Ukwazisa: Ukumisela Iintsika Ezimbini Zobulungisa

Inkqubo yomthetho eUnited States kunye namanye amaqela aqhelekileyo e-graw akwizigqeba ezibini ezisisiseko: umthetho wamakhaya kunye nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngoxa benosukelo lokucombulula iingxabano nokugcina ucwangco, basebenza phantsi kwemithetho eyahlukeneyo, imigangatho, kunye neenjongo. Kumntu nabani na oye woniwa. /Ekugqibeleni ngesivumelwano esophukileyo, ngengozi engakhathaliyo, okanye isenzo solwaphulo-mthetho esisetyenziswayo, kukwazi ukuba liliphi isebe lomthetho elisebenzayo elinokwenza umahluko phakathi kokufumana intlawulo nokubona isigwebo. Lo mkhokeli-sikhokelo ocacileyo ucacisa imigaqo engundoqo, isebe ngalinye elithe ngqo linikela amanyathelo asebenzayo omele uwathabathe xa ufuna ukubuyiselwa.

Ukuqonda Umthetho Wamakhaya

Umthetho wamakhaya ulawula iimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo ngezantsi, amashishini, okanye eminye imibutho. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente akaloqela; endaweni yoko, umntu oziva emoniwe (ummangalelwa) uzisa ityala nxamnye nomntu okanye iqumrhu abakholelwa ukuba libangele umonakalo (ummangalelwa). Injongo ephambili yomthetho wasekuhlaleni kukwenza iqela elilimeleyo liphinde liphinde lifumane imali, kunokuba lisohlwaye umenzi-tyala.

Amagqagamshelwano Nendima Yawo

Kwityala lasekuhlaleni, ummangalelwa uqalisa inyathelo. Ummangalelwa uyaphendula, yaye ityala liviwa kwinkundla yasekuhlaleni. Urhulumente akagwebi; unikela nje ityala lenkundla yetyala. Oku kuthetha ukuba ummangaleli unembopheleleko yokuqokelela ubungqina nokungqina ityala lakhe.

Injongo: Ukufumana Imali, Kungekhona Isohlwayo

Unyango kumthetho wasekuhlaleni lusoloko lungumonakalo wemali. Inkundla inganika umrhumo wokonzakalisa ukugquma okukona kulahlekelwa (iindleko zonyango, ingeniso elahlekileyo, ukulungiswa kwezinto), kwaye kwezinye iimeko, isiphumo sesiphumo sokophula ityala ukunqanda ihambo engalunganga. Ezinye iingcaciso ziquka ukwenza okuthile (ukunyanzela iqela ukuba liphumeze isivumelwano) okanye imiqathango (ukulungiselela iqela ukuba liyeke ukwenza into ethile).

Umthwalo Wobungqina: Ukubuqwalasela Kakuhle Ubungqina

Amatyala angaphakathi afuna ummangalelwa abonise imeko yakhe nge- uphazamiso lobungqina. Oku kuthetha ukuba ubungqina bubonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba (kungaphezu kwama-50% anokwenzeka) ukuba ummangalelwa unetyala. Lo ngumgangatho osezantsi kakhulu kunomlinganiselo wesigebengu “wokungathandabuzi ngokusengqiqweni." Ngenxa yoko, ummangalelwa angaphulukana nombandela wamakhaya nokuba akanatyala.

Iintlobo Eziqhelekileyo Zomatyala Aseburhulumenteni

Umthetho wamakhaya uquka uludwe olukhulu lweengxabano.

  • [[FLT: 0] Impikiswano: Izivumelwano, ukusuka kwizivumelwano zemisebenzi ukuya kwizivumelwano zentengiso. Umzekelo: Umthengisi akakwazi ukuhambisa izinto ozihlawuleleyo.
  • [[NTL:0] intetho yeTort: iimpazamo zamakhaya ezibangela umonakalo okanye ukulahleka. Oku kubandakanya ukungakhathali (ingozi yecar, ukungaphili ngezamayeza), iitorts ngengozi (assault, ungcoliso), kunye netyala elingqongqo (imveliso ezichaphazelekayo).
  • Iimpikiswano ezingokwahlula-hlula: ukungavisisani okungalawulekiyo, ungquzulwano lwendawo, okanye ubunikazi ngefama.
  • Umthetho wosapho: uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, ukuxhasa umntwana, kunye neenkqubo zokukhulisa umntwana.
  • [[UMTL:0] iprobate kunye neempikiswano zempahla:[ Iingxaki zokuthanda okanye ulawulo lwefa.

Ukuntywila ngokunzulu kwinkqubo yasekuhlaleni, i-Cornell Legal Information Institute yocaciso lwenkqubo yasekuhlaleni [[FLT: 1] nguvimba olungileyo.

Ukuqonda Umthetho Wakwaphula Umthetho

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho uqhubana nehambo egqalwa njengeyingozi kwibutho labantu ngokubanzi kangangokuba ikwalelwe ngomthetho. Urhulumente/ingameli ngumtshutshisi (igqwetha lephondo, igqwetha likarhulumente, okanye i-Attorney yase-U.S.) uzisa izityholo kummangalelwa (ummangalelwa). Injongo ephambili kukumohlwaya lowo umonileyo aze aphelise ulwaphulo-mthetho kwixesha elizayo, ngaloo ndlela akhusele uluntu.

Urhulumente Njengomtshutshisi

Kwanokuba ulixhoba lolwaphulo-mthetho, awufaki tyala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Endaweni yoko, unika ingxelo yetyala kumthetho, kwaye urhulumente ugqiba kwelokuba abeke ityala. Umtshutshisi umela urhulumente, kungekhona ixhoba. Ixhoba lisenokuba lingqina, kodwa alingolungu letyala. Oku kwahlukile kwisuti yoluntu, apho ulawula khona ityala.

Injongo: Isohlwayo Nokuphoxeka

Izigwebo zezaphuli-mthetho zenzelwe ukohlwaya umntu osonileyo nokuthintela abanye ekwenzeni izenzo ezifanayo. Izigwebo zingaquka ukuvalelwa entolongweni, ukuhlawulwa (ukuhlawulwa urhulumente), ukuvavanywa, ukuhlawulelwa (ukunikwa ixhoba, ngokufuthi kumiselwe njengenxalenye yesigwebo sezaphuli-mthetho). Kwimeko ezinzulu, isigwebo sokufa sisenokufumaneka.

Ubunzima Bobungqina: Ngaphandle Kokuthandabuza Okusengqiqweni

Umthetho wesaphuli-mthetho ufuna owona mlinganiselo uphakamileyo wobungqina: ngaphandle kobuthandabuzeki obusengqiqweni. Oku kuthetha ukuba ityala kufuneka lingqine zonke iinkalo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngokucokisekileyo kangangokuba akukho mathandabuzo asengqiqweni engqondweni yejaji enengqondo ngetyala lommangalelwa. Lo mthwalo unzima ukhusela abantu ekukholweni okuphosakeleyo kwaye ubonakalisa iziphumo ezibuhlungu zesigqibo sesaphuli-mthetho.

Uhl_elo lwezono

Izenzo zolwaphulo - mthetho zahlulwe zangamacandelo amathathu:

  • Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinzulu ezisohlwayo ngaphezu konyaka entolongweni. Imizekelo: ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga ngezixhobo, ukuphanga.
  • [[FLT: 0] Imisdemers: Ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu olunamacala aphezulu agqithisileyo amalunga nonyaka omnye entolongweni. Imizekelo: ubusela obuncinane, uhlaselo olulula, iDuI (ityala lokuqala), ukonakalisa.
  • Ukwaphula umthetho okuncinci kudla ngokusohlwaywa ngetyala nangaliphi ixesha lasejele. Imizekelo: amatikiti okuhamba, ukulahla, ulwaphulo-mthetho lwengxolo.

Kuluhlu olubanzi lwenkcazelo, i USA.gov isikhokelo kwimithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho inikeza ulwazi oluluncedo.

Ukwahluka Okuyintloko Phakathi Komthetho Wamakhaya Nowakwaphula Umthetho

Ukuqonda umahluko kukunceda ukhethe indlela ofanele uhambe ngayo. Ngeli ngezantsi kushwankathelwa umahluko omkhulu.

Iipati -

I-CIIIL: i-Placttiff vs. Ummangalelwa wabucala (uquka imikhosi karhulumente ukuba urhulumente uyamangalelwa, umzekelo, ukwenzela ukwaphula isivumelwano).
.[[FLT]UMGURH uRhulumente (umgwebo) vs. ummangalelwa ngamnye (okanye umbutho).

Injongo

[[FLT: 0] . . qokelela ixhoba kwaye usombulule iimpikiswano zabucala.
''''' ingxengxezo yomoni, ukunqanda ulwaphulo-mthetho, nokugcina ucwangco lukawonke-wonke- wonke.

Umthwalo Wokungqina

ICIIL:[ Ukuqwalasela kobungqina (ngaphezulu ko 50%).
] ['Crime:[] Ngaphezu kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni (ukusondela 9599% ubunyani).

Iziphumo Nezicombululo

[[FLT: 0] Ityala le- Imposiso ye-monetary (ibhatalo, i-pact), imiyalelo, umsebenzi othile. Akukho tyaso.
Ityala:[[FLT:] ukuvalelwa, iintengo ezihlawulwa kurhulumente, ukuvavanywa, inkonzo yoluntu, ukuhlawuliswa (ngokufuthiwe yinxenye yesigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho).

Ukuya Ekunene Kwindawo Entle

Civil: You have the right to hire a lawyer, but the government does not provide one if you cannot afford it. Many people represent themselves in small claims court.
Criminal: The Sixth Amendment guarantees the right to an attorney for all criminal prosecutions, and if you cannot afford one, the court must appoint one (public defender).

Ukuvavanywa Kwetyala Le Jury

[[FLT: 0] I-CIIIL: ekhoyo kwiimeko ezininzi, kodwa ayiqinisekisiwe kwintelekelelo encinci kakhulu. Ubungakanani be Jury busoloko buncinane (umz., izijuqu ezintandathu kwiinkundla ezininzi zelizwe).
. . .] Isiqinisekiso setyala elinzulu (obo bagwetyiweyo ngeenyanga ezintandathu entolongweni).

Umlinganiselo

[[NTL: 0] Ityala: Imibala ebanzi ngohlobo lwemeko. Ngokuqhelekileyo iminyaka eli-1/6 (umz., iminyaka emi-2 kumonakalo wobuqu, 3-6 iminyaka yokwaphula isivumelwano).
Criminal: ngokubanzi]

Kuba le mimiselo yahluka ngokwamandla, isoloko ijonga kwigqwetha lasekuhlaleni. Inqaku leNolo elithetha ngommiselo wemiqathango esisiseko [[FLT: 1] linika indawo yokuqala eqinileyo.

Ixesha Lokufuna Ukuncitshiswa Komthetho Wamakhaya

Umthetho wasekuhlaleni ufanelekile xa ufumana ingxaki yobuqu okanye yemali engabandakanyekiyo ukwaphulwa komthetho wesaphuli-mthetho (okanye) nokuba kunjalo, kodwa ufuna ukuchacha kwemali. Ezi meko zilandelayo zikhokelela kwisenzo soburhulumente:

  • Ukuqukunjelwa komnqophiso: Iqela aliphumeleli ukwenza njengoko kuvunyiwe, libangela ilahleko enokulungiseka.
  • [[UMGAQO-MK] Umonakalo wobuqu:[ Isenzo somntu obesibekeleyo okanye ngengozi senze umonakalo ongokomzimba. Nokuba isenzo sasikwangulwaphulo-mthetho (umz., ukuhlasela), ungamangalela ngokusemthethweni ukuba woniwe.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Umonakalo weproperty: Umntu othile uyonakalisa imoto yakho, ikhaya, okanye omnye umzi.
  • [[Uluhlu: 0] Unyuso: iintetho zobuxoki zonakalisa igama lakho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Impikiswano ephosakeleyo: Ukuphelisa okuphosakeleyo, ucalucalulo, okanye umvuzo ongahlawulwayo.
  • Imibandela yelizwe elinamandla: Ukhuseleko lugcina iimpikiswano, lugxothiwe ngaphandle kwesizathu, okanye ukungaphumeleli ukugcina indawo ekhuselekileyo.

Izinto Omele Uziqwalasele Ngaphambi Kokuzilungisa

Iindleko Nexesha

Ukuchana kwetyala kusenokubiza imali eninzi kwaye kucotha. Iindleko ze-athorney, iindleko zenkundla, iindleko zoogcisa bokunikela ubungqina, kunye neendleko zokufumana iziphumo zongeza ngokukhawuleza. Kwanokuba uphumelele, ukuqokelela isigwebo kunokuba lucelomngeni ukuba ummangalelwa uswele izinto. Inkundla encinane (yokuxanduva iingxabano phantsi komda othile, ngokufuthi ii-$5,000-$10 000) zinokuba lukhetho oluphezulu, olubiza imali eninzi ngaphandle kwamagqwetha.

Amandla Obungqina

Kufuneka ubungqina obaneleyo ukuze ufikelele umgangatho ophambili. Ukuba ubungqina bubuthathaka, ukumangalelwa kusenokuba kukuchitha ilahleko. Ukuhlanganisa amaxwebhu, iingxelo zokunikela ubungqina, kunye neengxelo zengcali kusemgceni kuyingozi.

Umlinganiselo

Xa ixesha liphelelwa, icebo lakho livalwa ngonaphakade. Phawula ixesha elimisiweyo kwaye wenze ngokuvisisana nalo.

Ukuba Sesichengeni Kokuchacha

Nokuba uphumelele, ngaba ummangalelwa angahlawula? I-inshorensi isoloko ingumthombo wokululama kumatyala okwenzakala komntu. Kubalulekile ukuba uphande i-inshorensi okanye impahla yommangalelwa ngaphambi kokuba afake ifomu.

Ixesha Lokufuna Ukubuyiselwa Kumthetho Wakwaphula Umthetho

Isigqibo sokugweba sixhomekeke kwiofisi yegqwetha lesithili, kodwa intsebenziswano nobungqina bakho bubalulekile. Ezi meko zilandelayo zifuna ukuba nenxaxheba kwizaphuli-mthetho:

  • Ulwaphulo-mthetho olubi: Ukubetha, ibhetri, ukuphanga, ukubulala, ugonyamelo lwasekhaya.
  • Ulwaphulo-mthetho lolwaphulo-mthetho lwempahla: Ibhiriji, ubusela bezithuthi, ubuqhetseba, ubusela bempahla.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Amacala eziyobisi: I-EXIF, ukusasazwa, ukwenziwa.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ulwaphulo-mthetho olumhlophe lwengqukuva: Imali, ngaphakathi, ukubhadula kwerhafu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ityala lomyalelo wePublic: Ukuqhuba utyhafa, ukuziphatha okungalungelelananga, ukwaphulwa kwezixhobo.

Indima Yakho Njengexhoba Ekwabelweni Kwezaphuli - mthetho

Ngokungafaniyo negosa elinobupolisa, akuyilawuli imeko.

  • Ukusebenzisana nophando ngokunikela ubungqina nobungqina.
  • Ukucela ixhoba ukuba lifundelwe xa ligwetywa, nto leyo enokuphembelela isigqibo sejaji.
  • Funa uhlawulo njengenxalenye yesigwebo solwaphulo - mthetho (inkundla iyalela ummangalelwa ukuba akuhlawulele ilahleko).
  • Yiya kumava uze waziswe ngenkqubela yetyala (imithetho yamalungelo efuna oku kumazwe amaninzi).

Xa Isela Lingenakuze Livele

Abatshutshisi banobuchule kwaye bangayenqaba ityala lefayile ukuba ubungqina abwanele, ulwaphulo-mthetho alukho semthethweni, okanye ixhoba alisebenzi. Kwimeko ezinjalo, ukumangalelwa kwamakhaya kusenokunokwenzeka, ngokunjalo-kuba ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho liyekiwe. Umzekelo, ukuba uhlaselwa kodwa umtshutshisi akafuni kumangalelwa, usengammangalela umhlasela ngebhetri kwinkundla yamakhaya.

Ukubethana Ngokugqithiseleyo: Xa Kudibana Umthetho Wamakhaya Nowabelele

Iimeko ezininzi zehlabathi zibandakanya ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho loluntu. Owona mzekelo udumileyo lityala le-O.J. Simpson: USimpson wakhululwa ekubulaleni kwinkundla yolwaphulo-mthetho (ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni) kodwa wafunyanwa efanelwe kukufa okuphosakeleyo kwinkundla yamakhaya (ukuqwalaselwa kobungqina). Oku kubonisa indlela isenzo esinye esinokuthi sikhokelele ngayo kwimicimbi emibini eyahlukeneyo esemthethweni eneziphumo ezahlukeneyo.

Iimeko eziqhelekeyo ziquka:

  • Assault kunye nebhetri: Ixhoba linganika ingxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho kumapolisa likwamangalela nomhlaseli xa efuna umonakalo.
  • Iingozi zokuqhuba ezingekho mgangathweni, umqhubi ujongene nolwaphulo-mthetho lwe-DUI, kwaye iqela elinzakeleyo limangalela umonakalo wobuqu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Fraud: Urhulumente angazisa izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ngelixa amaxhoba efaka ityala lamakhaya lokuhlawulelwa okanye umonakalo owenziwe ngengozi.
  • [[Ulwaphulo-mthetho:0] Ugonyamelo lobuqhetseba: izityholo zesaphuli-mthetho zokuhlasela, kunye nezenzo zasekuhlaleni zokhuseleko kunye nomonakalo.

Okubalulekileyo kukuba, ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho linganceda kuba ummangalelwa angayekwa ukuba aphinde achaze izibakala ezithile (i-colteral estoppel). Ngokuchaseneyo, ukugwetywa akuyithinteli isambatho soluntu ngenxa yobunzima obahlukeneyo bobungqina.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okufuna Ukunciphisa Ingxaki

Inyathelo 1: Hlola Imeko

Ukuba umntu uye waba impahla yakho, yixele kumapolisa. Ukuba athe asophula isivumelwano, funa igqwetha likarhulumente. Ukuba akuqinisekanga, thetha negqwetha.

Inyathelo 2: Phanda Ubungqina

Yenza yonke into: iifoto, iividiyo, iilisithi, ii-imeyili, iingxelo zezamayeza, inkcazelo yokuqhagamshelana nabantu. Ubungqina bubalulekile kumatyala abantu nakwabanye abantu.

Inyathelo 3: Balisa Ulwaphulo - mthetho

Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba kukho ulwaphulo-mthetho olwenzekileyo, biza i-911 okanye isebe lamapolisa lasekuhlaleni. Ifayile ingxelo yamapolisa. Cela inombolo yetyala negama legosa eliphandayo. Gcina iikopi zazo zonke iingxelo.

Inyathelo 4: Khangela Iathorineya

Kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, qesha igqwetha elinolwazi ngetyala lakho (ukwenzakala, isivumelwano, umthetho wentsapho). Abaninzi bacela ukuxilonga ngesisa ekuqaleni. Kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuba utyholwa, ngoko nangoko licela ilungelo lakho lokuthula ucele igqwetha. Ukuba ulixhoba, iqela lamangqina eliseofisini elilixhoba linokukukhokela.

Inyathelo 5: Cinga ngenye impikiswano

Iingxabano ezininzi zamakhaya zingaconjululwa ngokumanyana okanye ngokubekwa kwetyala ngaphandle kokubekwa ityala. Ezi ndlela zidla ngokubiza imali eninzi. Ezinye izivumelwano zifuna ukukhutshelwa. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ukucela izicelo kuxhaphakile kwaye kusenokuconjululwa ngaphandle kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, nangona amaxhoba enokuba negalelo.

Inyathelo 6: Wazi Amalungelo Akho

Amaxhoba anamalungelo: kufuneka axelelwe, abekho kwimicimbi, athethe ngesigwebo, afune uhlaziyo. Kumaphondo amaninzi, ungafaka umyalelo wokhuseleko lwabemi (umgaqo wokwahlulwa) ngokwahlukileyo kwiinkqubo zolwaphulo-mthetho. I-' Office yamaxhoba eCrime (OVC) inikezela ngoovimba besizwe.

Isiphelo: Ukukhetha Indlela Efanelekileyo Yokufumana Okusesikweni

Umthetho wamakhaya nowamatyala usebenza iinjongo ezahlukeneyo kodwa uyasebenzisana. Umthetho wamakhaya unika abantu indlela yokufumana ilahleko nokunyanzelisa amalungelo abo ayimfihlo, ngoxa umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ukhusela ibutho labantu uze wohlwaye isimilo esingekho mthethweni. Ukuqonda ubunzima bobungqina, amaqela ababandakanyekileyo, kunye nonyango olukhoyo kukunceda wenze izigqibo olwazi ngendlela onokwenza ngayo emva kokuba wenze impazamo.

Abantu abaninzi balandela zombini iindlela ngaxeshanye: ukuxela ulwaphulo-mthetho kumapolisa nokufaka ityala lamakhaya. Le ndlela idibeneyo ingawandisa amathuba okuphendula nokuhlawula. Noko ke, indlela nganye inemithetho yayo, iireyithi, kunye neendleko. Ikhondo elingcono lesenzo lixhomekeke kwimo yengozi, amandla obungqina bakho, nosukelo lwakho lobuqu.

Ukuba akuqinisekanga ukuba ungaqala phi, ukuthetha negqwetha elinamava yeyona ndlela ithembekileyo yokuvavanya indlela onokukhetha ngayo. Banokukunceda ulawule inkqubo engokwasemthethweni, ukhusele amalungelo akho, uze ufumanise ukuba ngaba ityala loluntu, ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho okanye zombini zifanelekile kuwe.