Impembelelo yezobupolitika eUnited States ibunjwe ziintlobo-ntlobo zemibutho efuna ukuphembelela umthetho kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke. Phakathi kwezi, iiKomiti ze-Political Action (PACs) zinendima ephambili, ingakumbi ezo zingadibaniyo nombutho, okanye umbutho wamalungu — eyaziwa njenge-PACs engazidityaniswanga. Eli nqaku linika uhlolo olunzulu lolwalamano phakathi kwee-PAC ezingeyo ezidityanisiweyo kunye nemigudu yazo yokuzingisa, ukuvavanya isiseko sazo ezisemthethweni, iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokungena kwimigaqo-demokhrasi, kunye neziphumo ezizimo-yo ezizingqinelanayo.

Ichaza iiPacs Ezinganxulunyaniswanga

Ii-PAC ezingadityaniswanga zikomiti zezobupolitika ezizimeleyo eziphakamisa kwaye zichithe imali ukuphembelela unyulo, urhulumente, okanye umthetho wasekuhlaleni. Ngokungafaniyo nee-PACs — ezimiselwe nezixhaswa ziinkampani, amaqumrhu abasebenzi, amaqumrhu orhwebo, okanye amanye amaqela amalungu — ii-PAC asebenza ngaphandle kwequmrhu elixhasayo. Ziyilwa ngabantu okanye amaqela abantu asabelana ngembono enye yezobupolitika, ukhuphozo, okanye imimiselo yemithetho. I-Federal Ecomment Commission (FEC) ibamisela njenge-"enongeniswa" ngenxa yokuba abalawulwa okanye abadityaniswe yiyo nayiphi nayiphi na intlangano ethile.

Ezi PAC kufuneka zibhalise nge-FEC, iingxelo zefayile zokutyhila okuthe rhoqo, kwaye zinamathele kwimida yomnikelo — ngoku u-R35 000 ngonyulo ngalunye kunye ne-R34 000 ngonyaka kwikomiti yesizwe, enemida ephezulu yenkcitho ezizimeleyo. Inkululeko yazo iyazivumela ukuba zijikelele ngokukhawuleza phakathi kwemijikelezo yonyulo kunye namaphulo, zizenze abadlali abakhawulezileyo kwibala lezopolitiko. Imizekelo engenakukhankanyelwa iquka iClub for Growth, EMILY’s List, kunye neNational Riviple's Wictory Association’s Fund yePolitical Stock — nangona le projectives PC idiography idiction idityanity amaqela amaninzi adityaniswe nombutho wobulungu, amaqela amaninzi ajongeneyo asebenza ngokufanayo.

Indima Yokuziphanga Kwinkqubo Yezobupolitika

Ukuqhatha kuqheliselo lokunxibelelana ngqo nabenzi bomthetho, abasebenzi babo, okanye amagosa aphezulu esebe ukuphembelela ukudalwa, ukulungiswa, okanye ukoyiswa komthetho okanye imimiselo. Ngoxa kudla ngokukhutshwa ngeminikelo yephulo, ukukhuthaza ngumsebenzi owahlukileyo olawulwa yimithetho eyahlukeneyo yokutyhila — ingakumbi uMthetho we-Lobbing Disclosure ka-1995. Iintlangano eziququzelela ukukhuthaza iNdlund, iNdlundlu kunye neengxelo zefayile ezichaza imibandela yazo, iindleko, kunye namagosa athile aqhagamshelane nawo.

Imigudu yokurhwebelana ingathatha iindlela ezininzi: ukuqesha abangenisi-mdla kwindlu yokwamkela izicelo, ukudibana neefekta zangaphandle, uphando kunye namaphepha amhlophe, ukuqhuba amaphulo okurhwebisa ngengca, kunye nokulungiselela iintlanganiso ezihlangeneyo nabalawuli benkqubo. Kwi-PAC, ukufudusa ngumjelo othe ngqo wokuphuhlisa izinto eziphambili zenkqubo ngaphandle kwemiqathango esebenza kwimiqathango yemirhumo yemirhumo — umzekelo, ubuninzi obungenasiphelo bungachithwa ekufuneni intyelweni, kanti iminikelo idityaniswa. Oku kwenza ukuba kubekho umphelelisi onamandla wokusebenzisa imali ekhethekileyo ekunyulweni kwemali, kuvumela iPC ukusukela inkqubo eqhubekayo kwisiseko esiqhubekayo kunokuba kungene kuphela kwimiqatha yokhetho.

Imidlalo edityanisiweyo phakathi kwePACs nelokukhupha

Ulwalamano phakathi kwee-PAC nezidityanisiweyo kunye nezibheno zidibene. Ngelixesha ezinye ii-PAC ezingeyonxinwa zibandakanyeka ngamandla ekungeneleni, ezinye zijolise phantse kwiminikelo yephulo okanye kwinkcitho ezizimeleyo. Isigqibo sixhomekeke kwiinjongo ezicwangcisiweyo ze-PAC, izibonelelo, kunye nesakhiwo esisemthethweni. Into engundoqo kukuba ii-PAC ezidityanisiweyo zijongene nemiqathango encinci kwimiqathango yokufumana intshumayelo kunemisebenzi yephulo — ziyakwazi ukubhenela ngaphandle kwemiqathango, ixesha elide xa zihambisana nokubhalisa nokunika imfuneko. Ngokuphikisana noko, ingxowa yazo yenjongo yonyulo inyaniswa nemida yomthetho.

Ulungelelwaniso olucwangcisiweyo

I-PACs ezininzi ezingeyompumelelo zisebenzisa indlela edityanisiweyo: ziphakamisa imali evela kubaxhasi, zinikela kubaqhubi abahambisana nenkupho yabo, kwaye zikhuthaza ngexesha elinye abo banikazi bomthetho omnye emva konyulo. Oku kwenza intsebenziswano apho inkxaso yephulo yakha ububele, kunye nokukhuthaza inkqubo efunekayo. Umzekelo, i-PAC ejolise ekulungiseni irhafu ingafakela kwinkxaso yeprojekthi yerhafu kwaye ke ibafunele ukuba baxhase ukucheba irhafuthelo oluthile. Inkululeko ye-PAC ivumela ukuba ihlale ijolise iliso kwinkuthazo yayo engundoqo ngaphandle kokuphambukiswa zimfuno zombutho.

Indawo ekuyo uvimba wefayili

Ugcino-lwazi olusuka luvula ii-, iqela lophando elingangeni kwicala lasekuhlaleni, lubonisa ukuba ii-PAC ezingeyo-adityanisiweyo zichitha ngaphezu kwe-R1000 amawaka ezigidi zeerandi ekungeneleni iminikelo phakathi ko 2000 no-202020, ngokuchitha imali eninzi kumjikelo wonyulo ngamnye. Noko ke, isabelo sokufumana yonke imali ehlawulwa yi-PAC sincinane xa kuthelekiswa namaqela oshishino rhwebo. Ii-PAC zidla ngokunikezela ngepesenti enkulu yemali yazo yokufaka ingxolo kukhuphiso kunokukhuthaza, ukubonakalisa umbilini wabo ongundoqo wokunyuswa kwamagosa afana noo oonobumbano-okrwendo. Noko ke, umgangatho omncinci wemali ojoliswe kwinkcotho okanye inkqubo esetyenziswayo — ukwandisa ingeniso olungenakusetyenziswa ngezixhobo ezithenwa ngomlinganiselo ongachazwangagobelelwa phantsi kwecandelo lama-50).

Iimfuno zeSisakhelo esingokwasemthethweni nezoKhuseleko

I-PACS engadityaniswanga kufuneka isebenzise ummiselo ontsonkothileyo wemimiselo elawula zombini iimali zezenkxaso yemali kunye nokufumana intsebenziswano. UMthetho weCandelo loPhuhliso (FECA) kunye nokulungiswa okulandelayo, kuquka iBpartisan Campaign Champaign Reformation (BRA), imisela imiqathango yomnikelo kwaye ifuna ukutyhilwa rhoqo kwee-risithili kunye nokukhutshelwa kwemiqathango kwi-FEC. Imisebenzi ye-Lobbing Disloasure act, egunyazisa ukubhaliswa ukuba umbutho uqesheshesheshela okanye abangeni abangeni abangakumbi nabasebenzi bomngeni bemincinane bachithe imali eninzi kwimisebenzi yokukhuthaza (ngokunje ii-R1,4,000, kwikota nganye kwezi-R1, kwikota zendlu).

I-PAC ingenza i-PAC ingabi nanto ibhalisa njengequmrhu elitsalayo ukuba imisebenzi yayo yokukhuthaza isenziwa ngamagosa okanye abaqeshwa abachitha malunga nama-20% exesha labo ekungeniseni indwendwe — nangona lo mqobo udla ngokuqondwa kakubi. Ii-PAC ezininzi ezingadityaniswanga ziyakuphepha ukubhalisa ngokusebenzisa umngeni wokukhupha igalelo owehlisa unxibelelwano oluthe ngqo namagosa agqunyiweyo. Umzekelo, banokuqhuba amaphulo eendaba akhuthaza uluntu ukuba liqhagamshelane nabenzi bomthetho, abathathwa njengeengcambuthu ezibhexelwayo kwaye abangeyo. Lo mmandla ongwevukileyo uvumela i-PAC ukuba iphembele inkqubo engekho ngxelo epheleleyo.

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo singuManyano wohlobo olwahlukileyo lwekomiti engadityaniswanga. IFEC (2010) ngokuqhubekayo ilungisa umhlaba ngokuvumela iinkampani kunye namaqumrhu ukuba achithe imali engenasiphelo kwinkcitho ezizimeleyo, ezikhokelela ekunyukeni kwe-PACs eziphezulu. Ngelixesha ii-PAC ziluhlobo olwahlukileyo lwekomiti engadityaniselwanga — zingamkela iminikelo engenakulinganiswa kodwa zingakwazi ukunikela ngqo kubathathi-nxaxheba — zisoloko zibandakanye ekubhexezeni ngemibutho engahlawulwanga yengeniso. Oku kuyenze yaphucutha umgca phakathi kwemibutho yemirhumo enyulu kunye nemibutho elungileyo, idala imijelo emitsha yempembelelo yenkqubo.

Uphando lwetyala lwePAC ezinganxulunyaniswanga ngemisebenzi yelobbing esebenzayo

Umbutho Wolwando

ICURC yolwando yeyamava athe ngxi enxulumeneyo ekwameleni i-PAC exhasa ulawulo lwerhafu ephantsi, norhwebo lwamahala. Igcina ubukho obunamandla bomdla eWashington, isebenzisa abangenisi bendlu kunye nokudibana neefemu ezingaphandle. Imigudu yayo yokukhuthaza ukuphuhlisa umthetho wezoqoqosho okhulayo, njengotshintsho lwerhafu kunye nolawulo. Iqhinga lomnikelo we-PAC lokwenza irhafunqulelo — ukuxhasa nokuxhasa ucelomngeni oluphambili ngokuchasene nemiqathango ephambukeleyo eqeleni engekho mthethweni. Abaququququzeli bemithetho abafumana inkxaso ephambili yenkxaso eqhubekayo.

AmaMerika Afuna Impumelelo (AFP)

I-American PFP yeProving, esungulwe yiKoch , yi-501 (c) (4) engenangeniso esebenzayo kwi-PAC eyahlukeneyo, iMelika ye-Westlesty PC. ingenye yezona zisebenzayo ezidibeneyo ezidibeneyo ekufuneni intshuntswana, ichitha amashumi ezigidi eezigidi ekhuthuzo oluthe ngqo, ukukhuthaza ukuququzelelwa, kwaye inkxakelelwa kwentengiso. Izinto eziphambili zayo ziquka iinkqubo zenkqesho yezelo yempilo, amandla okudeksi, kunye nohlahlolo-rhafu. I-FP intlukwano ezinkulu zolwanotho lwentsebenziswano nemigangatho ivumela ukuba ilungelelaniso olukhulu — njengeminxelo yemfonotho ye-ofisi ye-ofisi ye-ofisi ye-ofisi ye-ofisi yemali. I-PAC i-evom yokhuseleko lwengingqine yemali esebenzela esinye esinguquququququlukwano ngaphandle kwegunyaza.

Iqela lemida yelifa lezobupolitika

Kwicala lokusingqongileyo, i-paculcom yezobupolitika ye-Sierra Club (i-PAC engadityaniswanga) isebenza kwikhonsathi kunye ne-501 (c)(4) kunye no-501(c). I-PAC ixhasa abangenisi be-pro-vironation, ngeli lixa ingamandla ezixhobo ze-advocacy eqhuba intshukumisa ebanzi kutshintsho lwemozulu, amandla acocekileyo, kunye namazwe kawonke-wonke-wonke. I-Sierra Club ibisebenza ngokukhethekile ekudibaniseni, ekungeniseni, ekungeniseni, nasekusebenzeni abanyuli boomatilo — umzekelo, ukuvavanyaza amandla amalahle enkundle ngexesha ikhuthaza ukhuseleko lwendawo entle kunye nemithetho eqinile.

Impembelelo yePAC Enganxibelelaniyo nevoliti yomgaqo-nkqubo

Ukulinganisa isiphumo esithe ngqo sokufumana iPAC engadityaniswanga lucelomngeni kuba impembelelo isoloko isasazwa kwaye ingangqalanga. Noko ke, uphando oluninzi lubonisa ukuba i-PACs eqwalaselwe kakuhle, ingatshintsha inkqubo yokuxhasa. Uphando lweziko leResponsive Politics (Opensetts) lubonisa ukuba i-PAC kunye nabanikeli bazo babona ukubuya kokungenelela ekungeneleni ungeniselo lwemithetho elungileyo kunye neziphumo ezigqwethekileyo. Umzekelo, iClu lweNtlanga lokubhexelela ngokuchasene neBhange-Phoko loMngeni-ond mhlaba kwakhona ngo 2015 luye lwanikela umnikezelo wokuvalwa kwesongelelo wexeshana lweziko, uquququze ngentanda-bulumko ekhululekileyo.

I-PAC engadityaniswanga nempembelelo yenkqubo ngokukhuthaza uluvo lukawonke-wonke ngamaphulo okukhuthaza uluntu. Ukhuthuzo lwe-Sierra Club kwiSicwangciso Segunya Elicocekileyo lwanceda ukwakha uxinzelelo lwengca olugcina imimiselo yemekobume emehlweni kawonke wonke, kwanaxa inyathelo lombutho lanqandwa. Ngokufanayo, amaMelika akhuthaza ukuchasana noMthetho weNkqutyana eAffordicut Act lwafak'uncedo olubalulekileyo kwaye lwanenkcaso ebambelele ekubekeni imiqathango yomthetho.

Kanti, ii-PAC ezingeyo-adityanisiweyo zijongene nomthetho we-omnibsi, apho iziqu zazo zinokulingana khona. Ngaphandle kwesiseko sobubanzi okanye sobulungu obudibeneyo, zisenokungabi naso isihlunu semali se-PACs ezinxulumeneyo. Ngaphezu koko, uqwalaselo lwazo olunye lungenza ukuba zingasebenzi kakuhle kumthetho we-omnibus, apho izilangazelelo ezininzi zilungelelaniswe. Nangona ezi zinqabileyo, ii-PAC zihlala zingenazikhuseli ezinempembelelo, ingakumbi kunyuko oluphambili kunye nemibandela ephezulu.

Ukugxekwa Nokuqwalaselwa Ngokunzulu

Ulwalamano phakathi kwee-PAC ezingeyo-odityaniswayo kunye nokubhenela kunyuso oluqhelekileyo malunga nokubonakala kokukhanya kunye nokuphendula kwedemokhrasi. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi ukuzimela kwezi PAC kubavumela ukuba basebenze ngaphandle kohlalutyo oluncinane kune-PACs okanye umbutho. Umzekelo, i-PAC engadityaniswanga iminikelo edityanisiweyo evela kubanikeli abaninzi abahlala bengaziwa de emva konyulo, kwaye imisebenzi yabo yokukhuthaza isenokuxhaswa nge-"stylibrite" iziqhagamshelanisi ukuba zikho nge-501(c)(4) engakhuthazi. Oku kungabi nakubonakala ngokucacileyo kungakudima ukuthembeka kuwonke wonke kwinkqubo yonyulo.

Ngaphezu koko, ucango olujikelezayo phakathi kwee-PAC, iinkampani ezikhuthaza uluntu, kunye nezikhundla zikarhulumente lukhuthaza ukuxhalatyiswa yimpembelelo engafanelekanga. Abasebenzi kunye nababesakuba ngabamisi-mthetho badla ngokusuka eCapitol Hill besuka besuka kwi-Gastal besiya kujongisela phambili umsebenzi okhuthazayo we-PAC, usebenzise ulwalamano lobuqu ukuze kuphunyezwe inkqubo. Ngoxa ezo ntshukumo zisemthethweni kwaye ziqhelekile, zingadala ukubonakala — ukuba akunjalo ngokwenene — kwiingxabano zomdla.

Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ii-PAC ziyindlela ebalulekileyo yokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika nokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yazikhusela ngokuqhubekayo ii-PAC kunye nokuzingisa njengemisebenzi yokuLandliswa kokuqala. Baphikisa ngelithi ii-PAC ezizimeleyo zinika abemi abaqhelekileyo — zikhutshwe ngeminikelo — ilizwi elinokukhuphisana nezilangazelelo ezingundoqo zenkampani. Kule mbono, ulwalamano phakathi kwee-PAC ezingadityaniswanga kunye nokukhuthaza i-asemgangathweni okanye amaqela eenkcubeko ukuphembelela inkqubo, kanye njengokuba amaqumrhu kunye namaqumrhu orhwebo enziwe kamashumi eminyaka.

Utyekelo lwexesha elizayo kwiPAC enganxulunyaniswanga

Iimeko ezininzi zisenokubumba ikamva le-PAC engekho zinxulumanisini. Okokuqala, ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwentlawulo yamanani engxowa-mali — ngeqonga elifana nomthetho weBlue kunye noWin Red — kuvumela ii-PAC ezingadityaniswanga ukuba ziphakamise imali ukusuka kwisiseko esibanzi sabanikezeli abancinane, ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kwabo kwimirhumo embalwa yezityebi ezisisityebi. Oku kungenza ukuba ziphenduleke ngakumbi kwiingca zabo kwaye zingabi lula ukuthatha izilangazelelo ezikhethekileyo. Okwesibini, ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kobuchule obungeyo kunye nogcino-data kuvumela i-PAC ukuba ixhoba lemiyalezo elula ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi — ukwazi oko abacebisi abanokuyixhasa kakhulu kwimibandela ethile kunye neempikiswano ezichanile.

Okwesithathu, utshintsho olunokwenzeka olungokwasemthethweni lungaguqula ummandla. UMthetho we-DISCLOSE, oye waveliswa kwiiBhunga ezininzi, uya kufuna ukubonakala okungakumbi kwemali echithwayo yezopolitiko, kuquka inkcitho ezinxulumene nenkcitho engadityaniswanga. Ukuba ugqithisiwe, uya kwandisa uphando kwii-PAC ezingadityaniswanga imali yesiqhagamshelanisi ngoku nge 501(c)(4) amaqokobhe. Ngokuchasene noko, isigqibo seNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo sokuthomalalisa inkcazo enokwandisa isangqa sokuvumela ulawulo oluvumelekileyo ngaphandle kobhaliso.

Ekugqibeleni, ukuthatyathwa kweepolitiki zaseMelika kusenokunyusa impembelelo ye-PACs engekho nxulumene nengqiqo. Njengokuba iiPaccs eziphakathi zinqabileyo zinokuba yinqabile, iiPacs ezingezoqhagamshelwano ezinokuthi zinyanzelise uqeqesho lwengqiqo kwiingxaki eziphambili kunye nokubhenela kuzakuqhubeka kunamandla angaphaya. Le ntsingiselo sele iyabonakala kwiNdlu yeNdlutho-Mfo-mfono-mato neNgxowa-ntle yeNtlalo-ntle ePhakamelene nePaC elungelelanisayo nemigudu yokubhenela). Umgca ophakathi koomatshini, ukuphembelela, kunye nokukhupha i-adenti iya kuqhubekeka imfiliba, yenza ukuba iPC edityaniswe kumbindi yenkqubo yezopolitiko yexesha elizayo ebonakala kakuhle.

Isiphelo

Ulwalamano phakathi kwee-PAC ezingezozo ezidityanisiweyo kunye nemigudu yokubhenela kwimiqathango yezopolitiko yaseMerika lubalulekile kwaye luyintlukwano kunye nokulungisa ubuchule bazo bezopolitiko. Ezi komiti ezizimeleyo zisebenzisa inkululeko yazo kwinkampani okanye kulawulo lomanyano ukuxhasa imiba ekhethekileyo, zisebenzisa umxube wemirhumo kunye nokukhuthaza okungqalileyo ukubumba iziphumo zemithetho-siseko. Ngelixesha zijongana nocelomngeni — kuquka ukunqanda izithintelo kunye nokuhlalutyo olucacileyo — amandla azo okugxininisa ngokungakhathali kwiinjongo zazo zenkqubo eenkqubo zenkqubo ezenzekeleyo eziphembelelayo zibenza abadlali abanempembelelo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Ukuqonda olufuna ingqalelo kwizakhiwo ezisemthethweni, ukhetho olucwangcileyo, kunye nomongomongowona mdlalo lwezizo zezomthetho nezomthetho. Kubafundi kunye nabathathi bezobupolitika bezobupolitika, abadlala phakathi kwe-PAC kunye nababhexeshi besebenzisa indlela yokwambubulo abasebenza ngayo eUnited States.