuhlolwa kwe-elektroniki kwabephuli-mthetho abangenabungozi.

Amaxhoba anelungelo lokuvuma ukuba amaxhoba anokuthethwa ngawo ebudeni bogwebo. Isigqibo sejaji sibotshelelwe kumlinganiselo ophakamileyo wemithetho nomgaqo - siseko; ngokomzekelo, uMmiselo WesiHlayisho Owesibhozo uyasilela isohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga.

8. Izibheno kunye nesilungiso soncedo loncedo lwasemva

Ummangalelwa ogwetywayo etyala angasidlulisela esigwebo okanye isigwebo kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Izibheno azinakuphinda zibekwe kwityala; azijolisi nzulu kwiimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni ezisenokuba zichaphazele iziphumo. Izindululo eziqhelekileyo ziquka imiyalelo ephosakeleyo yabachopheli-tyala, ukuvuma okungafanelekanga kobungqina, ukungaphathi-mthetho, okanye uncedo olungasebenziyo lwesiluleko. Inkundla ye-appelte inokuqinisekisa ukumangalelwa, ukubuyiselwa kwetyala elitsha. Ukuba urhulumente uqulunqene, ummangalelwa angafaka isibongolo somthetho sokucelw'ubugxeba babo. Isitshutshiso sidla ngokungeso asinakubhenela kwityala ngenxa yokuzikhusela ngokuphindwe kabini.

Abadlali Abaphambili Kwinkqubo Yezobulungisa Ekwabelana Ngezaphuli - mthetho

Ngamnye othabatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo uneembopheleleko ezahlukileyo ezimele zenziwe ngengqibelelo nangokungakhethi buso.

Amagosa anyanzelisa umthetho

Amapolisa nabaphengululi bayinxalenye yokuqala yokudibana nenkqubo. Baqokelela ubungqina, amangqina odliwano-ndlebe, baze babophe. Ukunamathela kwabo kwiinkqubo zomgaqo-siseko .

Abagwebi

Abatshutshisi bamela urhulumente kwaye banobuchule obugqithisileyo. Bagqiba ukuba ziziphi izityholo ezizakufakwa kwifayile, nokuba baza kunikela iingxelo zesicelo, nokuba sisiphi isigwebo esinconyelwayo. Bakwanomsebenzi wokubhenca ubungqina bokukhuthuza nokufuna okusesikweni, hayi nje ukuqiniseka. Imithetho yentetho ifuna abatshutshisi ukuba baphephe iimpikiswano ezingafanelekanga nokuba bangavavanyi amatyala ngaphandle kosizathu esilindelekileyo.

Izixhobo zokukhusela

Icebiso lokukhusela amalungelo ommangalelwa. Bacel ’ umngeni ubungqina bommangalelwa, bacebisa ukuba ummangalelwa anikele izicelo, yaye bathethele kwityala. ISixth Amendment iqinisekisa ilungelo lokunceda ngempumelelo icebiso; ukuba igqwetha lingaphantsi kwemilinganiselo esengqiqweni nekhethe elibekwe ummangalelwa, ityala lisenokupheliswa. Abameli boluntu badla ngokulungisa amatyala anzima.

ABagwebi

ABagwebi bongamela amatyala, balawule kwimibuzo engokwasemthethweni, baqinisekise ukuba kuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo. Kwizigwebo zesihlalo, kwakhona basebenza njengendawo yokufumana ityala. Xa begwetywa, abagwebi bavavanya oothunywashe abaninzi baze bamisele isohlwayo esisemthethweni. Izigqibo zabo zinokucelw ’ umngeni kwisibheno, kodwa banokuqiqa ngemida ebanzi.

Juries

Iijaji zithathwa kuluntu ukuze zifumane izibakala. Ziphulaphula imiyalelo yomgwebi engomthetho, zize ziphumeze isigqibo. Inkonzo kaJury ngumsebenzi wentlalo-ntle, yaye abagwebi kufuneka bakhethe ngabom. Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala lisebenza kwityala elinzulu (elithi ligwetywe ngeenyanga ezintandathu).

Amaxhoba NamaNgqina

Amaxhoba anelungelo lokuxelelwa ngemicimbi, lokuya nokuthetha xa egwetywa.

Amalungelo Abo Bathethelela Izaphuli - mthetho

UmGaqo-siseko uqinisekisa ukuba nabani na otyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho. La malungelo aqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo ilungile kwaye amandla karhulumente ayavavanywa.

  • [[UMTL:0] ekunene ukuba ungathuli: IsiHlalisi sesihlanu sikhusela ekunyanzelweni ukuba ungabi nakuzithethelela. Ummangalelwa akanakunyanzeleka ukuba angqine, kwaye akukho nkcazelo ichaseneyo enokufumaneka ekuthuleni kwabo xa bevavanywa.
  • [[UMTL:0] ekunene kwityala elikhawulezayo nelikawonke-wonke: Uhlaziyo lweSithandathu lufuna ukuba iimvavanyo zenzeke ngaphandle kokulibazisa okungeyomfuneko kwaye zivulekelwe ekuhloleni uwonke-wonke. Izilibazi ezibangelwa ngurhulumente kufuneka zigwetyelwe.
  • Ekunene kwiqela labagwebi abangakhethiyo: Abaququzeleli kufuneka bangacalulwa baze bakhethwe kwicandelo elimele umnqamlezo woluntu. Omabini amacala angavavanya abachopheli abanokwenzeka ngenxa yesizathu okanye ukuphuma kwesohlwayo (ucalucalulo lobuhlanga oluselubalazweni luyalelwa).
  • Ilungelo lokujongana namangqina: UHlaliso lweSithandathu lunika ummangalelwa ithuba lokunqumla amangqina e-examine. Oku kunceda ukubhenca ukungavumelani okanye uqhekeko.
  • Elunge kwicala eliphantsi kwinkqubo enyanzelekileyo: Ummangalelwa anganikela ubungqina kubo, nokuba abazimisele ukuza ngokuzithandela.
  • ekunene kwisiluleko somthetho: Abamangalelwa abangengomagunya kufuneka banikwe igqwetha ngendleko karhulumente. Oku kuncanyathiselwa kwasekunene ngamanqanaba anzima, kuquka ukuncinwa kwegunya, ukubekwa iliso, kunye nokuvavanywa.
  • Ekunene nxamnye nengozi ephindwe kabini: IsiHlaziyo sesihlanu siyalela ukuvavanywa kabini ukwenzela isono esinye emva kokugwetywa okanye ukuqinisekiswa. Noko ke, iinkosi ezahlukeneyo (umz., urhulumente kunye norhulumente) zingabanjwa nganye ngehambo efanayo phantsi kweemeko ezithile.
  • [[UMTL:0] Asekunene ukuba abhenele: AbaKhuseli bangalucel ’ umngeni uvavanyo lwentelekelelo okanye izivakalisi ezikwizindululo ezisemthethweni. Izibheno azizenzeli ngokwayo kwinkupho nganye; abanye bafuna ukulondolozwa ngokuchasene ngexesha elifanelekileyo.

Isiphelo: Ukulungelelana Kokusesikweni Nenkqubo Elindelekileyo

Inkqubo yobulungisa yezobulungisa kukusetyenziswa kwemithetho, iinkqubo nabadlali, bonke bezama ukulungelelanisa imfuneko yokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ekuphandeni ngamalungelo abantu, iqonga ngalinye lenzelwe ukukhusela iinkolelo eziphosakeleyo, ukukhusela inkululeko, nokuqinisekisa ukuphendula. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo akuncedisi nje kuphela iingcaphephe ezisemthethweni kodwa kunika abemi amandla okubandakanyeka ngokunentsingiselo kwinkqubo (‘abacholishi, abavoti, okanye amalungu oluntu. Ingqibelelo yomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ixhomekeke ekusetyenzisweni ngokuthembeka kweenkqubo zawo; xa oko kusilela, yonke inkqubo iphelelwa kwentembelo. Ngokuqhubeka nokufundiswa nokucocekiswa kwendlela okusesikweni okusetyenziswa ngayo, uluntu lunokusondela kwiinjongo zalo zokusesikweni, ukulingana, kunye nomthetho womthetho.

ukuqhubekeka kofundo olukwinkqubo yothelekiso lolwaphulo-mthetho, qwalasela i Office yeeNkqubo zeJaji iingxelo zophando kunye [[FLT][FLT]]U.S.Curts Criminal Justice Act Act izikhokelo].