UmGaqo-siseko weUnited States ungaphezulu nje komthetho-siseko; lulungiselelo oluphilayo olulungelelanisa imigaqo yesiseko kunye neenjongo ezidityanisiweyo zebutho labantu ezahlukahlukeneyo. Phakathi kweenjongo zalo eziqulunqayo, ukulingana nokusesikweni kwezentlalo kumi njengeentsika ezimbini, nganye inika ulwazi kunye nokuqinisa enye. Ngoxa ukulingana kusoloko kubhekisela ekukhuseleni okusemthethweni okusemthethweni nxamnye nocalucalulo, okusesikweni kwezentlalo kugqithiselana ngakumbi ukuhlangabezana neemeko ezingezimgangatho zenkqubo ezikhoyo nokuqinisekisa ukusasazwa ngokufanelekileyo kobuncwane kunye namathuba. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ulwalamano oluntsonkothe phakathi kwezi ngcamango njengezifakelwe kwimiGaqo-siseko, ukuphuhliswa kwazo ngokwembali, ukuphikisa kwazo, ukuphikisa, kunye nokusebenza kwamanani akhoyo ngexesha elinye.

Ukulingana njengomgaqo-siseko

Ukulingana akukhankanywa ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko wantlandlolo wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asixhenxe ananye. Enyanisweni, umbhalo wokuqala wamkele ubukhoboka ngokuphandle nokuthotywa kwamabhinqa. Igama elithi “ubunjani” aliveli ndawo kumanqaku okanye kwiBhili yantlandlolo yamaLungelo. Endaweni yoko, lo mgaqo wavela ngokutshintshwa nokucaciswa kwezomthetho, ngokuthe ngcembe wawuguqula umGaqo-siseko ube ngumgaqo wamalungelo alinganayo.

Ukuyekelela Kwesiseko Nendlela Yokwamkelwa

UmGaqo-siseko wokuqala wawuneenkqubo eziliqela ezilondolozwe kukungalingani: iiNtloko ezintathu ezithi zihlaziyiwe zabalwa njengabantu abangamakhoboka njengezintathu zomntu okhululekileyo ukuze amelelwe kunye nerhafu; ikhoboka elingumFugi uClaus elifuna ukubuya kwabantu abaphunyukileyo abasebukhobokeni; kwaye iSikolo se-Electoral kunye nesakhiwo seCantenel sahlambulula amandla okuvota kumazwe angaphithi-ninzi kodwa kwakhona safaka i-archiarchia abahlanga nabesini. Yathatha imfazwe yamakhaya kunye nothotho lweziphelo eziguqulo zokuguqula izinto ukuze kuqaliswe ezi zakhiwo.

  • 13th Amendment (1865): Ubukhoboka nobukhoboka obungavumelekanga, ngaphandle kwesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kupheliswa ngokusemthethweni kupheliswa ubukhoboka be-gnubar kodwa kushiyelwa ithuba iinkqubo zokuvalelwa ezingokwamaqela ahlukeneyo ezisaqhubeka namhlanje.
  • 14th Amendment (1868): I-Ukhuseleko Olulinganayo luka-Clause lwaba sisixhobo esiphambili somGaqo-siseko sokuvavanya ucalulo. Ukulungisa kwachazwa ukuba ngummi, ukuqinisekisa inkqubo efunekayo, kwaye ukwalela ukukhanyela nawuphi na umntu “ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho.”
  • 15th Amendment (1870): Ukukhanyelwa kohlanga okusekelwe kumalungelo okuvota. Kodwa ukuphepha njengerhafu yokuvota, iimvavanyo zokufunda nokubhala, kunye neendlela zoloyiso zokwaphula ngokunempumelelo amaMelika aseAfrika phantse inkulungwane.
  • [19th Amendmentment (1920): Amabhinqa ajijelwa ngokulula, nangona amabhinqa amaninzi anemibala ehlukeneyo esajongene nemiqathango yokuvota esekelwe kuhlanga de kube nguMthetho wamalungelo onyaka ka-1965.
  • uHlaliso lweziBonelelo lwe24 (1964): Irhafu yovotelo olucetywe kunyulo lwezwe, ukususa umqobo wemali owawuchaphazele ngokungenalusini umBlack novoti abafumana imali encinci.

Ezi zimo ziguqukayo zibonisa ukuzinikela komGaqo-siseko ekulinganani okungazange kube ngoko nangoko okanye kuphele. Nganye yayimele uloyiso olunzima kwiinkqubo ezizinzileyo zengcinezelo, kwaye nganye ifuna inkqubela-phambili yentlalo ukuba ifezekiswe.

Iintlobo zomgangatho kuMthetho woMgaqo-siseko

Abaphengululi abasemthethweni bahlula phakathi kokulingana okuqhelekileyo,------ukusebenzisa ngokufanayo abantu ngokufanayo, kunye nokulingana okuncinci, okuthi kuvume ukuba ukungaphumeleli ngokwembali kusenokufuna ukuphathwa ngokwahlukileyo ukuze kufunyanwe ubulungisa bokwenene. I-Uncime Protection Claus itolikwa ukuba yamkele zombini, nangona iNkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko isebenzisa uludwe lokuhlola:

  • Scrutiny: Isetyenziswa xa imithetho icalucalulo isekelwe kuhlanga, kwimvelaphi yesizwe, okanye kumalungelo asisiseko. Urhulumente kufuneka abonise umdla onyanzelisayo kwaye umthetho ulungiseke kancinci. Lo mgangatho wavela kwiimeko ezifana Koritatsu v. United States [1944] kwaye wasulungekiswa ku [[FLT: 4.]
  • Isininzi seScrutiny: Ukusetyenziswa kukwahlulwa ngokwesini kunye nokubekwa ngokwasemthethweni. Urhulumente kufuneka abonise umdla obalulekileyo kwaye umthetho unxulumene kakhulu nomdla. Craig v. Boren [7] usekelo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Impinda yesiseko se-Rosal: Ibhekiswa kwezinye iinkalo zezoqoqosho kunye nentlalo. Lo mthetho ufuna ukunxulumene kuphela nengqondo nomdla osemthethweni karhulumente. Lo mgangatho usezantsi usoloko uxhasa imithetho echaphazela amaqela asezantsi ngokugqithisileyo ngaphandle kokuba ajolise “kudidi lwe-souce.”

Le ndlela idweliswe ngoludwe ibonisa indlela umGaqo-siseko okujonga ngayo ukulingana kungekhona njengomyalelo omnye kodwa njengomgaqo ocacileyo ovumelanisa nobunzulu bocalulo olukhoyo.

Ingcamango Yobulungisa Bentlalo

Ukusesikweni kwezentlalo, nangona kungelilo igama elifunyanwa kumGaqo-siseko ngokwawo, kuye kwaba yinto ecacisayo abaxhasi nabagwebi abaninzi abaqonda ngayo iinjongo ezibanzi zoxwebhu. Isigwebo sentlalo asifuni nje kuphela ukungabi nalucalulo olusesikweni kodwa kwanobukho beemeko ezilinganayo zemfundo, ukunyamekela impilo, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nethuba lezoqoqosho.

Imvelaphi EngooPhilosophiya

Ingcamango yokusesikweni kwezentlalo yale mihla isebenzisa ngamandla umsebenzi wesithandi sobugcisa bezobupolitika uJohn Rawls. Imfundiso yeJaji (1971], Rawls yaphikisa ukuba ibutho elisesikweni lelona lifumana inkululeko esisiseko kulo lonke kwaye icwangcisa ukungalingani kwezeli kwezentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho ukuze kungenelwe okungeyongenelo luncinci. Le “mgaqo wemithetho esemthethweni" umele ngamanye amaxesha udityaniswe ngamanyathelo okuyeyeye. Nangona u-Whydrawl yena ngokwakhe engabhalanga ngomthetho womgaqo-siseko, iimbono zakhe ziphembelele indlela abachaza ngayo ukukhuselwa kokhuseleko oluqhelekileyo nomgangatho ka-Clauslaus.

Ezinye izithandi-bulumko, njengoMartha Nussbaum noAmartya Sen, ziye zaphuhlisa “indlela yokuphatha,” engqina ukuba okusesikweni koko abantu bakwazi ukukwenza noko banokukwenza. Ngokwezimvo zomGaqo-siseko, esi sicwangciso sibuza enoba urhulumente uqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi banawo na amandla okuba nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwezobupolitika, kwezentlalo, nakwezezoqoqosho. Le mbono iye yabheniswa kwiingxoxo eziphathelele iimali zemfundo zikawonke wonke, ukuvota, ukufikelela, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwempilo.

ISigwebo seNtlalo-ntle neNcaciso yoMgaqo-siseko

Imigaqo etolika indlela yokulawula indlela yokulawula intlalo-ntle elawula ngayo umthetho wentlalo. Izazi zomGaqo-siseko ziphikisa ngelithi intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko yayizinziswe ngexesha lokudityaniswa kwemiqathango kwaye abagwebi abafanele bangenise iingcamango zale mihla zezobulungisa bentlalo. Abaxhasi bomgaqo-siseko abaphila ngemithetho-siseko baphikisa ngelithi amagama abanzi aloxwebhu "olingana" kunye“ nenkqubo esele ikhona” kufuneka izenzekele ukuhlangabezana neemeko ezintsha. Uxanduva oluphakathi kwezi ndlela zokuzifikelela lukwimeko ezininzi eziphawulekayo.

  • Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) yarhoxa imfundiso ye Pnevy v. Ferguson [1896]]. INkundla yagqiba kwelokuba ucalucalulo lohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke wonke lwalungalingani ngokwemvelo, kwanokuba amaziko ayelingana. IJaji enkulu uWarren yabhala ukuba imfundo “ilungelo ekufuneka lifumaneke kubo bonke ngokweembono ezifanayo,” iqaphela ukulimala okuncinci kwe-lonke abantwana abambalwa.
  • Roe v. [773]) wagunyazisa ilungelo lomfazi lokukhetha kwi-Seed Programme Clausse yoMgqiqo-siseko weshumi elinesine, ukukhupha inkululeko yokuzala njengesazulu sokulingana. Esi sigqibo kamva sawiswa umthetho `Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [202], sibuyisela umbuzo ukuba uchaze kwaye sivuse impikiswano enzulu ngokhuseleko lomgaqo-mGwalelo lomzimba.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) yakholelwa ukuba izibini ezitshatileyo ezingokwabelana ngesondo zinelungelo elisisiseko lokutshata phantsi kweNkqubo elindelekileyo kunye noKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Celas. Uluvo lukaJaji Kennedy lwagxininisa ukuba umtshato “lilungu elingundoqo lolungelelwano lwethu lwentlalo-ntle” kwaye nokususa izibini ezingokwasegazini ezinxulumeneyo zathoba isidima ne-Exromist.

La matyala abonisa indlela ukutolikwa komGaqo-siseko okunokuyifeza ngayo imigaqo yentlalo elawula isidima nokulingana. Noko ke, akwabonisa ukuba imigaqo enjalo isengozini yokuguquka kwemimiselo egwebayo nembono yoluntu.

Ukuhlala Kunzima Ukujamelana Nobulungisa Bentlalo

Nangona kuqinisekiswe ngomgaqo-siseko, ukungalingani kwezakhiwo kusekho ngokunzulu kwibutho lamaMerika. Umahluko phakathi kokulingana ngokusemthethweni namava aphilayo uyaqhubeka ubangela ingxabano kwaye ufuna utshintsho.

Amalungelo

Ilungelo lokuvota lisekelwe kwidemokhrasi nakwisigqeba sentlalo. Emva kokudlula koMthetho wamaLungelo wonyaka ka-65, ukuvota nokubhalisa phakathi kwabemi abambalwa kwanyuka ngokuphawulekayo. Noko ke, isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Shelby County v. Hamer[ [2013]]) yawisa amalungiselelo angundoqo oMthetho ovotayo ofuna amagunya athile anembali embali yocalulo ukuze afumane ukurhoxisana kwemithetho yetyala. Ngokulandela imithetho ephantsi kwemithetho yokuvota. [[FLT]] Shelby County , uninzi luphumeze, lukhuphe uvotiso, lucuthe, lucuthe, luye lwacima, lucima, lucima, lucima nokuvala i-votafile.

Utshintsho Lobulungisa

I-United States ikhupha abantu abaninzi kunalo naliphi na ilizwe ledemokhrasi. Ukwahluka ngokweentlobo zobuhlanga ekubanjweni, ekuqinisekisweni, nasekugwetyweni kucacile: IiMelika ezimnyama zivalelwe phantse kahlanu kumlinganiselo wabemi abamhlophe. UMthetho woPhinda-mva kweshumi elinesithathu wesiXhosa “ukunganyanzeliswa ngenkani" njengesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho oluye lwasetyenziswa ukuthethelela iinkqubo zokusebenza entolongweni abagxeki abathile abathi abanye abathi ubukhoboka bale. Iinkqubo ze-Bail ezithi abantu abangakwaziyo ukuhlawula, imithetho emithathu ekhupha izigwebo zobomi ngenxa yezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezingekho mthethweni, kwaye imfazwe yeziyobisi iye yanegalelo kwingxaki yokufakwa kwesohlwayo. Abaxhasi bezomthetho baphikisa ukuba isithembiso somGwamGaqo-siseko sibiza iinstruption, kuquka ukurhoxiswa kwetyala, ukubuyiselwa komthetho, ukubuyiselwa koluntu.

Ukungalingani Kwezoqoqosho Nokufumana Okusesikweni

UMgaqo-siseko awuqinisekisi ilungelo lokufumana ikhefu lokuhlala, lokutya, okanye lomvuzo wokuhlala. Kodwa ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho kunciphisa amandla amaqela aphantsi okuthabatha inxaxheba ngokulinganayo kubomi bentlalo-ntle. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yathi i-Olinganayo ayifuni ukuba urhulumente anikele inkxaso elinganayo kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke ([] u-Sanan Antonio Independent School School v. Rodriguez[FLD]]], 1973), kwaye ayikunyanzeli ukufikelela ekucengeni kwemigaqo yezomthetho wezomthetho ( Lassiter v. Isebe leMibutho yezemfundo yezemfundo yezemfundo esesikweni, [[FLT]][FLT]],[10], 1981],). Ezi zigqithela ukuqondwa komGaqonga ekuqondeni kwesidima somGaqo-siseko soluntu, mhlawumbi nesoluvo olulingana netyala lobuhlwempula.

  • I-Healthcare: UMthetho we-Afford Care Care wasinda kwiingxaki zomGaqo-siseko, kodwa amashumi ezigidi asaxhaswa. Izizwe nezizwe ezincinane afumana iziphumo zempilo ezimandundu phantse kuwo onke amanqanaba, umahluko obangelwa kukungafikeleleki, unyango, kunye neemeko zemekobume.
  • Imfundo: intlawulo yokwahlula phakathi kwesithili sezityebi namahlwempu asesikolweni. Ezinye iinkundla eziphakamileyo zelizwe ziye zabetha iinkqubo zemfundo phantsi kwegunya zingenayo imigaqo elinganayo yokhuseleko, kodwa umGaqo-siseko wezwe unika inkxaso elinganiselweyo.
  • Ucalucalulo lwezindlu luyaqhubeka nakubeni uMthetho weFair House House ungekho. URedlining, isalatha-zithuba, kunye nokwenza intsebenziswano zonke zinemiqathango yomGaqo-siseko, njengoko zichaphazela amandla amaqela athe tye ahlala kuluntu olunezinto ezaneleyo.

Ikamva Lokulingana Nokusesikweni Kwentlalo Kumthetho WomGaqo-siseko

Ulwalamano phakathi kokulingana nokusesikweni kwentlalo luxhomekeke ekulungisweni komgaqo-siseko, kwizigqibo zomthetho, kwimigaqo-mthetho, nakwimibutho yentlalo. Kumashumi eminyaka ezayo kuseza kubakho ungquzulwano oluqhubekayo ngentsingiselo yesiqinisekiso somGaqo-siseko.

Imfundiso yokwalukelwa kwezinto.

INkundla ePhakamileyo yangoku ineeNkundla ezingomelelanga ezizizi-6603, ezininzi zazo ezixhasa ubuGqaba okanye ukubhalwa kwemibhalo. Kwimeko ezibandakanya ukuvuma isenzo, amalungelo okuvota, kunye nokuqhomfa, iNkundla ijikele imizekelo exhomekeke ekuqondeni okubanzi kokulingana nokusesikweni kwezentlalo. Umzekelo, uluvo lwePair Adgigistrans v. [[FLLD] [2023] [2023]) yaphelisa ukuvuma kwesizwe kwimiqathango-mthetho ekhole, ibambe ukuba iinkqubo ezinjalo zaphula uKhuselo olulinganayo nolubanzi luka Clauslaus. Uninzi lwathi oluthiye “ucompul, isikhundla esithe mbekweni olweyo, umthetho wentlalo-ntle othelela iziphumo zembali. Okwangoku, amatyala eLTBQ+ ayaqhubeka ekuvavanyeni kwemiqatha yonqulo ukuvavanyanisa iziphumo ezizi mithetho ezizigwebo ezilandelayo.

ImiGaqo-siseko kaRhulumente kunye noBulungiseleli

Njengoko iNkundla ePhakamileyo yeSizwe incinanisa ukhuseleko oluthile lomgaqo-siseko, umgaqo-siseko wesizwe uya usiba ziziko lokulawula intlalo-ntle. Umgaqo-siseko omninzi wesizwe uqulethe iziqinisekiso ezicacileyo zamalungelo alinganayo, imfundo, okanye intlalo-ntle ebanzi kuneyomGaqo-siseko wesizwe. Inkundla yephondo iye yaphethukela kwiinkundla zikarhulumente ukukhusela amalungelo okuvota, inkululeko yokuzala, kunye neLGBTQ+ amalungelo esemthethweni. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yePennsylvania ikholelwa ukuba umgaqo-siseko ukhusela ukuphuma komqhinomo-gazi. Ngokufanayo, inkundla yephondo yawisa umthetho wephondo ifuna ukuxhaswa kwesikolo okungagwetyelwayo. Oku kucebisa ukuba ikamva lokulingana nobulungisa bomgangatho ofanelekileyo, ngokunika umbono wesizwe ngamnye owahlukileyo.

Indima Yokukhulela Kwizikolo Nemfundo

Iinguqulelo zomGaqo-siseko azenzeki kuphela kwiinkundla. Imibutho yentlalo-ntle .(ukusukela kwiNtlangano yamaLungelo eBala eliBala ukuya kutsho kumlo wokulingana komtshato) iye yaguqula ukuqonda kwabantu yaza yanyanzelisa iindlu zowiso-mthetho neenkundla ukuba zisebenze. Imfundo ngemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko nembali yokusesikweni kwezentlalo ibalulekile ekuxhaseni le migaqo. ICurricula efundisa ngokuHlaziywa kwe-14, inkathi yokuqulutya, kunye nokulwela ukulingana kwenza abemi bafumaneke ngokunempumelelo. Ukulungele ukungathobeki kwemithetho yoluntu, ukungathobeki kwemithetho-mthetho, nokukhuthaza ukuhambela phambili kwemithetho yentlalo kwisakhiwo somgaqo-siseko somgaqo-siseko.

Ekugqibeleni, ulwalamano phakathi kokulingana nokulunga kobulungisa nentlalo-ntle kwiSigqeba seNtlalo-ntle libali lomnqweno kunye nomzabalazo. Olu xwebhu lunembewu yenkululeko nengcinezelo. Ukutolikwa kwalo kuye kwakhula kwaza kwathatha ixesha, kubonakalisa iingxabano zezobupolitika nezokuziphatha zonyaka ngamnye. Ukuqonda ukuba imbali ``` kwaye ukubandakanyeka kwiingxoxo eziqhubekayo] eziqhubekayo kuye kwafuneka kuye nabani na ozinikele ekwakheni ibutho labantu eliphila ngokuvisisana nesithembiso sokusesikweni kubo bonke abantu.