Indima Yoncedo Lwamazwe Asemzini Ekuxhaseni Ukwakhiwa Koxolo

Uncedo lwamanye amazwe yenye yezona zixhobo zidityanisiweyo kwinkqubela-phambili yehlabathi lonke kunye nolucoselelo lwempikiswano. Kumongo wokwakhiwa koxolo, lubandakanya iinkqubo zemali, ezobugcisa, kunye nezibonelelo zobuntu ezinikelwa ngoorhulumente, imibutho emininzi, kunye nezixhobo zolawulo ezingezona ezohlukeneyo ezikhoyo kwibutho labantu ezivela okanye ezisemngciphekweni wogonyamelo. Xa zenziwe zaze zasetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo, uncedo lwamanye amazwe lungathetha ngabaqhubi besakhiwo esinzulu abaqhubi bezoxolo, baxhase iinkqubo zoxolelwano, kwaye bomele ubuchule bombuso bokulondoloza uxolo. Kodwa ke, indlela evela kwimali enika uncedo oluhlala luhleli phantsi kokhuseleko, iinkonzo zomsebenzi, ubungqina obudityaniweyo, kunye nocelomngeni oluqhubekayo lokusebenzisa uncedo lwamanye amazwe ekuxhaseni uxolo, ukuzoba izifundo kwiimeko nakwiimpikiswa kweengxaki zakutshanje zakutshanje zakutshanje zakutshanje zakutshanje zakutshanje.

Ukuchaza Uncedo Lwamanye Amazwe Kumsebenzi Wokwakha Uxolo

Ibinzana elithi “uncedo lwasemzini” ligubungela ububanzi bomjelo wogcino-mali. Uncedo olusemthethweni lokuphuhlisa (ODA) ukusuka kwimijelo yezibonelelo kunye namaziko ehlabathi limele owona mjelo uphambili, kodwa iminikelo yabucala, iminikelo, iminikelo yoncedo, iminikelo kwimisebenzi emininzi yoxolo idlala iindima ezibalulekileyo. Kukwakhiwa koxolo, uncedo ludla ngokucaciswa ngokwenjongo yalo: ukupheliswa kwengxaki, ukunqandwa, okanye ukwakhiwa kwakhona kwe-presembrecomplication. Ukwakhiwa koxolo kufuna ukuqonda okuneyo koqoqosho lwezopolitiko kunye nokukulungela ukuhambelana nomjikelo.

Ukwakhiwa koxolo njengengcamango eyathi yaduma emva kweMfazwe Yomlomo, ingakumbi ngomsebenzi weKhomishini yoLuntu yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kunye neQumrhu lezeMveli (OECD). Ngokutsho kwe-OECD, uncedo lophuhliso olubuthathaka kunye nemfazwe echaphazelekayo luye lwafumana umlinganiselo wamawaka angamashumi ama-70 ezigidi ngonyaka, nangona izabelo zihlala zingalingani kakhulu. Ingcamango engundoqo kukuba oovimba bangaphandle, xa bedityaniswe nombutho wasekuhlaleni, banceda ekuqhawuleni imijikelo yogonyamelo kunye nemfazwe echaphazelekayo emalunga namawaka angamashumi amabini ezigidi ngonyaka kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, nangona imilinganiselo yokwabiwa ihlala ingekho ngqini.

Imbali: Imvelaphi Yoncedo Yoxolo

Uqhagamshelwano phakathi koncedo lwezizwe ngezizwe kunye nezisombululo zongquzulwano alululo olutsha. Emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, imali yeMali kaMarshall yalungiselelwa ngokungqalileyo ekuvuselelweni koluntu lwaseYurophu nasekuthinteleni ukubuya kwemfazwe yomlomo. Noko ke, ngexesha lemfazwe yomlomo, uncedo lwalusoloko lungaphantsi kwemilo ye-Proviestiki, kunye neengxwabangxwaba zemali zobupolisa negunya lolawulo oluphezulu. Eli xesha labangela ukuba abantu abaninzi bathandabuze ngeentshukumisa eziphambili zoncedo.

Isiphelo seMfazwe Yomlomo savula iwindow yokwakhiwa koxolo olunemigaqo engakumbi. IAgenda yoNyaka yoXamo yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yalungiselela ulwakhiwo loxolo njengesiseko somsebenzi ongundoqo. Ngoo 2000, iMillennium Development Development kunye neSindululo seParis esingekuPhuhliso esinguMncediso sizama ukudibanisa iindlela zokunikezela kunye neziphumo zobuzwe. Kutshanje, 2030 Agenda kunye nomthetho ozinzileyo (SDG 16) zijolise ngokungqalileyo kwixhoba loxolo, nje, kwaye zidibene, zifaka uxolo kwiziko lentsebenziso zentsebenziswano. Ubeko oluzinzileyo lweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo 16 ziquka amaxhoba okunciphisa ugonyamelo, ukomeleza, nokukhuthaza umthetho, konke okufuna ukuquququzelela imigudu yokunceda.

Ubuchule Bokunceda Abantu Basemzini Ukuze Bakhe Uxolo

Uncedo lwamanye amazwe luxhasa ukwakhiwa koxolo ngeendlela eziliqela ezidityanisiweyo. Ezi azifani yaye zisoloko zidityaniswa ngeendlela ezintsonkothileyo.

Ulawulo nokwakhiwa kweziko

Uncedo olujoliswe kwiinjongo zolawulo zokwakha okanye ukuseka amaziko karhulumente azimeleyo, anokuphendula, nakwaziyo ukunikela iinkonzo ezisisiseko. Uncedo lobuchule lokwenza umgaqo-siseko, ulawulo lokhetho, amaqumrhu achasene nokonakala, kunye nolawulo lwemali kawonke-wonke luqhelekile. Ucwangciso lusoloko luquka ukuphuhliswa kobuchule kweepalamente, iijaji, kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Ingcamango yotshintsho ixhasa ukuba xa abemi beqonda ukuba urhulumente ufanelekile kwaye uyasabela, izikhalo ezithi zinciphe ingxabano yepetroli.

Utshintsho Lokhuseleko

Utshintsho lwecandelo lokhuseleko (SSR) ngummandla onovelwano olukhethekileyo lokwakha uxolo. Abasebenzi bancedisa ngokuqeqesha nangokuxhobisa amapolisa, imikhosi exhobileyo, kunye nokhuseleko lomda, ngokufuthi olunxulumene nokuthotywa kwemiqathango, ukupheliswa kwezixhobo, nokubuyiselwa kwakhona (DDR) yangaphambili yamajoni. Ukugxininiswa kulawulo lwasekuhlaleni kunye namalungelo abantu ukuqinisekisa ukuba amajoni okhuseleko asebenza kuyo yonke imimandla.

Ukuchacha Kwezoqoqosho Nokuphila

Ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho kunye nokungalingani kungamaqumrhu anamandla emfazwe. Uncedo lwamazwe angaphandle luxhasa uxolo ngokuxhasa inkxaso-mali yokwakha (iimimandla, imigca yamandla, iinkqubo zamanzi), ukuphuhliswa kolimo, kunye neenkqubo ezincinane zokusebenza. Ukunikezela ngomsebenzi wolutsha kunye nabasebenzi abatsha kunciphisa ubungozi bokufakwa kwiqela lezixhobo. Iinkqubo zomsebenzi kunye nokuqeqeshelwa umsebenzi wezemali kunokuzinzisa iintsapho kunye noluntu. IWorld Bank’s State and Peadiadingment Fund ngomnye wemibutho lokukhuthaza ukulwa kwemfazwe kumaphondo.

Ukuxolelana Nesiko Nokusesikweni

Ukwakhiwa koxolo kufuna okungaphezulu kunokuphinda kulungiswe ngezinto eziphathekayo; kufuna amanxeba okuphilisa. Uncedo luxhasa iikhomishini yenyaniso, iinkqubo zencoko yasekuhlaleni, iinkqubo zokuhlaziywa kobulungisa, kunye neenyathelo zokulungisa. Iinkonzo zempilo yenkcubeko ezichukumisekayo ngokwenkcubeko kunye namaqumrhu adityanisiweyo aqwalaselwe ngokukhula njengeenjongo eziyimfuneko. Iinkqubo ezidibanisa amaqela ahlukeneyo kwimisebenzi efanayo `ezizikolo, iikliniki-kliniki, okanye izibonelelo zentsebenziswano `ukuphinda kwakhiwe nokuncitshiswa kwengcungcungcuthelo.

Iindidi Zemigudu Yoncedo Yamazwe Asemzini Yokuxhasa Uxolo

Inkcitho yoncedo lwamanye amazwe lokwakhiwa koxolo ingadityaniswa ibezindidi ezintathu ezibanzi, nganye eneentsingiselo ezahlukileyo.

  • Uncedo lwezemali — iiGrant kunye neemali-mboleko ezigunyazisiweyo ezibekiwe uqingqo-mali lwesizwe okanye lwengingqi, imibutho yoluntu, kunye namaqabane amazwe ngamazwe asebenza kunye. Le mali ibonelelo yozinzo lwemali edibanisiweyo: ukwakhiwa kwesikolo, ukuhlaziywa kwezibhedlele, imirhumo yokuphuhlisa intlalo, kunye nenethi yokhuseleko.
  • Inkxaso yezentengiso — Inkonzo yoncedo kunye nolawulo loburhulumente enzelwe ukomeleza amakhono ekulawuleni, ulawulo lomthetho, ukhuseleko, kunye nolawulo lukawonke-wonke. Oku kunokuquka ukuyekelela abaxhasi bezizwe ngezizwe kwinkonzo zikarhulumente, ukuqeqesha abagwebi nabatshutshisi, ukunceda ngotshintsho lukawonke-wonke, okanye ukuphuhlisa uxolo nolwamkelo loxolelwano. Uncedo lobugcisa lusebenza kakhulu xa lufuna i-82drison kunye nokudityaniswa nolwalamano lolutsha olude.
  • Uncedo oluNabantu — Uncedo lobomi olukhawulezileyo olunikezelweyo ngexesha okanye ngokukhawuleza emva kwemfazwe enogonyamelo. Ngelixesha lungakhiwa ngokungqalileyo, uncedo olucacileyo, oluluncedo, xa lulungiselelwe ngemijelo elawulwa yimigaqo, lungakhusela abemi, ukukhusela indlala, kwaye lulondoloze ugcino-lwazi lwentlalo. Ukunxulumanisa inkqubela-ntle yobuntu kunye nenkqubo yoxolo. "ukuphuhliswa kwe-i-i-intlalo-------------------------------------luxolo nexus--------------------drounce indawo ekhulayokungameleyokunqandayo ukukhusela abanikazi-mngcisa abanikazi-mthetho, ukukhusela indlala, ukukhusela, ukukhusela, ukukhusela, ukukhusela, ukukhusela, nokuzikhusela, ukumelana, ukumelana, ukukhuthaza, ukukhuthaza, ukukhuthaza, ukukhuthaza

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa

Ingxelo yoncedo lwamanye amazwe kukwakhiwa koxolo iyaxutywa.

Ukuphanza Nokuqhekeka

Izilangazelelo zoncedo zisoloko zingqubana nezinto eziza kuqala zasekuhlaleni. Uncedo lungajongwa kwimimandla ebalulekileyo okanye imimandla yelizwe, kushiyeke iimfuno ezibalulekileyo zingaqwangalaselwanga. Ngaphezu koko, ukwanda kweeprojekthi ezinika umphicothi kudala ukwahlukana, ubuchule bombuso obugqithisileyo kunye nokungancedisi. I-OECD's Nethwekhi yehlabathi ekwiNtlanganiso neFragzibility ibhale indlela uncedo olungamiselwanga lungakukhuthaza ngayo ukungqubana nokungaqondani, umzekelo ngokuhlawula imivuzo ephezulu kwiingcaphephe zikarhulumente kunokuba ixhase.

Ukuthembeka Nokungaxhomekeki

Ukuxhomekeka kakhulu kwimithombo yangaphandle kunokuphelisa ukuthembeka kwabantu basekuhlaleni nokubangela ukuba baxhomekeke kwimali yabo. Xa amazwe efumana ingeniso enkulu ngoncedo kunokuba ahlawule irhafu, isivumelwano sentlalo phakathi kwabemi norhulumente siyadodobala. Emva kokuba inzala yomntu enikelwayo incitshisiwe okanye ithintelwe, iinkqubo zingawohloka, zishiye iinguqu ezingaphelelanga kunye nabemi abaphoxekileyo.

Ukungenelela Kwezobupolitika Nobuzwe

Uncedo alunakuze lube yimeko-bume. Abanikazi bangasebenzisa uncedo ukuqhubela phambili intlalo-ntle yezentlalo okanye yezoqoqosho, enjengokukhusela unikezelo kwimithombo okanye ukufuduka. Uncedo lobume.

Iingozi Zokhuseleko

Kumazwe anezingquzulwano ezisebenzayo, abasebenzi kunye neeprojekthi zoncedo baba ngamaxhoba. Ukusetyenziswa koncedo oluneenjongo ezisebenzayo.

Uhlolisiso Lwemeko Lokwakha Uxolo Oluphumelelayo Ngoncedo Lwamanye Amazwe

Phezu kwazo nje ezi ngxaki, amazwe aliqela abonisa ukuba uncedo lwamanye amazwe lunokuba negalelo elifanelekileyo kuxolo xa luguqulelwe kakuhle.

I-Sierra Leone

Imfazwe yamakhaya eSierra Leone (1912002) yalitshabalalisa ilizwe. Emva koko, uncedo olunamandla lwezizwe ngezizwe lwaxhasa ukupheliswa nokubuyiselwa kwamashumi amawaka amajoni, ukwakhiwa kwakhona kwemikhosi yokhuseleko ngokujongelwa phantsi kwabemi, nokusekwa kweKhomishini yeNyaniso neyokuQeqelelanisa. Abasebenzi baxhasa inkxaso yolawulo kunye nolwakhiwo lwesikolo. Ngaphezu kweminyaka emibini, iSierra Leone iye yakwazi ukufudusa ngoxolo ulawulo lwamandla yaye ilondoloze uzinzo, nangona ingakumbi imikhosi yokhuseleko ihleli. Amava abonisa ukubaluleka kokuzinziswa, ukuquququzelelwa emva kwesivumelwano soxolo.

IRwanda

Emva kokutshatyalaliswa kohlanga ngo-1994, iRwanda yafumana uncedo olukhulu lwamanye amazwe ngenjongo yokuxolelanisa nokulungisa kwakhona. Urhulumente wasebenzisa uncedo lokwakha inkqubo yokusesikweni, ukuseka iinkundla zesizwe saseGaca, nokubeka iprojekthi yemfundo nempilo kwindawo yokuqala. Iinkqubo ezijoliswe ekujoliswe kuzo ngokwesini ezixhasa iindima zamabhinqa ekuqinisekeni koxolo. Ngoxa isixhasi seRwanda siphakamisa imibuzo ngeendawo zezobupolitika namalungelo abantu, ukuphumelela ekucinyweni kwentlalo-ntlalo kudla ngokuchazwa njengemeko apho uncedo, idityaniswe nombono onamandla wesizwe, nto leyo enegalelo kuxolo.

I-Colombia

Isivumelwano soxolo 2016 phakathi korhulumente waseColombia kunye neRhosa eliQhubekekileyo laseColombia (FARC) sixhaswe luncedo olubalulekileyo lwezizwe ngezizwe. Abanikazi baye baxhasa inkqubo yokuguqula ulawulo, iinkqubo zokuphuhlisa iindawo ezisemaphandleni kwimimandla eyayisalwa, kunye neeprojekthi zokuthabathel' indawo yesivuno esingekho mthethweni. Imali ye-mthetho ne-Colombian Trust PostpreConfublict Fund ilungelelanise izinto ezikhoyo. Le nkqubo ihlala ingena kugqibelela kwaye ikhuphisana, kodwa isantya sokubuyiselwa nokuncitshiswa kobundlobo belu gonyamelo beluza kuba lucotha kakhulu ngaphandle kwenkxaso yemali neyobugcisa.

Ukuphumelela nokuphumelela

Ukuphelisa impembelelo yoncedo lwamanye amazwe kulwakhiwo ludume kakubi. Ulwabelo lunzima ngenxa yokuba oothunywashe abaninzi basekhaya, imikhosi yengingqi, kunye nothuko lwezoqoqosho, ```````iSimo se-Fragity''''' ne-World Bank's “Uxolo noxanduva lwenkcaso''inkqubela-phambili, kodwa ezi zixhobo zisoloko zixhomekeke kwimiqondiso yekhompyutha esebenzayo njengonciphiso lwedabi okanye uphuhliso kwimibutho yolawulo.

Uvavanyo olunentsingiselo lusebenzisa inkqubo yokulandelela, iziphumo zemaphu, kunye neendlela ezidityanisiweyo. Uphando ngokuqhubekayo lufumana ukuba uncedo lusebenza ngakumbi xa lude (lungaphezu kweshumi leminyaka), lulungelelaniswe nezinto eziphambili zasekuhlaleni, kwaye lulungelelaniswe nakwiindawo ezinikelayo. Imijikelo emifutshane yeprojekthi kunye nabasebenzi abaphezulu bangamatyala abalulekileyo. Okungakumbi, ukubonelela ngoncedo lweenkqubo zasekuhlaleni . "/oorhulumente kunye nabantu basekuhlaleni"ukulondolozwa nokugcinwa kunye nobuni, nangona lufuna imigaqo engqongqo engenakufumaneka kwimo yentelekelelo.

Enye indlela ethembisayo kukusetyenziswa kwe- “Ulawulo loxolo” okanye amaqumrhu ajongene nolawulo oluninzi aquka abanikeli, urhulumente, kunye nebutho labemi. Oku kungaphucula ukuphendulana nokulungisa iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwizixhobo eziphumayo. Umzekelo, iNew Deal for Admentment in Fragile States, exhaswe ngamazwe angaphezu kwama-30, igxininisa iinjongo ezintlanu zokwakha uxolo nokwakha urhulumente njengesiseko solwabiko lweenkonzo.

Icebiso Loncedo Olunempumelelo Ekwakheni Uxolo

Ubungqina busalatha kwimigaqo eliqela emele ikhokele uncedo lwasemzini oluza kukunceda ngoxolo.

  • [[FLT: 0] Focus kwi-local ye-. Uncedo kufuneka lwenziwe luze luphunyezwe kunxulumano nabagcini bomthi besizwe nabasekuhlaleni, hayi babekwe ngaphandle. Oku kuthetha ukuba nemali ethambileyo evumela izinto eziza kuqala kuluntu ukuqhuba iinkqubo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ingenelo oluphambili kuhlaziyo lwempikiswano. Abasebenzi kufuneka badibanise ulwazelelelo lwengxabano ngendlela elungeleleneyo kwiprojekthi, kuquka ukujongwa okuqhubekayo kwendlela uncedo oluchaphazela ngayo amandla, unikezelo lwezibonelelo, kunye nonxulumano lwamaqela.
  • Ukwakha uxolo kuthatha amashumi eminyaka. Abanikazi kufuneka baxhathise uxinzelelo lweziphumo ezikhawulezayo kwaye endaweni yoko banike iingcwaci zemali ezithe zafunyanwa kaninzi ngonyaka oziimvulophu ezivumela amaqabane ukuba acebe.
  • [[NTLA] I-FOster commentation winds. Ukhuseleko, ulawulo, uqoqosho, kunye neenkqubo zentlalo kufuneka zilungelelaniswe. Iindlela ezidityanisiweyo zisebenza rhoqo ekunqamlezeni iinjongo. Ukusebenzisa imali kunye neendlela ezidityanisiweyo zokwahlula ulwahlulwa-hlulwa.
  • Ukulungisa ukujongwa koxanduva kunye nokubonakala. Uncedo kwiimimiselo ezingquzulanayo lusengozini yokunganyaniseki nokuzikisa. Ulawulo loluntu, iinkonzo zoncedo, kunye notshintsho lwemali lubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ukuthembana.
  • Abaqhubi besakhiwo seDilesi. uncedo lokwakha uxolo alunakuphelela ekuncedeni abantu. Kufuneka lulwenze ukungabikho kokulingana, ukukhutshwa, kunye nezikhalazo zoovimba. Ukuxhasa uhlaziyo lwelizwe olulinganayo, imfundo epheleleyo, kunye nobuninzi bogcino-lwazi bunganciphisa umngcipheko wemfazwe yexesha elide.

Isiphelo

Uncedo lwamanye amazwe luhlala lubalulekile, nangona lungafezeki, isixhobo sokuxhasa ukwakhiwa koxolo kumazwe abuthathaka naxa kudibene. Ukukwazi kwalo ukuphuma kubuncwane nakubuchule obunokubukhuthaza ukuba buphinde bulungise amaqumrhu okuziphilisa, kwaye bulungelelanise imimandla eyahlukeneyo. Imiqathango yalo ivela kwimfuno ye-Phondo yehlabathi, i-intellitical i-instentiantintia, kwaye ingxaki ekhoyo yokungenelela kwiinkqubo zentlalo entluntsonkothileyo. Ukuqinisekisa impembelelo entle, abanikelayo kufuneka bazenze basebenzisane ngokunyanisekileyo, ulwazi lwasekuhlaleni, kwaye bagcine umonde nokuthobeka. Iimeko zeSierra Leone, iRocerace, iRwanda, neColombia ibonisa ukuba kungenelwe uxolo, kwaye kuxhaswe ngokuqhubekayo, kuxhomekeke kulawulo loburhulumente boluntu. Kodwa ke uncedo lwamazwe amazwe amazwe angaphandle koburhulumente amazwe amazwe azimeleyo, anokukwazi ukutshintsha abantu abakwimeko olungcono.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kokwahlulana koncedo noxolo, bona umsebenzi ECD kumonakalo kunye nemfazwe, iKhomishini yoLawulo loxolo ye-UN, kunye iBhanki yehlabathi, i-Pimpilication & iqela lobundlobongela[. Ezi zinto zinika ugcino-lwazi oluqhubekayo nokhokelo lwabenzi benkqubo.