Ukuqonda IsiHlomelo Sokuqala: Isikhokelo Esifanelekileyo Kumalungelo Akho OmGaqo-siseko

UHlaliso Lokuqala loMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States luyintsika yenkululeko yaseMerika, iquka inkululeko engundoqo emihlanu eyakha isiseko esisisiseko sokuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi. Kubafundi, ootitshala, kunye nabemi abathembisene ngokufanayo, beqonda indlela la malungelo asebenza ngayo ngokusetyenziswa, kwaye apho imida yawo ibaluleke ngayo ekuqhubeni abantu. Iqiniswe njengenxalenye yeBhili yamaLungelo, iSinyuselo sokuqala sithetha ngowona mbuzo ubalulekileyo wokulawula: lingakanani igunya elinalo kulawulo lwabantu?

Isigqibo sifundeka ngokulula: "Ikomkhulu aliyi kwenza mthetho mayelana nokusekwa konqulo, okanye ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwalo ngokukhululekileyo; okanye ukuthomalalisa inkululeko yokuthetha, okanye yokushicilela; okanye ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisa ngoxolo, nokucela uRhulumente ukuba alungise izityholo." Nangona lifutshane, esi sigwebo sinye siye sadala ukucaciswa okusemthethweni, ingxoxo, kunye nemizekelo ePhakamileyo. Ukuqonda le nkululeko emihlanu kumongo wabo upheleleyo kunika abantu amandla okusebenzisa amalungelo abo ngokunempumelelo nokuqonda oko kuthethwa ngamalungelo abo.

Isiseko Sembali SoMthetho Wokuqala Ohlaziyiweyo

Abaxhasi bomGaqo-siseko bafumana kwisithethe esityebileyo somthetho oqhelekileyo waseNgilani kunye nentanda-bulumko yokukhanyiselwa xa besenza uMphetho wokuqala. Bephenjelelwa ziinkcuba - buchopho ezifana noJohn Locke, owayelwela amalungelo emvelo obomi, inkululeko, nempahla, kunye noJohn Milton, abaxhasa ukuchaza ngokukhululekileyo kumsebenzi wakhe Aspopagica[, abasunguli babefuna ukunqanda uhlobo lwentshutshiso yonqulo kunye nohlaziyo lukarhulumente ababenabo phantsi kolawulo lweBritane.

I-Madokesi yaseMerika elawulwa ngamaphondo yazibonela iicawa ezimiselwe ngurhulumente kunye namatyala okuvukela urhulumente, apho abagxeki bakarhulumente bamangalelwa ngezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho. UJames Madison, umyili oyintloko weBhili yamaLungelo, waqonda ukuba iriphabliki esebenzayo yayifuna abemi abanokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, bagxeke iinkokeli zabo, kwaye bathethele utshintsho ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela. UMthetho Wokuqala woMyezo-mthetho wenziwe kungenzelwanga nje ukhuseleko lwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye, kodwa njengendlela yokwakha yokulawula ngedemokhrasi ngokwayo.

Ulungiso lokuqala lwalusebenza kurhulumente wesizwe kuphela. Noko ke, ngokupheliswa koMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine ngowe-1868 kunye nothotho lwezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ukhuseleko oluninzi lokuQala loMmiselo lwafakwa ukuze lusetyenziswe kurhulumente nakurhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Le nkqubo yokuququzelela iqinisekisa ukuba inkululeko esisiseko echazwe kuMphengululo wokuqala iya kukhusela bonke abantu baseMerika, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngoluphi umgangatho karhulumente onokubamisela imiqathango.

Inkululeko Entlanu Ichazwa

Inkululeko Yokuthetha

Inkululeko yokuthetha ikhusela ilungelo lokuvakalisa iingcamango, izimvo, nolwazi ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa ngurhulumente. Olu khuselo luquka ngaphaya kwamazwi athethwayo ukuquka iintetho ezibhaliweyo, imisebenzi yobugcisa, izenzo zokomfuziselo ezinjengokutshisa iflegi okanye ukubotshwa kwengalo, kwaneentlobo ezithile zehambo eshukumayo. INkundla Ephakamileyo isoloko ikholelwa ukuba inkululeko yokuthetha sisiseko amanye amalungelo olawulo-demokhrasi asekelwe kuso.

Intetho ekhuselweyo iquka intetho yezobupolitika, ubugcisa, uphando lwemfundo, izibhengezo zentengiso (ezilawulwa yimigaqo esengqiqweni), kunye nokuthetha okungaziwayo. INkundla iye yaqonda ukuba kwanokweyisa, ukungathandwa, okanye intetho yentiyo ifumana ukhuseleko, ukuba nje ayingeni kwiindidi ezithile zentetho engakhuselekanga. Lo mgaqo-siseko (ukuthi urhulumente angoyi kuphelisa ukuthetha kuphela ngenxa yokuba nje imbono ijongeka kakubi, ibonakalisa ukuzinikela okungundoqo ekujongeni ubundilele obusekelwe kwiFirst Amend Remplice Rempletence.

Noko ke, inkululeko yokuthetha ayiphelelanga. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yachaza iindidi eziliqela zentetho ezingakhuselwanga kuMphetho Wokuqala:

  • Ukuhlohla kumsebenzi osondeleyo wokungathobeli umthetho: Intetho ejoliswe ekuphumeni isenzo esingesomthetho esikufuphi kwaye mhlawumbi ivelise isenzo esinjalo, esimiselwe Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969].
  • [[NTL: 0] amagama alwayo: Ukuthuka kobuqu kubhekiswe kumntu osenokuba ubangela impendulo yogonyamelo, eyaziwa ku Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire[[FLT] [1942]).
  • izisongelo zenyaniso: Iingxelo apho isithethi sinxibelelana ngenjongo enzulu yokwenza ugonyamelo olungekho mthethweni nxamnye nomntu othile okanye iqela elithile.
  • I-'bscenity': Izinto ezidibana novavanyo lwenxenye ezintathu olumiselwe Miller v. California (1973]), ezifuna ukuba umsebenzi unxuse izilangazelelo eziphezulu, zibonisa ihambo yesondo ngendlela egqwethekileyo, kwaye ziswele ubuchule, ubugcisa, ubugcisa, i-politiki, okanye ixabiso lenzululwazi.
  • Ukukhupha [: iintetho zobuxoki ezilimaza igama lomnye umntu, nangona amanani kawonke-wonke kufuneka ahlangabezane nomgangatho ophezulu wobubi obuyinene obumiselwe kwi iNew York Times Co. v. Sullivan [1964]).
  • [[UMTL:0] Iphonografi yabantwana : imifanekiso ebonakalayo yabantwana ababandakanyeke kwihambo yesondo, engafumani khuseleko lokuqala Lommisi nokuba idibana na nomgangatho wokungcola.

Ngapha koko, urhulumente angabeka imiqathango esengqiqweni yexesha, indawo, nendlela yokuthetha kwizikhululo zikawonke-wonke, xa imiqathango enjalo ingeyoyantlukwano, ilungelelaniswe ngokumngcipheko ukwenzela inzala ebalulekileyo karhulumente, kwaye ishiye imijelo yonxibelelwano evulekileyo. Umzekelo, isixeko sisenokufuna imvume yokuqhankqalaza okukhulu ekulawuleni izithuthi nokhuseleko lukawonke wonke, kodwa asinakukhanyela imvume esekelwe kwisigidimi sezobupolitika sabavukeli boqhankqalazo.

Ityala lentetho

Ukuqonda indlela yokuthetha kufuna uhlolisise imizekelo engundoqo eye yaguqula indlela echazwa ngayo:

Inkululeko Yonqulo

ISindululo Sokuqala siqulethe amabinzana amabini ahlukileyo ngokuphathelele unqulo, adibanisa isiseko senkululeko yonqulo ngoxa sithintela ukusekwa konqulo ngurhulumente.ISindululo sikaClaus ne - Free Execle Claus sisebenza sixambulisana, yaye iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yavelisa iimvavanyo ezintsonkothileyo zokulungelelanisa iimfuno zabo.

Ukusekwa KukaClaus

Oku kuthetha ukuba urhulumente akanakuyila icawa yesizwe, avumele unqulo oluthile phezu kwabanye, okanye azithande ngokungeyomfuneko amaziko onqulo. Intsingiselo echanileyo yalo mthetho ibingumbandela wengxoxo enzulu, kunye neenkcazelo eziphikisanayo ezisuka kukwahlula ngokungqongqo abantu kwiindawo zokuhlala.

Indlela yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yokumisa u-Claus amacala ivele ngexesha. Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971], iNkundla yaseka uvavanyo oluzinxenye ezintathu: isenzo sikarhulumente asilwaphuli ukumiselwa kukaClaus ukuba unenjongo yehlabathi, iziphumo zayo eziphambili aziqhubeli phambili okanye zithinteli unqulo, kwaye ayiluxhasi urhulumente ogqithisileyo odidekileyo nonqulo. Nangona uvavanyo lweLemon lugxekwe kwaye lulungisiwe, luhlala lunempembelelo kwizigqibo zenkundla esezantsi.

Ukumiselwa kwamatyala ka-Claus kubandakanya:

  • Engel v. Vitale (1962): Umthandazo okhutshiweyo wesikolo kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke, ubambe ukuba kwanomthandazo wokuzithandela, ongengowamahlelo, wawuphula uMmiselo ka Claus kuba wawubandakanya ukuqanjwa kwesizwe nokuqulunqwa konqulo.
  • Everson v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1947): Yasebenzisa uKwamkelwa kuka-Claus kumazwe ngoMphengululo weshumi elinesine kwaye yaxhasa imbuyekezo karhulumente yezothutho zebhasi kwizikolo zonqulo, imisela umgaqo wokuba urhulumente anikezele iinzuzo ngokweendidi kwiinkonzo.
  • Avington School District v. Schempp[FL:1] (1963): Thoba phantsi ufundo olunyanzelekileyo lweBhayibhile nokucaciswa koMthandazo weNkosi kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke.
  • Lynch v. Donnelly (19984): Yakugqala ukuboniswa kwesixeko komboniso womhla wokuzalwa njengenxalenye yokuboniswa kweholide ebanzi, icebisa ukuba umongo ubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba ihambo karhulumente ixhasa unqulo kusini na.

Ukuzilolonga Ngokukhululeka

Le nkululeko iquka inkululeko yokubambelela kwiinkolelo zonqulo, ukuthobela, nokuguqula abantu. Noko ke, ukukhusela ihambo yonqulo kuye kwahlukahluka kakhulu kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zenkundla ePhakamileyo.

Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, iNkundla yasebenzisa uphando olungqongqo kwimithetho enzima yonqulo, ifuna ukuba urhulumente abonise umdla onyanzelisayo kwaye asebenzise iindlela ezingqongqo kakhulu ukufikelela kuyo. Le ndlela yafikelela kwincopho yayo kwi- Wissin v. Yoder [19972], apho iNkundla yavumela abazali bama-Amish ukuba basuse abantwana babo esikolweni emva komnyaka wesibhozo, ifumanise ukuba loo mthetho unyanzelo wabekho uWisconsian waphula umthetho we-mstiki we-Exfrective Claus xa usetyenziswa ngokunyanisekileyo kwiinkolelo zonqulo zama-Amish.

Ilizwe latshintsha ngokuphawulekayo kwi Employment Division v. Smith (1990), apho iNkundla yayikholelwa ukuba ubundilele, jikelele imigaqo esebenzayo ethi ukuqhelisela uxanduva lonqulo ngokungxamisekileyo akwaphuli i-Free Expressial Claus. Ukuphendula kwesi sigqibo, iBhunga leMvumelo yoBulungiseleli yowe-1993 (RFRA), eyabuyisela uhlolo olungqongqo lwemithetho enzima yonqulo. Amazwe amaninzi aye agqitha inkululeko yomgangatho ongokonqulo.

Iziphumo ezingundoqo zokuzilolonga ezibandakanya:

  • Reynolds v. United States (1878): Kwagcinwa umthetho karhulumente owelela isithembu, owahlula phakathi kwenkolelo yonqulo (ekhuselwe ngokupheleleyo) kunye nehambo yonqulo (enokuthi ibekwe phantsi).
  • Cantwell v. Connecticut[[FL:1] (1940): Yasebenzisa i-Free Expression Clause kumaphondo yaza yakhusela amaNgqina kaYehova ekufuneni imvume yokucela unqulo.
  • ICawa yeLukumi Babalu Aye v. IsiXeko saseHialeah (1993): Ukungquzula isixeko esijonge kwidini lezilwanyana zeSanteria, ibambe loo mithetho ejolise kwimikhwa ethile yonqulo ichasene noMdla wokuzilolonga u-Celaske nokuba ayithathi cala.
  • Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc. (2014: Wayigqala i-'CPF' edityaniswe ngokusondeleyo': Idityaniswe ukuba inkampani ezidityaniswe ngokusondeleyo zingakhupha iimpikiswano zonqulo phantsi kwe-RFRA kuMgaqo-siseko we-Afford Care Care's ugunyaziso lokuthintela ukuthintela, ukwandisa ukufikelela kwenkululeko yonqulo kwingeniso yamashishini.

Inkululeko Yephephandaba

Inkululeko yamaphephandaba isebenza umsebenzi owahlukileyo kumgaqo-siseko: ukunikezela ngoluntu ngolwazi malunga nemisebenzi karhulumente nokusebenza njengovavanyo kwigunya likarhulumente. Ngoxa umatshini wokushicilela unandipha amalungelo afanayo okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo njengabantu ngabanye, iPress Clause itolikiwe ukunikezela ngokhuseleko olongezelelekileyo lomatshini wokushicilela, kuquka ukukhuselwa ekuthintelweni kwangaphambili nasekukhuselweni ngokukhethekileyo kwemisebenzi yokuhlanganisa iindaba.

Eyona ndlela isisiseko yokukhusela ushicilelo yiyo ukulwa nomthetho ochaseneyo ngaphambi kokuba ulwenziwe . Near v. Minnesota [1931], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa umthetho karhulumente ovumela ukucinezelwa kwenkohlakalo, ukuhlazisa, ukuhlazisa, kunye namaphephandaba axolisayo, emisela ukuba ukuthintelwa kwangaphambili kukukungangeni mthetho. Lo mgaqo waphinda waphinda waqinisekiswa ku-New York Times. Co. United States (1971], iPentag Capes, apho inkundla yalile ukupapasha amaxwebhu amaqela emfazwe yase-Vietnam.

Umatshini wokushicilela ufumana ukhuseleko olukhethekileyo kumthetho wokunyelisa. kuNew York Times Co. Sullivan (1964]), iNkundla yathi amagosa kawonke-wonke akanako ukufumana kwakhona umonakalo wokonakaliswa ngaphandle kokuba angqina ukuba ummangalelwa wenza iintetho zobuxoki ngezona nyani. / Ulwazi lokuba le ngxelo yayiyinkohliso okanye yayingenankathalo ngenxa yenyaniso yayo. Lo mlinganiselo wadluliselwa kumanani kawonke wonke kwi- Co.bts[FLT:][12][FLT] [197]]) kwaye unika isithuba esibanzi sokugxeka abasemagqweqeba noxa becala.

Ezinye izikhuseli zoomatshini abacinezelekileyo ziquka:

  • Access kwityala lenkundla: Umatshini wokushicilela unelungelo elifanelekileyo lokufikelela kwiityala zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nezinye imicimbi zomthetho, ezivunyiweyo kwi Richmond Maphephandaba, Inc. v. Virginia [1980]).
  • Ukhuseleko lwemithombo eyimfihlo. Nangona ingeyiyo epheleleyo, amazwe amaninzi anemithetho ekhusela iintatheli ekunyanzelweni ukutyhila ubukho bomthombo ofihlakeleyo kwiimeko ezininzi.
  • Inkululeko kwirhafu esekelwe kwintsingiselo: Urhulumente akanakunyanzela irhafu ekhethekileyo kwintlawulo yomatshini wokushicilela okanye ixhoba leempapasho ezithile zonyango lwerhafu olwahlukileyo.

Noko ke, inkululeko yokushicilela ayipheleli umda. Amaphephandaba ahlala ephantsi kwemithetho eqhelekileyo yokungachaphazeli jikelele, kuquka nemithetho ethintela ukuchaswa komshicileli, ukumeneka nobusela. Kwakhona amaphephandaba afumana ukhuseleko oluncinane kwimisebenzi yokuhlanganisa iindaba ebandakanya ihambo engekho mthethweni, kwaye kusenokufuneka ukuba abacholacholi-ndaba banikele ubungqina ngezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho abanikela ngazo ubungqina ngoxa beqokelela iindaba.

Ilungile ukuhlanganisa

Ilungelo lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo likhusela amandla abantu okuhlanganisana ngenjongo yokuchaza. Eli lungelo libalulekile kwimicimbi yezobupolitika, kwimibutho yentlalo, nakwizenzo zombutho. Ilungelo lokuhlanganisa linxulumene ngokusondeleyo nenkululeko yokuthetha neyonxulumano, yaye iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yaligqala njengelungelo eliyimfuneko ekusetyenzisweni kwenkululeko yokuHlolwanisa iMithetho yokuqala.

Ilungelo lokuhlanganisa lisebenza kwiimbutho ezininzi, kuquka iimbutho zobupolitika, iinkonzo zonqulo, ukukhuthuza abasebenzi, iintlanganiso zombutho wembutho, kunye nezithethe. Into engundoqo kukuba indibano ibe noxolo, //ilungelo alipheleli kwiimbutho ezibandakanya ugonyamelo okanye izinto ezisongela ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke.

Nangona urhulumente engenakukwalela iindibano ezisekelwe kwizinto ezikuquletheyo okanye kwiimbono zazo, isenokubeka imiqathango esengqiqweni yexesha, indawo, kunye nendlela yokulawula iindibano zikawonke-wonke. Umzekelo, isixeko sisenokufuna imvume yokulungelelanisa iinqwelo-moya, ukuseka imithetho yengxolo ukukhusela abamelwane abahlala ezikoleni, okanye ukubeka imida yezikolo nakwiindlu zenkundla. Noko ke, imiqathango enjalo mayibe yeyokungangeni-nxaxheba, ilungiselelwe ngokucuthenekileyo, ize ishiye ezinye iindlela zonxibelelwano ezifanelekileyo.

Kukho iimeko ezibalulekileyo ezibandakanya indibano:

  • Deme Jonge v. Oregon (1937): INkundla yalamkela ilungelo lokuhlanganisa njengelungelo elisisiseko elikhuselwe kwisenzo sikarhulumente ngoMphetho-mda weshumi elinesine, ibetha isiqinisekiso sokuthabatha inxaxheba kwintlanganiso yeQembu lamaKomanisi.
  • [[NTL:0] [ACP v. Alabama (1958): Ukukhusela amalungu e-NAACP kuluhlu olusuka kuvulo lwezwe, ukuqonda ukuba ukunyanzelelwa kokwenziwa kwamalungu omanyano kungapholisa ilungelo lokuhlanganisa nokunxulumana.
  • Gregory v. Chicago [1969]: Yaqinisa ilungelo lokuhlanganisa ngoxolo naxa inkcaso inezono. INkundla yalurhoxa ulweyiseko lwabashukumi bamalungelo abantu ababanjwayo xa isihlwele saba ngabawexuki, sibambe ukuba iidemon azinakohlwaywa ngenxa yezenzo zabaphikisi abachasayo.
  • Iqela lobuSoshiyali lobuNational National Party of America v. Village of Skokie (1977]): Kwisigqibo esiphikisayo, iNkundla yakhusela ilungelo lolutsha lwamaNazi lokuhamba kuluntu kunye nabasindi abaninzi boBulawa bemfazwe, bephethe oko kucaphukisa kukodwa akunakuzithethelela ekuthinteleni indibano engoxolo.

Ilungelo Lokucela Urhulumente

Ilungelo lokucela urhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo livumela abantu ukuba benze izikhalazo, bafune uncedo, okanye bathethele iinguqu zenkqubo ngaphandle kokoyika isohlwayo. Eli lungelo liphakathi kwamalungelo edemokhrasi adala kakhulu kwi-Greek-American kwi-Glone-jurist-juristruprial, ebuyela kuMagna Carta kunye neSigqeba samalungelo aseNgilani sangowama-1689. ISibheno-Amandla sika-Claus siqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uyaqhubeka esabela kubantu abalawulayo.

Ukucela kubandakanya iinguqu ezininzi zemisebenzi, kuquka:

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] ukumangalelana ngokusemthethweni ngokuchasene norhulumente okanye amaqela azimeleyo ukufuna unyango olungokwasemthethweni.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ukubhalisa abamisi-mthetho namagosa aphetheyo esebe ukuxhasa okanye ukuchasa umthetho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukusayina nokunikezela izibongozo kumaqumrhu karhulumente okanye kumaqumrhu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuvavanya [[UMTL:1] ekuchotshelweni kwabantu kunye nemicimbi yowiso-mthetho.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Oonobumba abaphindaphindiweyo, ukuthumela ii-imeyili, okanye ukwenza unxulumano ngefowuni kumagosa anyuliweyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukulungelelanisa imilinganiso yebhola ekhatywayo kunye ne-arhentesums kumagama avumela idemokhrasi engqalileyo.

INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yalikhusela ngokuqhubekayo ilungelo lokucela, kwanaxa isicelo sibandakanya ukugxekwa kwamagosa karhulumente okanye iinjongo ezingathandwayo. United States v. Cruikshank (1876), iNkundla ichaza ilungelo lokufaka isicelo sokuba lilungelo lokuba ngummeli wesizwe elikhusela ilungelo labantu lokufaka kwiNgqungquthela yezikhalazo. NAICP v. Iqhosha [1963], iNkundla ikhusela ukukhuselwa kobuzwelo lwe-NAACP, ukusetyenziswa kwetyala lokucela amalungelo esizwe ngenxa yokumangalelwa, iphethe oko kuluhlobo lwezikotholo lwezopolitiko kunye nokukhuselwa kwezomthetho zezomthetho.

Noko ke, ilungelo lokucela linemida ebalulekileyo. Ibinzana lesicelo alikukhuseli ukucela okungachananga okusetyenziselwa ukukhathaza okanye ukwenzakalisa abanye, kwaye urhulumente unokubakhalimela abantu abafaka iingxelo ezingekho ngqiqweni okanye abathetha iingxelo zobuxoki ngokuphandle kwimicimbi yasemthethweni. Ngaphezu koko, ilungelo lokucela isicelo alifuni ukuba urhulumente anike isiqabu esiceliweyo esiceliweyo, kodwa afune sive size siqwalasele isikhalazo ngokholo olulungileyo.

Iingxaki Nempikiswano

UMthetho Wokuqala Wokwenziwa Komhlaba Uhlaziywa uyaqhubeka ubangela impikiswano enkulu njengoko ubugcisa obutsha neemeko zentlalo zivavanya imida yokukhuselwa komgaqo - siseko.

Imithombo yezobugcisa nentetho yamanani

Ukuvela kwamaqonga onxibelelwano lwezentlalo-ntle kuye kwavelisa amathuba okuchaza anzima ngeli xesha kuphakamisa imibuzo entsonkothileyo malunga nomgangatho woMmiselo Wokuqala Wolawulo kwiindawo zamanani. Iinkampani zabucala ezinjenge Facebook, Twitter, kunye neYouTube zithelekisa izinto ezikumgangatho wazo ngokweemfuno zenkonzo, eziphakamisa imibuzo yokuba ngaba balawuli becandelo basemthethweni bafanele baphathwe njengabalawulwa yiMpathi Yokuqala. Ngokuqhelekileyo umthetho wangoku umi ngelithi iinkampani zabucala zingafumana ulwaleko oluphakathi njengoko zikhetha, nangona iingxoxo malunga neCandelo loNkxaso loNxibelelwano lweziNcelele nomthetho weqonga olungowona Mthetho weDeccency Act kunye nomthetho weqonga yeqonga ziqhubeka ziguquka.

Yithiye Intetho Nentetho Enzima

Uxinzeleleko oluphakathi kokukhusela inkululeko nokulwa nocalucalulo nokukhathazwa luhlala lukho ngakumbi kwiindawo zoonontlalo-ntle. Ngoxa uMphengululo Wokuqala ukhusela intetho enentiyo nenokonakalisa kwiimeko ezininzi, iiyunivesithi kufuneka zilungelelanise olu khuseleko kwiimbopheleleko zazo phantsi kweSihloko sama-Ourganity Amalungelo VI ukuze zigcine iimeko zemfundo ezingenangxaki. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yathi abafundi kwiiyunivesithi zikawonke wonke bafumana ukhuseleko olupheleleyo lweSigqibo sokuHlalisa Ulawulo, kodwa izikolo zinokuphelisa ukuthetha okuzisongela kokwenene, ukukhathazwa, okanye ukuphembelela ugonyamelo.

Imithetho yokubetha intetho yocalucalulo iye yapheliswa njengemininzi okanye engacacanga, kodwa iiyunivesithi zisenokuthabatha ixesha lembono eligqithisileyo, indawo, nemimiselo yendlela yokuziphatha kwaye zisenokuqeqesha abafundi ngehambo, ngokuchasene nemigaqo yokuxhaphaza. Ingxoxo emalunga nentetho yasezikoleni iyaqhubeka iguquka, namanye amazwe amisela umthetho ofuna iiyunivesithi zikawonke-wonke ukuba zifumane ukhuseleko olunamandla lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo.

Imali Njengentetho

Uvumo lweNkundla ePhakamileyo lokuba ukuchitha imali ukuxhasa okanye ukuchasa abatshate bezobupolitika kubumba intetho ekhuselekileyo kuMphetho wokuqala uhlala ungenye yezona ndawo zididayo zomthetho womgaqo-siseko. Ukuqala Buckley v. Valeo kwaye iqhubeke ingexesha elide [ i-CIIN] ingumthetho we-United [FC'.FEC][FLT][FLT] [[3] [2010] [2010]) kunye ne-MCCcheon. . FECC [20] (206], iNkubethelele imiqathango yezo zemali ehlukeneyongasayinwe, ibambe imiqathango yezo yezo zezopolitikiti yezo.

Ukukhulula Nomthetho Wokuchasa Unqulo

Imfazwe phakathi kwenkululeko yonqulo nezobuhlanga ibangele ukhuselo olubalulekileyo kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Iimeko ezibandakanya ukurhoxiswa konqulo kwiinkonzo zomtshato ezinxulumene neentlobano zesini, iimfuno zokuthelekisa ukukhawula, kunye neLGBTQ elwisana nohlanganiso zivavanye imida ye-Free Execlence Clausle kunye ne-RFRA. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo sifakelwe kwi-[FLL:0] iMastercanshop, Lt. v. Coloradovian Rights Commission [[[FLT: 1]] (20.8) ukuchasa imbambano ebanzi yokuba ngabavukeli bonqulo bangakwamkeli-ede, endaweni yokulawula kwimimandla enciphileyo. Umbalelwano oluthe kokugqibela. Umbalo luyaqhubeka luye lwadityaniswa kwiinkundla zenkundla zemidlalo.

Ukhokelo Olusebenzisekayo Lokusebenzisa Amalungelo Akho

Ukuqonda uHlaziyo Lokuqala asikokuqhelisela nje imfundo. Ukwazi amalungelo akho kukunika amandla okuba nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo ekuzixhaseni ngokwedemokhrasi nasekukhuseleni loo malungelo xa ecelw ’ umngeni. Nazi izinto eziluncedo ekusebenziseni inkululeko nganye kwezintlanu:

  • I-Speech: Khumbula ukuba ngeli xesha urhulumente engenakuyigxeka indlela othetha ngayo kwiimeko ezininzi, izinto ezizimeleyo ezifana nabaqeshi, amaqonga onxibelelwano, neeyunivesithi zabucala zingamisela imiqathango yazo. Imiqathango yorhulumente kufuneka idityaniswe ngokungekho mthethweni, kodwa awunalo ilungelo lokuthetha kwipropati yabucala ngaphandle kwemvume yomnini.
  • Unqulo: Unelungelo lokuqhelisela unqulo lwakho ngaphandle kokungenelela korhulumente, kodwa ihambo yonqulo iphantsi kwemithetho esetyenziswayo yobundilele, jikelele. Ukuba umthetho uthwalisa imithambo yakho yonqulo umthwalo omkhulu, ungafuna ukukhulula phantsi kwemithetho yonqulo ye-RFRA okanye yenkululeko karhulumente.
  • Izahlulo: Umatshini wokushicilela ufumana ukhuseleko olunamandla nxamnye nokuthintelwa kwangaphambili kunye netyala lokunyeliswa, kodwa intatheli azinalo ilungelo elikhethekileyo lokufumana impahla karhulumente ngaphaya kwelo linikwe uluntu ngokubanzi. Iindaba-ndaba zisenokufuneka zinikele ubungqina ngolwaphulo-mthetho olunikela ubungqina, kwaye ziphantsi kwetyala jikelele kunye nemithetho yabucala.
  • [[NTL: 0] I-: Ungalungiselela kwaye uthabathe inxaxheba kwimibhiyozo yoxolo kunye nemiboniso ngaphandle kwemvume karhulumente, kodwa ungafuna imvume yeentlanganiso ezinkulu ezichaphazela itrafiki okanye ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Lumka ukuba urhulumente angabeka ixesha elifanelekileyo, indawo, kunye nemiqathango, kodwa akanakukhetha ngokusekelwe kwisigidimi sakho.
  • [[NTLA: 0] Isicelo : Unelungelo lokunxibelelana namagosa karhulumente ngezikhalazo okanye inkqubo ngaphandle kokoyika isohlwayo. Eli lungelo linwebela kwisicelo, ukuhlahlela, nokuthobela amagqabaza kwimimiselo eceliweyo. Urhulumente kufuneka aqwalasele isicelo sakho kodwa akufuneki ukunikela uncedo.

Isiphelo

Uhlaziyo Lokuqala lumela isibopho esiphawulekayo kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye nedemokhrasi yokuzilawula. Inkululeko yayo emihlanu, unqulo, ushicilelo, indibano kunye nesibongozo [“ukuvelisa iimeko zebutho labemi abanokuzicingela, bagxeke iinkokeli zabo, bathethe iinguqu, kwaye bafune urhulumente aphendule. Ukuqonda umlinganiselo kunye nemiqathango yala malungelo akuyonto ibalulekileyo kuphela ukukhusela izilangazelelo zakho kodwa ukuphumeza iimbopheleleko zakho njengommi kwi-Riphabliki yeBhishobhi.

Ngoxa imida ecacileyo yokuzinziswa koMphetho wokuqala iqhubeka iguquka ngokucalulwa nomthetho, imigaqo esisiseko ihlala ihleli: urhulumente usenokungawahlalutyi amazwi asekelwe kwiimbono zakhe, asenokungaseki okanye ancomele naluphi na unqulo, kwaye amele ahlonele amalungelo abantu okuhlanganisa, ukuthetha, nokucela utshintsho. Ngokuqonda le migaqo kunye nequmrhu elityebileyo lomthetho otolika, abantu banokusebenzisa amalungelo abo ngentembelo baze bathabathe inxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwiprojekthi eqhubekayo yedemokhrasi yaseMerika.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwijuliprudence yokuqala yoMmiselo, i-Cornell Information Institute inikezela ngobuncwane obubanzi, kunye iZibonelelo zaBami zaseMerika [iInkululeko yoMbindini ye-Union Union[ inika uhlalutyo oluqhubekayo lwemiba yenkululeko yokuthetha kunye noluvoluvo. [[FLTL:]] IZiko lokukhululeka lokuthetha kwiYunivesithi yaseMbindi yeTennessee igcina ugcino olubanzi lwesiseko seemeko zoLungisa kunye neemveliso zokufundisa.