Ukwazisa Imigangatho Yobungqina Kwinkqubo Esemthethweni

Inkqubo yomthetho yaseMerika isebenza kwisiseko sokuba inyaniso kufuneka ilandelwe kwinkqubo ecwangcisiweyo yobungqina kunye nokuvavanywa. Noko ke, umgangatho apho ubungqina bulinganiswa ngokuphawulekayo uxhomekeke ekubeni ityala lingokwabantu okanye likhohlakele. Le milinganiselo ayixhomekekanga ngokwamathanda; ibonisa amaxabiso asisiseko kunye nezithintelo ezidlalwayo kuhlobo ngalunye lokuqhuba. Kubafundi bomthetho, abenzi bamagqwetha, nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela okusesikweni okusetyenziswa ngayo, ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwemiqobo ecacileyo kwimicimbi yamakhaya neyamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho kubalulekile.

Inkqubo yomthetho yahlulwe yaba ziintlobo ezimbini eziphambili zamatyala: uluntu kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho. Uhlobo ngalunye lusebenza phantsi kwemithetho ecacileyo, kwaye, okubaluleke kakhulu, lunemilinganiselo yalo yobungqina ekufuneka ihlanganiswe ukuze ityala liphumelele. Ukuqonda oku kubaluleke kakhulu kubafundi, abafundisi- ntsapho, nabani na onomdla kumthetho, njengoko bebumba yonke into ukususela kumacebo okuvavanya ukusa kwiziphumo ezipheleleyo zempikiswano.

Ukuqonda umahluko: Iimeko zabezolwaphulo-mthetho

Ngaphambi kokuba sihlolisise imilinganiselo yobungqina ngokwayo, kubalulekile ukuqonda isiseko samatyala angokwesigqeba nawamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. Ezi ntlobo zimbini zisebenza iinjongo ezahlukeneyo kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni kwaye zineziphumo ezahlukileyo kakhulu kumaqela abandakanyekileyo.

Ityala Lamakhaya: Iimpikiswano Phakathi Kwemibutho Yabucala

Amatyala asekuhlaleni aquka iimbambano phakathi kwabantu, amashishini, okanye imibutho. Kwisenzo soluntu, elinye iqela (ummangalelwa) lizisa ityala kwelinye iqela (ummangalelwa) elifuna isicombululo esingokwasemthethweni, ngokuqhelekileyo lisebenzisa intlawulo yemali okanye umsebenzi othile. Iintlobo eziqhelekileyo zamatyala asekuhlaleni ziquka iimbambano zesivumelwano, iingxelo zokonzakalisa umntu ngokobuqu, iimbambano zempahla, nemicimbi yomthetho enjengezemali kunye nelokugcinwa kwabantwana. Umbuzo ongundoqo kwityala loluntu kukuba ummangalelwa ubekekruthiso ngokusemthethweni ngenxa yengozi etyholwa yi-parti. Ngenxa yokuba ezi zibandakanya intlawulo lwemali kunokuba kube yinkululeko, iindleko zolwaphulo-mthetho ziphantsi kunemicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Amatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho: Amatyala Anxamnye NoRhulumente

Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho abandakanya izenzo ezithathwa njengezikreqo ezichasene nezwe, uluntu, okanye ibutho labantu liphela. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente (othe wabekwa umtshutshisi) uzisa izityholo kummangalelwa ngokumangalelwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Iziphumo zetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho zinokuba qatha, kuquka ukuvalelwa, ukugwetywa, ukugwetywa, ityala, kunye nesohlwayo sobuposo, isohlwayo sobupolisa. Ngenxa yokuba inkululeko nodumo lommangalelwa lusemgxotsheni, inkqubo esemthethweni ibeka umgangatho ophezulu kakhulu wobungqina kwityala. Imo yetyala lommangalelwa inokubalelwa omsulwa, kwaye ummangalelwayo ucingelwa ngokumsulwa de kungqinwe ngenye indlela.

Ubungqina: Izithuba Ezibini Ezingafaniyo

Owona mahluko ubalulekileyo phakathi kwamatyala angokwamakhaya nawolwaphulo-mthetho ukwiqondo lobungqina obufunekayo ukuphumelela. Umgangatho wobungqina uchaza iqondo lokuqiniseka lokufumana inyani (umgwebi okanye umchongi wetyala) kufuneka abe nalo ngaphambi kokuba agqibe ngokuxhasa iqela elinye. Le migangatho mibini iphambili kubungqina kwaye ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni.

Ukuqwalasela Ubungqina: Umgangatho

Kwiimeko zabemi, umgangatho wobungqina waziwa ngokuba "kukuqwalasela ubungqina". Lo mgangatho ufuna ukuba omnye umntu abonise ukuba oko kuthethwayo kusenokuba kuyinyaniso kunokuba kungabi njalo. Ngamanyhadala, oku kuthetha ukuba ubungqina bubonisa ukuba kukho umlinganiselo omkhulu ongaphezulu kwama-50% wengozi yokuba isiqinisekiso siyasebenza. Ukuba isikali sobulungisa sithelekisa i-feant, umchasi-cantiff uyaphumelela. Lo mlinganiselo maxa wambi uchazwa njengo "51% yamathuba" okanye "ufaneleke kakhulu"

Umgangatho ophambili woqikelelo ubonisa isibakala sokuba amatyala asekuhlaleni abandakanya iimpikiswano ngemali okanye impahla kunokuba akhululwe. Ngumnyango osezantsi ngokuthelekisa nomgangatho wesigebengu, kodwa akunabungqongqo. I-plantiff kufuneka inike ubungqina obuthembekileyo kwaye iyiselele inyani yokuba uhlobo lweziganeko lwayo lusebenza ngakumbi. Umzekelo, kwimeko embi yomntu ngamnye, ummangalelwa kufuneka abonise ukuba kunokwenzeka kakhulu kunokuba ukungabikho kokungakhathalelwa kommangalelwa obangele umonakalo. Ukuba ubungqina bulinganayo, ulwahlulo olulinganayo, --a 50-50-50 luyahluliwe.

Isitshixo sokuthatha indawo: Phantsi komgangatho ophambili, i-stattiff ayifuni ukungqina imeko yabo ngokuqiniseka okupheleleyo. Bafuna nje ukusonga isikali esicacileyo ukuze bababale.

Ngaphezu Kokuthandabuza Ngokusengqiqweni: Umgangatho Wezaphuli - mthetho

Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, umgangatho wobungqina uphezulu kakhulu: "Ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni". Lo mlinganiselo ufuna ukuba ubungqina obunikelweyo bushiye abachopheli-tyala bengathandabuzi ncam malunga netyala lommangalelwa. Ukuthandabuza okusengqiqweni asiyompazamo engoqikelelo okanye yokungaqiniseki, kodwa amathandabuzo asekelwe kwingqiqo nengqiqo ekhoyo ebangelwa bubungqina okanye ukunqongophala kwabo. Ukuba kukho nayiphi na ingcaciso esengqiqweni yobungqina obungqinelanayo nobungenatyala bommangaleli, ijaji kufuneka ikhulule.

Lo mgangatho uphakamileyo ubonisa iziphumo ezinzulu ezinokuvela kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngenxa yokuba urhulumente ufuna ukuhlutha umntu inkululeko yakhe, okanye kwanobomi bakhe, inkqubo yomthetho ifuna ubungqina obufutshane phambi kokuba ivumele ukuswela okunjalo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ichaze lo mgangatho njenge "bhedrock" umgaqo wezolwaphulo-mthetho lwaseMelika, osekelwe kwingcamango yokuba kungcono kakhulu ukuvumela umntu onetyala akhululeke kunokuba avume ukuba avume ukuba angabi natyala. Umlinganiselo weBlackstone, umlinganiselo wekhulu leenkulungwane-ogracle, uthelthis "kulungile ukuba abantu abalishumi abanotyala baphumele ekuphepheni kunokuba omnye umntu omsulwa ubandezeleke."

Isitshixo sokuphuma apho: Ngaphandle kobuthandabuzeki obusengqiqweni asikokuqiniseka ngezibalo (100%) kodwa yeyona milinganiselo iphakamileyo yobungqina eyaziwayo kumthetho. Ifuna ukuqiniseka ngokokuziphatha nokuqiniseka okuqinileyo kokuziva unetyala.

Umthwalo Wobungqina: Ngubani Othwala Ubunzima?

Okunxulumene ngokusondeleyo nomgangatho wobungqina ngumthwalo wobungqina, obumisela ukuba yeliphi iqela elinoxanduva lokuvelisa ubungqina kunye nokubhenela kwi-inyani--mfumana. Ukwabiwa komthwalo kuchaphazela iziphumo ezinzulu zenkqubo yentlalo eyakhiwe kwaye ilahlwe ngayo.

Umthwalo Kumatyala Asekuhlaleni

Kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, umthwalo wobungqina uxhomekeke kummangaleli, omele anike ubungqina obaneleyo bokuxhasa oko bakuthethayo. Ummangalelwa kufuneka abonise inxalenye nganye yesizathu sabo somsebenzi ngokuqwalasela ubungqina. Oku kuthetha ukuba ummangali makangafumani bungqina nje kuphela, kodwa makaboyise nabuphi na ubungqina obunika ummangalelwa obuchaseneyo. Noko ke, ummangalelwa angathwala umthwalo wokuzingqina evuma, njengonyanzelo okanye ummiselo wesithintelo, ngobungqina obunika ubungqina obubo.

Ubunzima Kumatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, umthwalo onzima uxhomekeke kwityala, elimele lingqine icala lommangalelwa ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Lo mmangalelwa akaze aguqukele kummangalelwa; ummangalelwa ucingelwa ukuba akanatyala ngalo lonke ixesha lokuchotshelwa kwaye akafuni kunikela bungqina buphela. Ityala malizingqine zonke izityholo ezibekwayo ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Ukuba ummangalelwa akawufumani lo mthwalo, kufuneka akhululwe. Ukhuseleko lweSiHlamlelo sesihlanu ekuzikhuseleni ekuzibekeleni ngokwakhehini ngokuqhubeka kolu lwabiwo ngokuvumela ummangalelwa ahlale ethule ngaphandle kokungaqiniseki.

umahluko obalulekileyo: Ukuzikhusela ekuziqinisekiseni kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, njenge-ephameni okanye ukuzibeka ngokwawo, amanye amagunya abeka umthwalo kummangalelwa ukuze abonise ezi ndlela zokuzikhusela ngokuqwalasela ubungqina. Noko ke, oku akuwushicileli umthwalo opheleleyo wokungqina ukuba unetyala, ohlala uhleli kunye nengtshutshiso.

Iindidi Zobungqina Nemithetho Engachananga

Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zobungqina zingasetyenziswa kumatyala angokwamakhaya nawamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwawo kunye nokungachani kwawo kungahluka kakhulu ngenxa yezibonda ezahlukeneyo nemithetho yesithethe ebandakanyekileyo.

Ubungqina Kwityala Lamakhaya: Ukubonakala Kwande

Amatyala amakhaya asoloko evumela uludwe olubanzi lobungqina, olubonakalisa izibonda ezisezantsi nemfuneko yokucombulula ngokunempumelelo iimbambano. IMithetho eManyeneyo yoBufakazi, elawula iziganeko zasekuhlaleni, ithatha indlela eqhelekileyo yokufikelela ekuzinziseni. Ubungqina abunakuthintelwa ukuba bufanelekile kwaye bungakhutshwanga ngemithetho ethile. Iindidi zobungqina obuqhelekileyo obusetyenziswa kwiimeko zabemi ziquka:

  • ubungqina bobuxwebhu: ii-invoice, ii-imeyili, iirekhodi zezamayeza, kunye neengxelo zeshishini zisoloko zingundoqo kwiimpikiswano zamakhaya.
  • ubungqina obungathathi-nxaxheba: ubungqina bamangqina obusuka kwizibakala kunye namangqina abonakalisa iimpawu zisoloko zivumelekile.
  • Iimbono zobuChule: kwiimeko ezibandakanya ubugcisa okanye ulwazi olukhethekileyo ``njengendawo yezamayeza okanye ityala lemveliso'' amangqina olwazi asoloko esetyenziswa ukunceda abachopheli-mvo baqonde umba wento enzima. [ I-Daubert ilawula iqondo lobuchule bobungqina obusemgangathweni kwiinkundla zezwelonke.
  • iindlebe ezingezomdla: Nangona uvava (ekufutshane nengxelo zomhlathi) lusoloko lungachaphazeleki, amatyala asekuhlaleni asoloko exhomekeke kwiingxelo ezininzi ezingaphandle, ezifana neengxelo zeshishini, ukuvalwa kotshaba lweqela, kunye neengxelo zonyango lwezamayeza.

Ubungqina Kumatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho: Imithetho Engqongqo

Amatyala ezaphuli-mthetho anemithetho engqongqo ngokuphathelele ubungqina, eyenzelwe ukukhusela amalungelo ommangalelwa omgaqo-siseko nokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kobungqina obusetyenziselwa ukuchophela. Imiqathango engundoqo iquka:

  • Umthetho wobuKhawuli: Ubungqina obufunyenweyo bokwaphulwa kowesine, wesihlanu, okanye wesiThathu wokuHlaziya-mda `obububungqina bokuphengulula okungekho mthethweni okanye ukuvunywa kwempazamo okunyanzelekileyo/ukungasetyenziswa. Lo mthetho usebenza njengesithintelo kwihambo engafanelekanga yamapolisa.
  • Ubungqina obuphathekayo: izixhobo, amayeza, iisampuli zeDNA, kunye nobunye ubungqina obubonakalayo kufuneka ziqokelelwe, zigcinwe, kwaye zihlalutyelwe ngokwemigaqo yetsheyina eliqinileyo lesixhobo sokuzikhusela.
  • ubungqina bobungqina: iinkqubo zophawu lwamangqina zihlolisiswa ngokusondeleyo ukwenzela ukuvuselela inkanuko. Iinkundla zingazikhupha iziphawuli eziphumele kwiinkqubo ezikhuthaza ukunxila ngokungafanelekanga.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukuvuma izono: Iintelekiso mazibe zokuzithandela zifunyanwe ngokuhambelana ne Miranda v. Arizona. Ukuba ukrokrela uselugcinweni kwaye akacetyiswa ngokufanelekileyo ngamalungelo awo, ukuvuma okulandelayo kungacinywa.
  • imiqathango yesandi esivakalayo: Iimeko zezaphuli-mthetho zisebenzisa imithetho yolundi, ingakumbi kwiingxelo ezingqinelanayo, ngenxa yeBhali leSithandathu Lo Amenziso, elinika ummangalelwa ilungelo lokujamelana namangqina angalunganga.

Uphando Olusebenzisekayo Lwemilinganiselo Yobungqina Ehlukahlukeneyo

Umahluko kwimilinganiselo yobungqina unentsingiselo ebalulekileyo ngendlela amatyala amangalelwa ngayo nakhuselwa ngayo enkundleni. Oku kucalucalula kuchaphazela iqhinga lokuvavanya, ukuphelisa impumelelo kunye nokuphumelela kwecala ngalinye.

Kwiimeko zamakhaya, imigangatho yangaphambili ivumela abalawuli ukuba balandele iintelekelelo ezinokuxhaswa bubungqina obuncinane. Lo mqobo usezantsi ukhuthaza ukusombulula impikiswano ngokucalulwa nangokuhlaliswa, kwanaxa ubungqina bungakhutshwanga. Kubamangalelwa, umgangatho wesizwe uthetha ukuba bangaphulukana netyala kwanokuba ubungqina buchasana nabo kancinci. Oku kusoloko kukhokelela ekuxambuliseni ingxubusho, njengokuba ingozi yesigqibo esingalunganga ingaba yinyaniso naxa ummangalelwa ekholelwa ukuba banetyala eliqinileyo.

Kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, imilinganiselo engaphaya kwengqikelelo esengqiqweni yenza ukhuseleko olunamandla kubamangalelwa. Ingtshutshiso kufuneka inike ubungqina obubonisa ukuba akukhe kubekho mathandabuzo afanelekileyo, nto leyo engucelomngeni olukhulu kwiimeko ezininzi. Le mikhosi isesikweni yabatshutshisi ukuba bakhethe kakhulu ekuziseni izityholo, iqinisekisa ukuba ngamatyala anokubekwa ubungqina obunamandla kuphela aqhubekeka ukuvavanywa. Abamangalelwa, umgangatho ophezulu unika ithuba elibalulekileyo lokuvavanya imeko yengtshutshiso, kwanaxa ubungqina bubonakala bunamandla.

Umzekelo wehlabathi wokwenene: [ Ityala lika-O.J. Simpson libonisa umahluko. USmpson wakhululwa kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lwakhe kuba abachopheli betyala babethandabuza ngobungcathu ubungqina, kodwa wafunyanwa ebekelwe ityala lamakhaya elilandelayo phantsi komgangatho ongaphambili. Obu bungqina bunye obabunganele ukugweba ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho banele ukubeka ityala loluntu.

Iziphumo Zesigwebo: Yintoni Esemgceni

Imiphumo yamatyala angoorhulumente nawamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho ayahluka ngokuphawulekayo, iphembelela amatyala abandakanyekileyo kuwo onke amaqela. Ukuqonda le miphumo kunceda kucacise isizathu sokuba imilinganiselo yobungqina yahluke kangaka.

  • Isigqibo se-civil: iziphumo zembuyekezo yemali (amatyala) okanye isiqabu esilinganayo esifana nokwenza okuthile (ucela iqela elithile ukwenza into ethile) okanye umyalelo (umyalelo womntu ukuba ayeke ukwenza into ethile). Ityala loluntu aliphumeleli ekuvalweni okanye ekuphulukanweni nenkululeko, nangona izigwebo zemali ezibalulekileyo zinokubekwa.
  • Isigqibo esipheleleyo: singakhokelela ekuboshweni, kwintengo, ekuhlolweni, kwinkonzo yoluntu, okanye kwezinye izigwebo ezibonisa ubuqatha bolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukugwetywa kwetyala kukwaneziphumo eziziziphumo eziqinisekisiweyo, njengokuphulukana namalungelo okuvota, ubunzima bokufumana umsebenzi, kunye nehlazo elisentlalweni. Kwimeko yequmrhu, isohlwayo esigqibeleleyo sinokwenzeka.

Umahluko phakathi kwezibonda ucacisa isizathu sokuba umgangatho wesaphuli-mthetho uphakame kakhulu. Uluntu lugqibe kwelokuba kubhetele ukuba umntu onetyala akhululeke kunokuba abeke ubomi bakhe esichengeni lokuvalela umntu omsulwa. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, apho kukho imali kuphela ebethelelweyo, umgangatho osezantsi ugqalwa njengowamkelekileyo kuba iziphumo zempazamo azinzima kangako.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Imilinganiselo Yobungqina Kubaluleke

Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho nomthetho kubalulekile ukuze kubonwe indlela asebenza ngayo amatyala. Oku akuchaphazeli nje kuphela indlela akhiwa nachazwa ngayo kodwa kuneziphumo ezinokubakho kwabo babandakanyekileyo. Enoba ungumfundi, umfundisi- ntsapho, okanye ugqirha oqeqeshiweyo, kubalulekile ukuyiqonda kakuhle le ngcamango ukuze uqonde umthetho.

Kubo bafunda umthetho, le migaqo yingcamango esisiseko ebonakala phantse kwimimandla yonke yezenzo zomthetho. Kubantu abanamashishini nabantu ngabanye, imilinganiselo inokuchaza izigqibo zokuba bafanele bazenze kusini na, ukuba baqokelele njani ubungqina, noko bamele bakulindele kwinkqubo esemthethweni. Umgangatho ophantsi wasekuhlaleni uthetha ukuba kwanetyala elithozamileyo lingaphumelela, ngoxa umgangatho ophakamileyo wolwaphulo-mthetho ukhusela abo bamangalelwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda ngalo mxholo, qwalasela uphando lwezibonelelo ze- Icandelo Lezolwazi Lobubhali Lesizwe Lephepha Le-Imvisity , elinikezela ngokuqwalasela ngokunzulu imigangatho ecacileyo kunye nemithetho. Ngaphezu koko, i- U.S. ii-website zamatyala zinika iingcaciso ezicacileyo zeentlobo zombango zamakhaya nolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukutshona nzulu kwintanda-bulumko emva kwemigangatho yokungqina, i-[FLT] i-stanformation ye-encyclopedia ye-Prosophys kubungqina obusemthethweni inguvimba wemfundo yolwazi.

Isiphelo

Umahluko phakathi komqathango wobungqina obusemgangathweni kwiimeko zabemi kunye nokungathandatyuzwa okusengqiqweni komgangatho ophakathi kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yomthetho waseMerika. Le miqobo yahlukeneyo ibonisa izibonda ezohlukeneyo ezisemdlalweni namaxabiso abantu abafuna ukuwakhusela. Iimeko zamakhaya zicombulula iimpikiswano zobuqu ngokunyanga iingcaciso zemali, ngelixa amatyala ethetha ngokuphoxeka koluntu ngezigwebo ezinokuquka ukuvalelwa entolongweni. Ngokuqonda le milinganiselo, kunye nomthwalo wobungqina kunye nohlobo lobungqina obungenakuthelekiswa nako, nabani na onokuqhuba inkqubo esemthethweni njengeligita, ummi oqeqeshiweyo, okanye ummi odumileyo.