Ukwazisa: Ukwakhiwa koLawulo lwaseMelika

Ulwalamano phakathi kwamasebe amathathu orhulumente wesizwe wase-United States `ecuthekileyo, owemithetho, kunye nowokugweba'isiseko apho idemokhrasi yesizwe ihlala khona. Kude kuphele kwilungiselelo elithe ngqo, olu lwalamano lukukusetyenziswa okunamandla okunempembelelo kunye nokuxinezeleka, okuyintluphenjelelwa ngabom yiFramers of the Community, ukuthintela nayiphi na into ekhoyo engalawulwayo. Ukuqonda indlela la masebe asebenzisana ngayo kwaye angqubana ngayo akuyo nje ukuqheliswa kwemfundo yemfundo; kubalulekile ukuyiqonda indlela esenziwe ngayo imithetho, enyanzeliswayo, nechazwa ngayo, nendlela amalungelo abemi akhuselwa ngayo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela yomgaqo-siseko somthetho olawula ulawulo, uhlolisisa iingxabano ezingenakuthintelwayo ezivela kumagunya, nokuzinzisanelo oluhlala kumgangatho wokuhlola ulungelene.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko nokwahlukana kwamandla

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. umisela urhulumente wamagunya ahlukeneyo, unika isebe ngalinye imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ukuze livelise inkqubo yegunya elabelweyo nelingenayo. Inqaku I-I libeka onke amandla owiso-mthetho kwiBhunga le-bidamaral, eliquka iNdlu yooBameli neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. IBhunga ijongene nokwenza imithetho, ukuphakamisa ingeniso, ukuchaza imfazwe, nokuvelela isebe eliphethe isebe eliphetheyo. Ngokuchasene nemigaqo-siseko eqinileyo kuMongameli, oyalela ukunyanzela imikhosi yezomkhosi, oqhuba ulawulo lwamanye amazwe, nokuqhuba i-arhente ye-agetive. Igalelo lesi-II siqalisa isebe eliphethe iNkuNkulwano-Statu, namandla okutolika imithetho nokuhlola nokuhlola imithetho yayo ngomGwamgaqo-siseko okhundla [[F.] [-ecrome] [1]

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya akuphelelanga. Endaweni yoko, umGaqo-siseko udala ngabom iimbopheleleko ezihlaliswayo: uMongameli angawubeka umthetho ohlaziyiweyo, kodwa uMongameli ungayiphazamisa loo ndawo; uMongameli umisa abagwebi besizwe, kodwa iNdlu yeNdlu yezomthetho mayiziqinisekise; kwaye inkundla ingakwazi ukubetha izenzo zolawulo okanye imithetho. Oku kudityaniswa kwegunya kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe lisebenza ngokwalo kwaye kufuneka libandakanye nabanye ukuzalisekisa iinjongo zalo. Njengoko uJames Madison ubhale kwi- u-FLT.[5:1], “Ulwamcimbiso kufuneka lwegunya lwenziwe ukuba lulwe lilwe,” kwaye isakhiwo semikhosi karhulumente sibonise ukukhangela omnye.

Isebe Elilawulayo: Igunya Nokuziphakamisa

Isebe eliphetheyo liye lakhula kakhulu ukususela kwixesha lokusekwa. Ngeli xesha uMgaqo-siseko unika uMongameli amandla alinganiselweyo adwelisweyo, oomongameli bezi mini basebenzisa igunya elibalulekileyo ngemiyalelo yolawulo oluphezulu, umongameli we-tranda, kunye nolwalathiso lorhulumente. UMongameli usebenza njengentloko yorhulumente kunye noMphathi-Mphathi-mikhosi, kwaye ubumba inkqubo ngesebe elilawulayo elilawulayo. Noko ke, uMongameli uyaqhubeka echaza inyathelo elikhoyo lolawulo lwemithetho yesebe, iBhunga lilawula kwaye liyakwazi ukuphengulula imigaqo yesebe eliphetheyo; iinkundla ziyakwazi ukulawula imiyalelo engekho sigqeqeshini; kwaye umgangatho wamandla onegunya kufuneka uqinisekise imicimbi engundoqo.

Isebe loMgaqo-siseko: Ukwenziwa kwelaphulo kunye nomelo

IBhunga leMicimbi yeNkqutyana likwinqanaba lokusebenza kwenkqubo. Le ndlu, enamagama ayo aneminyaka emibini, yenzelwe ukusabela ngokukhawuleza kumnqweno kawonke-wonke, ngelixa iCathenal, enamagama ashukumayo eminyaka emithandathu, yenzelwe ukunikezela ngozinzo nokucwangcisa okuthe rhoqo. Isebe lemithetho linegunya lesipaji-mali (*kuphela iBhunga elilawulayo linokusebenzisa imali efanelekileyo kwaye ligunyazise iindleko. Indlu iyakwazi ukuphatha, ifuna amagosa aphezulu amele ukungqinelana nokuvelisa amaxwebhu. Isebe leNsungu leNtsimbi yemithetho-i yemithetho likwabela izivumelwano kunye nemisebenzi emidala, lenze iqumrhuluko lomdlali wemimiselo lomgaqo wangaphandle kunye neyokungaphicothanga. Kodwa isoloko izama ukusebenzisa i-gridrockbooksi, enokuthi iguqulele kwi-gcoogn.

Isebe Lejaji: Ukucaciswa Nokuhlolisiswa

Ijaji ePhakamileyo lisebe elincinane ledemokhrasi ngengqiqo yokuba amalungu ayo amiselwe ubomi, akanyulwa. Le ndlela ikhusela abagwebi kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kwaye ibavumela ukuba benze njengabameli abangakhethiyo bomGaqo-siseko. INkundla ePhakamileyo, enabagwebi abasithoba, isebenzisa amandla okuhlola imithetho yesizwe neyesizwe, kunye nemithetho yesebe elilawulayo, kunye nezenzo zolawulo. Iinkundla zolawulo zorhulumente ezisezantsi ziphatha uninzi lwamatyala, kwaye isakhiwo sivumela ukubhenela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo. Amandla eJudicaliary, axhomekeke kwamanye amasebe ukunyanzelisa imithetho yayo, kwaye angenako ukukwazi ukusungula okanye ukunyusa ingeniso, ziwenza isebe elibuthathaka kakhulu kwiphephandaba, kodwa elinye elinempembelelo enzulu kumalungelo oluntu, urhulumente, kunye nolawulo oluphezulu.

Intsebenziswano Phakathi kwamasebe: Uomatshini bolawulo

Ngaphandle kwamandla awo ahlukeneyo, amasebe asebenzisana rhoqo ukuze aphumeze iinjongo zenkqubo, acombulule iingxaki zesizwe, alondoloze ukusebenza kukarhulumente. Intsebenziswano ayiyonto ezikhethelayo; umGaqo-siseko ufuna ukuthatha inyathelo elidibeneyo kwimisebenzi emininzi engundoqo. Ulawulo olusebenzayo luxhomekeke kubuchule bamasebe bokunxibelelana, ukulalanisa, nokusebenza ngaphaya kwemigca yeziko.

Umthetho nokwenza imithetho

Eyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yentsebenziswano yenzeka ngexesha lenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Isivumelwano siqala kwiKhomishini, kodwa uMongameli usoloko ecebisa umthetho ngedilesi yeSizwe okanye esebenzisa abaphathi besebe. ISebe leJaji lezo drafti ezihambelana neendleko eziphambili, kunye nabasebenzi abakhulu abamhlophe bendlu bathethana neenkokeli ezisebenzayo. Xa iBhunga ligqithisa umthetho, uMongameli angawusayina kumthetho, `umzuzu wentsebenziswano/okanye. Ukuba iNgqungquthela ilawula i-veto, ekwabonisa intsebenziswano (okanye ingxamphicotho). Imithetho yelizwe isoloko iphuma kwintsebenziswano ekhoyo: Afford Care Careance (2010) ifuna ukuba uMongameli noMbutho wolungelelwano, njengoko kwenzayo kwi-Acreastrust ne-Esstion, njengoko kwakwenze u-Emps.[3]

Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali kunye

Nyaka ngamnye, isebe eliphetheyo lithumela izicelo zoqingqo-mali ezineenkcukacha kwiKhomishini, ezichaza izinto eziza kuqala. IBhunga liqwalasela uqingqo-mali, liludlulise, liludlulise, le nkqubo ifuna ingxubusho enzulu, njengoko izinto eziphambili zikaMongameli ziphikisana neemfuno zengingqi zengingqi kunye neengxubusho zoqingqo-mali. Xa amasebe omabini evumelana ngoqingqo-mali, anika imali urhulumente wonke. Xa engaphumeleli ukusebenzisana, ukuvalwa komthetho kuyenzeka, njengoko kuboniswe ngo-199596, 2013, kunye no-201818201920. Ezi zinto zibalaselisa imfuneko yentsebenziswano yentsebenziswano yentsso , kwaye iziphumo zokungahambiswa kwayo.

Idinga Neziqinisekiso

Ijaji yequmrhu lorhulumente, oonobhala boburhulumente, neentloko ezininzi zomgangatho ophezulu zifuna uqinisekiso lweNdlu yeNtlanganiso. UMongameli ubabeka abantu abacinga ukuba bafanelekile, kodwa iNdlu yeNdlu yeMasipala ibambana kwaye ivote ekuqinisekiseni. Intsebenziswano yeQela eKhosi ePhakamileyo inika izibophelelo ezifanelekileyo, ngelixa i-Rhovisis inokuthi ingazibambi izithinteli iintambo. Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa yeNkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ijongene nohlolo olunzulu. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukunyuka “kwesityibiliso , isiko seNdlulo yeNtsimbi yeNtlanga kuvumele ii-senethi ezithintelayo ukuba zithintele iintambo, isibonisi inkqubela-siseko sezomthetho, ibonakalisa iinkqubo zentsebenziswano ngexesha elidluleyo.

Inkcitho yeSebe

Ngexesha lemfazwe, iingxaki zezoqoqosho, okanye intlekele yemvelo, intsebenziswano idla ngokwanda. Emva kokuhlasela okungu-9/11, iBhunga kunye nesebe eliphetheyo elisebenzisanayo ukudlulisa iUSA PATRIOTT Kumelwe ithathe inyathelo ngokukhawuleza. Ingxaki yemali yowama-2008 yabona iSebe leMali kunye neBhunga lezezimali lisebenza kunye kwiNkqubo yoNgqongqolo eHlulekiweyo (i-ARP). Isehlombelo leCHOVA-19 lezinto ezixhobisa iimpahla ezininzi zesisa, kuquka i-ACACTIS Act kunye neSicwangciso sokuhlangula saseMelika. La mathuba abonisa ukuba xa uhlanga lujamelene nezisongelo, iingcuphelo zoshishino zoncedo ezingoonqano-onqano-onqaka kaxakeka lungangelwano lolwano lwe-Bran, ukujikeleza kolawulo, ukuxinzeka kwe-Bran ye-Cername.

Ungquzulwano Phakathi Kwamasebe: Iingxaki Ezingenakupheliswa

Ungquzulwano lufumaneka kwinkqubo yamaqumrhu ahlukeneyo okwabelana ngamagunya. Izixokelelwano zilindele ukucutheka kwaye zenzelwe ukuthintela ulawulo lwawo nawuphi na amasebe. Ukungquzulana kubangelwa kukungalawuleki komgaqo-siseko, iingxwabangxwaba, imigaqo-siseko, uknano oludityaniswayo, kunye neengxaki zamandla.

Iimpikiswano zoLawulo oluPhezulu

Iimfazwe ezininzi ezibonakalayo zisoloko zichasa uMongameli nxamnye neBhunga. Ukungavisisani ngamandla emfazwe akunasiphelo: uMongameli njengoMphathi-iNkulumbuso angasebenzisa imikhosi, kodwa kuphela iNgqungquthela yeYaseMkhosini enokuthi ivakalise imfazwe. Isigqibo seWatergate soMkhosi wangowe 1973 safuna ukunyanzela igunya lomongameli, kodwa oomongameli baye basoloko bephikisana ngobuchule obude bemikhosi. Ngokufanayo, ilungelo eliphezulu lokulawula uMongameli lokuvala ulwazi kwiNgqungquthela---yama-zi. (16) ilungelo lokukhupha ulwazi olukhokelela kwimidathanga. Ngexesha langoku, iNkuphatha kakubi iNku, iNkundla ephakamileyo yalawula i-FLTruttena, i-ast witteneegeement nents arreants synd projects of Congments Congrencestingstings.

Iimpikiswano Zezahlulelo Zezaphula - mthetho

Ijudia ingasivala izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu ekuzigqala njengezobugqwesiswayo. Ukuthatyathwa kwemigodlo yentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea kwavakaliswa kungekho mthethweni ulutsha olusemotweni Phepha & Tube Co. i-Sawyer[[ [1952]. [uMlawuli we-Trump]. Ukungavunyelwa kohambo lwabafundi (Umgaqo we-Trump 13769)) kwacetyiswa enkundleni, ekugqibeleni kwaxhaswa yiNkuQumbumba ePhakamileyo [[FLTL:].[FLT] v.[FLT] 3] [20] [20] [20] [20])) emva kokulungiswa kwemiqatha lengxelo yezomthetho elawulayongangezomthetho, kwanolunyulwa nakuqwala izicwangciso zemali ezithenjiweyo.

Iimpikiswano Ezimiselwe Ngokwee-Ofisi

IBhunga lingangqubana neenkundla zolawulo olulawula ukuqhomfa okanye intsingiselo yemimiselo. Umzekelo, iKhomishini maxa wambi iye yacinga ukuthi inqabile imigaqo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ngomthetho, igunya elinikwe liQumrhu III elingekho mthethweni. Ekuphenduleni kwemithetho engathandekiyo, iKhomishini iye yasungula amatyala okususa iinkundla ezilawulayo ezikhethekileyo ezifana nokuqhomfa okanye umthandazo wesikolo, nangona amanyathelo anjalo anqabileyo adlulayo. Enye ingxubangxwaba ibandakanya imigudu yokungquzulanisa imigaqo yokuphelisa ukuchazwa kwemithetho. Xa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ilawula ingu-LTyreeve. IBhosa elingcono kakhulu. Iminyaka yonyaka elungileyo & ramplamp; uGwayibo phakathi kolwalamano oluphambili.[[FLG.1][FL: 1,200] [200] [ip:])

Ukuhlahlela nokungagqibeleli komGaqo-siseko

Kwisiphelo esigqithisileyo songquzulwano kukho inkqubo yokungagqibeki. Indlu inamandla okugqeba uMongameli (okanye amanye amagosa karhulumente), kwaye iNdlu yeNdlu yezomthetho iqhuba ityala. Olu luvavanyo olupheleleyo kwihambo engalunganga yempatho ephezulu. Kuphela koomongameli abathathu abaye baphenjelelwa: Andrew Johnson (1868), uBill Clinton (1998), kunye noDonald Trump (umganyana, ngo-2019 kunye no-2021). Akukho nanye eyabekwa ityala yasuswa. Umthetho woMongameli Nixon wathintelwa kuphela ngokuyeka kwakhe. Inkqubo idla ngokungaphezulu yezobupolitika kwaye iyaphinda yahluka. Ngoko ke, inyanzela amasebe ukuba angene kwinkcaso yomthetho omthetho ovavanyo uxandumasi. Ulawulo lwezi-Rheresil

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano: Ukhuseleko Lwenkqubo

Inkcubeko yomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. yinkqubo yayo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano, eqinisekisa ukuba isebe ngalinye lingawamisela umda amandla amanye. Le nkqubo asiyoseko emithetho eqinileyo kodwa sisakhiwo esithambileyo esiye saguquka ngokuqhelisela, ngemizekelo, kunye nokutolikwa kwezomthetho. Isebenza ngeendlela ezisesikweni nezingacwangciswanga.

Imigca enqamlezayo

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  • Isiqinisekiso sokuqinisekisa: Indlu yeminyango iyavumelana okanye iyala ukuthatha ii-computers zejaji, ikhabhathi, nezinye ii-ofisi eziphezulu.
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  • Amandla okutshintsha: Congress ingacebisa utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko (nemvume ephindwe kabini kwisithathu) ukudlula izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo, nangona oku kufuna ukudityaniswa ngezihlanu ezintathu zamaphondo.

Iindlela ezicwangcisiweyo

Ngapha koko kubhaliweyo komGaqo-siseko, iinyaniso zezobupolitika zisebenza njengeengqikelelo. Uluvo lukawonke-wonke lunganyanzela elinye isebe ukuba lithobe; amajelo eendaba ahlolisisa izenzo zolawulo; amaqela ezobupolitika anika izithintelo zangaphakathi; kwaye ukuxhathisa kolawulo lomongameli kungaphazamisa imigaqo yezontathu. Amaqela anomdla amkela onke amasebe, kunye nemingeni. Ngalo ndlela inkqubo igqunywe ngeenkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo nezingacwangciswanga.

Imizekelo Yakutshanje Yeengxubusho Ezisendleleni

Ngo-2019, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yavala icebo lomphathi weTrump lokudibanisa umba wobumi, igqiba kwelokuba icandelo leNkundla lezeMpilo yamabhinqa liyilwe kwi . IBhodi leJacky yeQumrhu lezempilo [, isigqibo esashukumisela iNkqulu-Mbelo ukuba iqwalasele umthetho wesizwe ukukhupha inzala yokuqhomfa (ukususa). [iiindawo ejolisa ngqo yegunya lolawulo lolawulo loburhulumente, iBhonjiso lobubhini] yabe yahlaselwa yiNkuvolo enkulu [[FLD] ye-Intevotion ye-USCS].[AF2]

Isiphelo: Ukunyamezela Ngokuzimisela

Ulwalamano oluphakathi kwamasebe amathathu karhulumente wase-U.S. luyilwe ngabom, lusoloko lulungisa ulungelelwano lwentsebenziswano kunye nengxabano. Intsebenziswano yenza ukuba urhulumente asebenze, axhase imisebenzi yakhe, amisele amagosa, aze aphendule kwiingxaki. Impikiswa, ngelixa idla ngokungalawuleki, inyanzelisa amasebe ukuba athethelele izenzo zawo, acacise imida yemithetho-siseko, kwaye akhusele ukuqokelelwa kwegunya. Inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwaniso ayisebenzi phezu kwayo phezu kwayo nale miqobo, kodwa ngenxa yawo. Njengoko isebe ngalinye liqhubela phambili kwabanye, inkululeko igcinwe, kwaye inkqubo yedemokhrasi ihlala ihleli imele iqonde ukuba ikwazi ukuwaqonda amandla nokuzinziswa kolawulo lwaseMelika. UmGaqonga wezo-othe matshini owenziwayo.