Umthetho wamakhaya ulawula uninzi lwentsebenziswano yamihla le esemthethweni, kwaye uthabathela ekusayineni irente kunye nokuthenga imoto ukumangalela isivumelwano esaphukileyo okanye ukwenzakala kobuqu. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, obandakanya ukumangalelwa kwabantu ngokwezono ezichasene nebutho labantu, umthetho wamakhaya unika isiseko esicwangcisiweyo sokucombulula iimpikiswano zabantu ngabanye, amashishini, nemibutho. Injongo yawo eyintloko asiko ukohlwaya kodwa kukubuyiselwa: ukuhlawula iqela elilimelekileyo, okanye ukufuna iqela ukuba liphumeze imbopheleleko. Ukuqonda indlela umthetho wamakhaya osebenza ngayo, imigaqo efanayo, iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo, iiprojectstion, kunye nezingezo zokuqhuba inkundla. Ukulungisa iimpikiswano ezingokwasemthethweni kunceda nabani nabani na onentembelo necacileyo.

Uyintoni Umthetho Wamakhaya?

Umthetho wamakhaya ungomnye wamasebe amabini angundoqo enkqubo yomthetho eUnited States nakwamanye amazwe amaninzi. Oku kubandakanya zonke imicimbi zomthetho engeso isaphuli-mthetho endalo. Oku kuquka iimpikiswano ezinzima ngezivumelwano, impahla, ulwalamano lwentsapho, iingozi zobuqu, kunye nemibandela yomsebenzi. EUnited States, inkqubo yomthetho yesizwe ithathwe kwi [ yomthetho wesiNgesi [[[[FLT:]] umthetho oqhelekileyo we-Fransi], oxhomekeke kakhulu kwimithetho yesithethe nemithetho esemthethweni. Kodwa amanye amazwe amaninzi asebenza phantsi kwemithetho engokwasemthethweni nakwiinjongo ezingokwandiswayo. [[FLT.2]] inkqubo yomthetho esekelwe kwimithetho ebanzi (njenge-Napoleonkolcial eFransi).

Isitshixo sokwahlula iimpawu zomthetho wasekuhlaleni kunye nomthetho wezaphuli-mthetho siquka amaqela abandakanyekileyo (amaqela azimeleyo anxulumene norhulumente), umthwalo wobungqina (ubungqina obuninzi bungakhange buthandabuzeke), kunye nosukelo olona lubalulekileyo (ukukhulula nokuhlawula kunye nokuthintela). Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba isenzo ngamanye amaxesha sikhokelela kwiziphumo zobupolisa nezezaphuli-mthetho, umzekelo, ukuqhuba ngengozi kungaphumela kwizityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho (kwilizwe) kunye nokumangalelwa kwetyala (kwixhoba).

Imigaqo Efanelekileyo Yomthetho Wamakhaya

Imigaqo eliqela esisiseko ixhasa inkqubo yomthetho yasekuhlaleni ize ilawule indlela eziconjululwa ngayo iingxabano.

  • [[FLT: 0] Ingqinelana nobungqina: Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, i-statiff kufuneka ibonise ukuba uhlobo lwabo lweziganeko luyinyaniso kakhulu kunolo lunganjalo (ukuthetha ukuba lithuba elingaphezulu kwama-50%. Lo ngumba osezantsi kuno-“ngapha kwemfezeko esengqiqweni” umgangatho osetyenziswa kwiimvavanyo zolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ibheriji yeMbukiso: I-Placttiff ithwala umthwalo wokuqala wokuvelisa ubungqina obuxhasa izibhengezo zabo. Xa idibene, ummangalelwa kufuneka anikezele ubungqina bokuphikisa. Umthwalo opheleleyo uhlala nomntu oqhelekileyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukuma: Umntu okanye iqumrhu kufuneka libe noqhagamshelwano olwaneleyo kwimpikiswano yokuzisa ukumangalelwa. Kufuneka babandezeleke (okanye basongelwe ngokusondeleyo) ngengozi.
  • Isigqibo sokugweba isohlwayo: umthetho wamakhaya ujolise ekwenzeni iqela elinzakeleyo liphelele, hayi ukohlwaya umenzi wobubi (umonakalo wesohlwayo uyinto engaqhelekanga kwiimeko zokungalawuleki). Amayeza aqhelekileyo aquka ukonakaliswa kwemali, imiqathango, kunye nezenzo ezithile.
  • Ekunene kwityala le Jury: Kwiimeko ezininzi zasekuhlaleni, amaqela anelungelo lomGaqo-siseko kwityala labachopheli-tyala (nangona iimeko ezininzi zisombululwa ngaphandle kokuvavanywa). Abagwebi bagweba bamisela imibuzo yenyaniso; ijaji igqiba imibuzo yomthetho.

Le migaqo iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho wasekuhlaleni uhlala uyindlela efanelekileyo yokucombulula iingxabano zabucala, ulungelelanisa amalungelo abamangalelwa nabamangalelwayo.

Iindidi Ezinkulu Zetyala Lamakhaya

Umthetho wamakhaya ugubungela uludwe olubanzi olungenakuthelekiswa nanto lwemiba yomthetho. Oku kulandelayo yezona ntlobo ziqhelekileyo abantu abadibana nazo.

Iimpikiswano Ezimanyeneyo

Izibophelelo zingundoqo wezorhwebo kunye nezivumelwano zobuqu. Xa elinye iqela lisilela ukuzalisekisa izibophelelo zalo ezithenjiweyo, ``i-FLT'] ihlawula iinkonzo, ihambisa iimpahla, okanye imigangatho yomsebenzi ohlanganisiweyo yesivumelwano. (isivumelwano sombutho sokwenza intlanganiso singavela. Amayeza odidi aquka [ umonakalo wokophula ilahleko [ [ukugquma ilahleko], ] umsebenzi othe ngqo [[[FLT]] [imyalelo wenkundla wokuphumeza isivumelwano, okanye ] i-active syntial [ult]] [umthetho wesivumelwano], ngokuyintloko womthetho, nolawulo lwe-CCCCCCC).

Ingxelo Enconywayo

Izitort zizizinto ezingalunganga zamakhaya ezibangela umonakalo okanye ukulahlekelwa komnye umntu. Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo i-torrt ngu-'FLT', apho umntu angakwaziyo ukwenza ngenkathalo efanelekileyo, ebangela ingozi (umz., iingozi zemoto, ityibilika okanye ifelwe, ukufelwa kwezamayeza). Ezinye ii-tort ziquka [[[FLT:] [FLT] [FLT: 3] [FT] [FLT] [5] [FT], [FFFF:], kunye noTT], [FFFFF:], [10] kunye nomonakalo womonakalo.[FFF:], ulahlelo, kunye nezinye iintlungu zonyango.[FLT]

Iingxabano Zempahla

Umthetho womhlaba ugquma zombini izinto zokwenene (ilizwe nezakhiwo) kunye nezinto zobuqu (ezinokubonakala njengeenqwelo-mafutha, izihombiso, kunye nezinto ezingathandekiyo ezinjenge-'scheal's'). Iidiputes zingabandakanya imida yobunikazi (iimpikiswano zemigca evaliweyo), imiba ye-onkcitho ye-after, ukuthomalalisa, ukuphulwa kwemiqathango, okanye izibhengezo zetyala. Kwiimpikiswano ezininzi zempahla, inkundla ingakhupha i-information[ ukukhusela ingozi eqhubekayo okanye ukuthunyelwa kwempahla ukuze kwahlulwe ingeniso.

Umthetho wentsapho

Umthetho wentsapho usingatha iinkalo ezingokwasemthethweni zolwalamano olufanelekileyo, kuquka umtshato, uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana kunye nenkxaso, inkxaso ephuma kumtshato (antion), ukukhuliswa kwabantwana, kunye nogonyamelo lwasekhaya. La matyala asoloko ebekwa esichengeni ngokweemvakalelo, kwaye inkundla zibeka phambili iinjongo ezintle zabantwana. Imicimbi emininzi yomthetho wentsapho ibandakanya izigqibo ezingokwasemthethweni nezenyani, ngokufuthi eziconjululwe ngokuncokola okanye ngokugcina ulwazi ngaphambi kokufikelela kwityala.

Umthetho weSebe

Izichasi phakathi kwabaqeshi nabaqeshwa zingummandla obalulekileyo womthetho wasekuhlaleni. Izicelo eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukupheliswa ngokuphosakeleyo (ukulwa nolwaphuko lwesivumelwano okanye umgaqo kawonke-wonke), ulwahluko[[[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] (lusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufana, ubudala, ubulwelwe, njl.) [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [FT:5] [uqu nokuhlaselwa ngokwesini), [[FLT:]] kunye neyure yokuphululwa komthetho [FLT] (ult, holatread hourced), [[FFL], [FFFD]]

Ezinye Iindawo Ezinokuphawulwa

  • Umthetho osezantsi: ujongela phantsi kwimveliso enesiphene, izibhengezo ezikhohlisayo, okanye uqheliselo olugqwethekileyo lweshishini.
  • [[UMTL:0] iprobate kunye noTshenxiso: ivavanya imimiselo, ulawulo lwempahla, kunye nolawulo lokuthembeka.
  • Ipropati yolwazi: Ukufumana umelo lwamalungelo ombhali, uphawu, okanye imvume.
  • [[Umthetho wesiseko: 0] Umthetho wesiseko: ukumangalelwa kwasese ngomonakalo wongcoliso okanye ukunyanzelisa imimiselo yemeko- bume.

Inkqubo yoqikelelo lwangaphakathi

Ukubekwa kwetyala ngokwesixeko selizwe yinkqubo esemthethweni yenkundla yokucombulula iingxabano. Ngelixesha ityala ngalinye lihlukile, inkqubo ilandela uthotho lwamanyathelo ukusuka ekugqityweni ukuvavanya kunye nesibheno esinokwenzeka. Ukuqonda la macandelo kunganceda amatheko alungiselele aze alawule oko akulindeleyo.

Ukukhalaza

Ityala liqala xa ityala lifakela ifayile echaphazelekayo i- ingcaciso yenkundla efanelekileyo. Olu xwebhu luqulethe ingxelo yezibakala, iimbambano zomthetho, kwaye isiqabu sifuna (umz., umonakalo wemali okanye umyalelo). Ummangali-mthetho kufuneka akhethe inkundla elungileyo yenkundla yezona micimbi yasekuhlaleni, kodwa ukuba ityala libandakanya umthetho okanye ukwahlukahlukana kobumi (iiicandelo elivela kumazwe ahlukeneyo kunye nemali ephikisanayo).

2. Inkonzo yeNkqutyana

Emva kokuqokelela, ummangalelwa makanike ikopi yesikhalazo kunye imikhozo kummangalelwa. Oku kwenza ummangalelwa aphawule ukuba ityala libekwe kwityala aze abazise ngexesha elifanelekileyo lokuphendula. Inkonzo efanelekileyo iyagxeka; ukungaphumeleli ukukhonza ngokufanelekileyo kungalilibazisa elo tyala okanye kukhokelela ekugxothweni.

3. Indlela Abameli Abasabela Ngayo

Ummangalelwa kufuneka alungise i impendulo ngexesha elibaluliweyo (ngokuqhelekileyo 21-30 iintsuku). Kwimpendulo, ummangalelwa uyavuma okanye uyakhanyela ityala ngalinye kwaye angaphakamisa [[[FLT: 2] ukhuselo oluzinzileyo [[[FLT:]] [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] (umz., ummiselo wemiqathango, uqikelezo lomngcipheko). Ukuba ummangalelwa angaphendula, angaphendula, uzakufumana ugwebo oluqhelekileyo. [[FLT:]

4. Intshukumo neNgqungquthela zangaphambi

Phambi kokuba kuqalwe, amaqela angafaka iifayile zentshukumo ukusombulula imiba ethile kwangoko. imvakalelo yokukhupha iphikisa ukuba isikhalazo asiphumeleli ukuchaza isiqinisekiso esisemthethweni. imo yesigqibo soshwankathelo [ icela inkundla ukuba ilawule kwinkoliseko yeqela elinye elijongene nempikiswano, iphephe ukuvavanywa kwetyala. Iinkundla ezininzi zikwathi intlanganiso zetyala [ ukuxubusha ucwangciso lommiselo, imiba emxinwa, kunye nokukhuthaza ukuquququzelela.

5. Ukufunyaniswa

Ukufumana yinkqubo esesikweni yokunikana ulwazi phakathi kwamaqela. Kudla ngokuba yeyona njongo yexesha-ukufumana nexabiso elikhulu. Izixhobo zokufumana ziquka ulwandiso (imibuzo ebhaliweyo), izicelo zemveliso [[[FLT:]] [iiinkcukacha] [iiincwadi, ii- email, iirekhodi]), [[FLT:] 4] (iimibuzo ebhaliweyo), [iiisiqinisekiso somlomo esenziwe phantsi kokufushaza], kunye [[FLTLT:6]] iinjongo zokwamvumelwamvo [[FLT]]. ivumela omabini amacala ukuvavanya amandla emeko kunye neengxube zabo.

6. Ukuzinziswa kunye nesinye isisombululo sengxabano

Nakweyiphi na indawo ("phambi okanye ngexesha lokufunyanwa, kwanakumanyathelo enkundla enkundla", amaqela angakhetha ukusombulula ityala. Ukuhlala kusoloko kukhuthazwa ziinkundla ukugcina ixesha kunye nezibonelelo. Abagwebi abaninzi bafuna amaqela ukuba athathe inxaxheba kwi i-mediction okanye ulwahlulo phambi kokuvavanywa (jonga icandelo ngezantsi kwi-ADR). Isivumelwano sisivumelwano esisisibophelelo esiphela ityala.

7. Ukuvavanywa

Ukuba akukho ndawo ihlaziywayo, ityala liqhubekela ekuthethweni. Kwityala lebheri, ijaji igqiba zombini izibakala kunye nomthetho. Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, abachopheli bamisa iimbambano zenyaniso ngelixa ijaji ibafundisa umthetho. omabini amaqela akhoyo iingxelo zokuvula, amangqina, ukwazisa ubungqina, kunye nokunikela iimpikiswano zokuququlunqa ityala. Emva kokuququzelela, abachopheli-mthetho baguqulela isigwebo [[[FLT:]]. Ijaji ke ingena kwi-'FLT:2] isalathisi

8. Intshukumo nezibheno zasemva

Emva komgwebo, iqela eliphulukana nento lingenza ifayile yentshukumo zasemva kovavanyo (umz. [[FLT: 0]] imvakalelo yokuvavanywa okutsha okanye uluvo lomgwebo ngaphandle kwesigqibo [[]). Ukuba ezo zingaphumeleliyo, ziyakwazi [[FLT:] ukukhupha [[FLT]] kwinkundla ephezulu. Isibheno asilo sitsha ityala; inkundla yenkundla ihlola irekhodi yeziphumo ezingokwasemthethweni ezisenokuba zichaphazele iziphumo. Izibheno zinokuba zinde kwaye zibiza imali eninzi, kwaye zisoloko ziphumela ekulungiseni, okanye ekuphindeni kwetyala okutsha.

Enye iNkxaso

Xa kujongwa ixesha, iindleko kunye neemvakalelo zokungavumelani, iingxabano ezininzi zamakhaya ziconjululwa ngezinye iindlela zokucombulula impikiswano. I-ADR inokuba yeyokuzithandela okanye yolungelelwaniso lwenkundla kwaye idla ngokukhokelela kwiziphumo ezikhawulezileyo nezithambileyo.

Uqukuqelo

Uhlobo olulula lwe-ADR(iipartimenti) (ngokufuthi namagqwetha azo) anxibelelana ngqo ukuze afikelele kwindawo yokuhlala. Ukunxibelelana akucwangciswanga, kuyimfihlo, kwaye kunokwenzeka nakweliphi na iqondo. Unxibelelwano oluphumelelayo lufuna unxibelelwano olucacileyo, ukulindela okusengqiqweni, nokukulungela ukulalanisa.

Isicwangciso

I-media ibandakanya icandelo lesithathu lobundilele umlamli wonxibelelwano onceda unxibelelwano nonceda amatheko ajonge ukhetho logqibo. Umlamleli akanyanzeli sigqibo; endaweni yoko, ukhokelela amaqela kwisivumelwano esamkelekileyo. I-Media isebenza ngokukhethekileyo kumthetho wentsapho, iimpikiswano zasemsebenzini, kunye nesivumelwano.

Ushenxiso

Ulwahlulo lusemthethweni kakhulu kunendawo yokukhupha iinkonzo. Amaqela anikela ubungqina kunye neempikiswano kumntu omnye okanye ngaphezulu abalawuli abakwinkundla, abathi ngoko banikezele isigqibo esibophekayo (imbasa). I-Arbitrotion inokuba yeyona ifunekayo ukuba kufuneka isivumelwano (umz., izivumelwano zomsebenzi, amagama athengwayo). Ngelixesha elikhawulezileyo nelingekho semthethweni kunenkundla, imida yokufumana nokubhenela. Amaqela amaninzi ayakuqonda ukugqibela nokubhenela.

Umthetho Onentsingiselo

Umthetho osetyenziswa kakhulu kuqhawulo-mtshato nakumthetho wentsapho, osebenzisanayo ubandakanya iqela ngalinye eligcina igqwetha eliqeqeshelwe ngokukhethekileyo ukucombulula iingxabano ngaphandle kokubekwa ityala. Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba batyikitye isivumelwano sokungasayi enkundleni; ukuba iingxoxo aziphumelelanga, amagqwetha kufuneka arhoxe, akhuthaze ukuganana ngokholo olulungileyo.

Ulwenziwo & Lwempikiswano Kunxibelelwano

Intsingiselo ekhulayo, i-ODR isebenzisa amaqonga amanani ukusombulula iimfuno ezincinane, iimbambano zabathengi, okanye kwaneminye imicimbi yentsapho. Iluncedo kakhulu kwiimeko zexabiso eliphantsi apho i-liging yesithethe ingaba yixabiso elithe kratya. I-ODR ingaquka incoko ezenzekelayo, isikhuphiswano esisetyenziswa ngekhompyutha, okanye i-intanethi yokwahlulwa kwe-intanethi.

Amancedo Asemthethweni

Ukuba ityala loluntu likhokelela kumgwebo we-acttiff, inkundla izakuyalela unyango. Iindidi ezimbini ezibanzi ngamayeza amayeza akwi-monetary [ [umonakalo we-monetary] kunye amayeza angenakuphikwa (imiyalelo engahambelaniyo).

Umonakalo Wenetha

  • [[UMTL: 0] Umonakalo ohlahlelayo: Iyilelwe ukuhlawulela ilahleko yokwenene/iindleko zezamayeza, ukuphulukana nengeniso, ukonakaliswa kwempahla, kunye neentlungu nokubandezeleka.
  • Umonakalo odityanisiweyo: Anikwa kwiimeko zokungalawuleki (umz., ukuqhatha okanye ukwenzakala ngeqhinga) ukohlwaya ummangalelwa nokunqanda ububi bexesha elizayo. Uninzi lwamazwe luza kunikwa iziphumo zesohlwayo.
  • [[UMTLL:0] Umonakalo ocetyiweyo: Ichazwe kwizivumelwano njengomlinganiselo obekwe phambi kokwaphuka.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umonakalo ongaphucukanga: Imali encinci (ngokufuthi i $1) inikwa xa ilungelo elisemthethweni liphulwe kodwa akukho lahleko lukhulu lwenzekileyo.

Imimiselo Elinganayo

  • I-Injuct: Umyalelo wenkundla ofuna iqela ukuba lenze into (umyalelo womthetho) okanye ukuyeka ukwenza into (umyalelo ogunyazisiweyo). Umzekelo, umyalelo ungamisa ukwakhiwa kwento ephikiswayo.
  • Imisebenzi ekhethekileyo: Iyalela iqela ukwenza isivumelwano kanye njengoko kuvunyelwana, esisetyenziswa kakhulu kuthengiso lwezangaphandle okanye kwimpahla eyodwa.
  • [[Ukwahlula:0] Ukukhupha: Irhoxisa isivumelwano kwaye ibuyisela amaqela kwindawo zawo zangaphambili.
  • [[Uhlelo:0] Ulungiselelo: luhlahlela isivumelwano esibhaliweyo ukubonisa iinjongo zokwenyaniso zamaqela.

Ngokuqhelekileyo iinkundla zikhetha unyango olusemthethweni kunelo lilinganayo kuba kulula ukunyanzelisa ukuba kwenziwe umonakalo, kodwa ukulingana kufumaneka xa imali inganele.

Umthetho wasekuhlaleni noluntu

Umthetho wamakhaya uchaphazela phantse yonke inkalo yobomi banamhlanje. Unceda abantu ukuba baphendule abanye ngezithembiso ezaphukileyo, ukungakhathali, okanye ukuphathwa ngokungekho sikweni. Unika amashishini isiseko esithembekileyo sorhwebo, uwavumela ukuba anyanzelise izivumelwano nokukhusela impahla yolwazi. Ikwaxhasa amalungelo asisiseko `njengamalungelo empahla, amalungelo obuzali, nelungelo lokukhululeka kucalucalulo", ngokungekho mthethweni. Ngaphandle kwenkqubo esebenzayo yokulawula imicimbi yasekuhlaleni, iimpikiswano zingakhula zize zikwazi ukuzinceda okanye zikhusele izinto zobundlobongela, kwaye umsebenzi wezoqoqosho uya kudidelwa nokungaqiniseki.

Kwangaxeshanye, inkqubo yokunika ingcebiso yasekuhlaleni ijongene nocelomngeni: amaxabiso aphezulu, ukulibazisa okude, nokufikelela okungalinganiyo kokusesikweni kwabo bangenazo izibonelelo. Iimithetho ezininzi ziyaqhubeka zihlola iinguqu //iinkqubo zokuzikongozelo, ukwandisa iinkundla ezincinane, nokukhuthaza i-ADR-tom ye-AD. Kumntu nabani na obandakanyekileyo kwingxubangxwa, ukubuzana negqwetha okanye ukufuna uncedo olusemthethweni kungenza umahluko phakathi kwesigqibo esilungileyo nesiphumo esinzima.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwemixholo yomthetho wasekuhlaleni, bona iMelika Bar system isikhokelo se-, [[FLT:] Cornell Information Institute ye-ligial , okanye USA.gov's shorts kwingxubusho yamakhaya[.]. Ukuqonda amalungelo akho asemthethweni neemfuno zemfuno zeyokuqala ukuwakhusela nakweliphi na igamgamkha.