Ukwazisa

UHlaziyo lwesine kuMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States lungolunye lwezona zinto zibalulekileyo zokukhusela ukuxhatshazwa kwabantu ngabanye nokungabi nakuqhathwa ngurhulumente. Ngo-1791 njengenxalenye yeBhili yamaLungelo, oku kulungiswa kwamisela imilinganiselo esemthethweni ekufuneka ilandelwe xa kusenziwa iphulo lomthetho, ukwenza okanye ukuthamba impahla. Kukukusabela okungqalileyo ekuxhatshazweni kwabantu ngokobugxwayiba phantsi kolawulo lwamaBritane, apho ijelo-wonke-wonke livumela amagosa ukuba afune amakhaya nabantu ngaphandle kwesizathu. Namhlanje, iSiphendumiso sesine sisasele siyinkuselo esemthethweni, ukulinganisa iimfuno zomthetho nokugcinwa kwamalungelo abemi. Ukuqonda imigaqo yayo engundoqo kunika amandla abantu ukuba baqinise amalungelo abo ngokuzithemba ekuhlangabezaneni nabo nabasemagunye nabo basemagunyeni.

Ingcaciso Nenjongo YoMthetho Wesine Ohlaziyiweyo

Umbhalo opheleleyo woMyezo wesine ufundeka ngolu hlobo:

" Ilungelo labantu lokukhusela abantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, kunye neziphumo, nxamnye nophengululo olungekho ngqiqweni kunye nokuxhuzula, aziyi kuphulwa, kwaye akukho madangatye aya kuphuma, kodwa ngokunokwenzeka, axhaswe yiOath okanye isiqinisekiso, kwaye ingakumbi achaze indawo eza kuphendwa, nabantu okanye izinto ezizakuthinjwa..

Olu lwimi luqulethe iingxelo ezimbini ezingundoqo. Eyokuqala, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Claus Elungeleleneyo, iyakwalela ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni. Eyesibini, iWarrants Clause, ichaza ukuba naluphi na uqinisekiso kufuneka lusekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo, luxhaswe yingxelo efungelweyo, luchaze ngokweenkcukacha indawo ezakuphehlwa kwaye imiba okanye abantu abaza kuthinjwa. Injongo yezi khuseleko kukunqanda izenzo ezingekho ngqiqweni zikarhulumente nokuqinisekisa ukuba naluphi na ungenelo kwimfihlo lomntu luthethelelwa nomdla osemthethweni oxhaswa ngubungqina obusemthethweni. Le nkcazelo isebenza kubo bonke abadlali bakarhulumente, urhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nomthetho wasekuhlaleni, kunye nomthetho osemthethweni, ngokufanayo nabanye abalawuli besikolo okanye abalungiseli bezakhiwo.

Yintoni Ebangela Ukufuna Okanye Ukungakhathaleli?

Ukusebenzisa uHlaliso lwesine, iinkundla kuqala zigqiba ukuba isenzo sikarhulumente siyafaneleka kusini na "search" okanye "senza". A aphengulula xa urhulumente ephazamisa kwindawo okanye into apho umntu elindele ukuba yimfihlo. Oku kungaquka ukungena komzimba ekhaya, ukukhangela inqwelo, ukuvavanya oko kuqulethwe yifowuni, okanye ukusebenzisa i-metropetrol ukufumanisa iipatroniki zobushushu ngaphakathi kwendlu. Ityala lephawu [[FLT:] Katz v. United States (1967) yasungula "ulindelo olusengqiqweni lwemfiliba", ebuza ukuba umntu ubonise umbandela othe ngqo nolulungeleyo loluntu ukuba ngaba luwulindele kakuhle kusini na.

Umzekelo, ukuthatha i-laptop okanye ukubeka imoto kusisifo sokuxhuzula. Asiyonto ithenjiswayo. Incoko yokuzithandela apho [[FLT:] [FLT]] ingathi ncam iphazamisane nomdla womntu kwimpahla leyo. Umzekelo, ukuthatha i-raptop okanye ukubeka imoto kusisisithuthwane. I-"FLT] efana nokubanjwa komntu okanye ukumiswa [ (ukuvalelwa okufutshane okusekelwe ekukrokreqweni okufanelekileyo), kwakhona phantsi kokhuseleko olufanelekileyo. Asiyo yonke intluphetho yamapolisa e-cizentineyo eqhutywayo; incoko yokuzithandela apho umntu aziva ekhululekileyo ukuba akathathiwe. Ukuba umntu onengqondo uya kuvakalelwa ukuba ukhululekile kwishishini lakhe kwaye uyahamba ngaphandle kwentengo.

Izinto Ezingundoqo Zokukhusela: Unobangela Ofanelekileyo Nabaxhaphazi

Ukhuseleko loMphetho-mda wesine lusekelwe kwimfuno yezizathu ezilindelekileyo kunye nemvume. unobangela ofanelekileyo ukho xa izibakala kunye neemeko ezikwizibakala zolwazi lwegosa zanele ukuqinisekisa ukuba umntu onobulumko ukho, uya kuba ukho, okanye uza kwenziwa, okanye ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho bubekwe kwindawo ethile. Oku kungumgangatho ophezulu kunobukrokrebe obungaphaya kobubo, obufuna kuphela izibakala olucacileyo nolunokucebisa umsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho.

Amaphepha asemthethweni akhutshwe ngumantyi ongathathi cala nongahlaliyo, ngokusekelwe ekubonakalisweni kwesizathu esinokwenzeka esixhaswa sifungo okanye isifungo. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sichaze ngokungqalileyo indawo ezakuphendwa nezinto ezizakuthinjwa. Le mfuneko ithile ithintela imiyalelo jikelele enika abaphathi-majoni i-carte bunche kwimpahla yomntu. Isiqinisekiso esiphumezelwe kakuhle sisebenza njengovavanyo lwamapolisa kwaye siqinisekisa ukuba ijaji ezimeleyo ilungise ukuthethelela ukuphazamisa. Noko ke, ayifuni zonke ii-arhente nokuqumba kufune isiqinisekiso; ngaphandle komyalelo omninzi ochazwe ngezantsi, obekiweyo, obekiweyo.

Abahlukileyo Kwimfuneko Engummangaliso

Iinkundla ziye zavuma ukuba kukho imfuneko emiselweyo apho ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kunokwenza uphando okanye ukuxhuzula ngaphandle kwemvume, ukuba oko kuqhubeka kusengqiqweni phantsi kweemeko. Ezi meko zilungelelanisa imfuneko yokugcinwa komthetho ngokunempumelelo kunye nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko.

Umququzeleli

Ukuba umntu uyavuma ngokuzithandela ukuphengulula, akukho mfuneko iyimfuneko. Imvume kufuneka inikelwe ngokukhululekileyo, hayi ngenxa yokunyanzelwa okanye ukunyanzelwa. Amapolisa akudingeki ukuba azise abantu ukuba banelungelo lokungavumi, kodwa ingtshutshiso ithwele umthwalo wokungqina ukuba imvume ingowokuzithandela. Imvume yesithathu isenokusebenza ukuba iqela linegunya elinye kwizakhiwo okanye kwimpahla. Umzekelo, umntu ohlala kunye naye unokuvuma ukuphengulula iindawo ezihlala abantu, kodwa hayi kwimvume ekhuselekileyo.

Iimeko Ezimandundu

Xa kufuneka kwenziwe ngokukhawuleza ukuze kuthintelwe umonakalo emzimbeni, ukutshatyalaliswa kobungqina, okanye ukusinda komkroti, amapolisa asenokungena kwikhaya okanye kwezinye iindawo ngaphandle kwemvume. Imizekelo eqhelekileyo iquka ukuva ukungxola ngaphakathi endlwini, ukusukela umsi orhanelwayo, okanye ukunuka komsi obonisa umlilo. Iimeko kufuneka zingxamiseke ngokwenene kwaye zingadalwa ngamapolisa ngokwawo.

Imbono Ecacileyo

Ukuba umphathi ukho ngokusemthethweni kwindawo kwaye ubona i-actrada okanye ubungqina obucacileyo, bangayibamba ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Ukuze isetyenziswe, igosa kufuneka libe nelungelo elisemthethweni lokuba kwindawo apho laqwalasela khona into, kwaye uhlobo lwento kufuneka lucace ngokukhawuleza. Umzekelo, ngexesha lokumisa okusemthethweni kwetrafiki, umphathi ubona ingxowa yomgubo omhlophe kwisihlalo somkhweli; oku kungathathwa phantsi kwemfundiso ecacileyo.

Khangelani Into Enokuninceda Nibanjwe

Xa igosa libopha ngokusemthethweni, bangaphengulula umntu wobanjwayo kunye nendawo ekulawulo lwalo olukhawulezileyo ukuze kusetyenziswe izixhobo okanye ubungqina obunokutshatyalaliswa. Oku kukhetha kuyilelwe ukukhusela igosa nokugcina ubungqina. Akwandiswa kulo lonke ikhaya okanye inqwelo-mafutha ngaphandle kokuba iimeko ezithile zihlangatyeziwe.

Isinxaxhi senqwelo - mafutha ezizenzekelayo

IVhicles iphantsi kolindelo oluncitshisiweyo lwento efihlakeleyo ngenxa yokuhamba kwazo kunye nomdla karhulumente wokuzilawula. Ukuba umphathi umele ukuba unesizathu sokukholelwa ukuba imoto inobungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho, angaphengulula inqwelo-mafutha iphela, kuquka naziphi na izikhongozeli ezinokuthi zigcine obu bungqina, ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Oku kucalucalula kuvela kwityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo Carroll v. United States (1925) kwaye iye yahlulwa kwimithetho elandelayo. Qaphela ukuba ukuma okuhamba ngetrafiki yedwa akunike sizathu esifanelekileyo sokuphendla ngenqwelo - trafiki.

Yima ne Frisk (Ukumisa Uqhutyo)

Phantsi Terry v.O. (1968), amapolisa angabamba umntu kancinci ukuba ahlole indlela athe wakrokrela ngayo ukuba uthe wakrokrela umsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngexesha lokuma okunjalo, ukuba umphathi urhanela ukuba umntu uxhobile kwaye uyingozi, angaqhuba ukuphendla okulinganiselweyo kwezixhobo. Oku akuyophunyezo olupheleleyo lobungqina kodwa imilinganiselo yokukhusela. Ukuma kufuneka kube kokwexeshana kwaye kungabi kokuzifaka esichengeni.

Ezinye Ezikhethekileyo

Ezinye iindidi ziquka ukukhangela (xa isithuthi sikhutshiwe), ukukhangela kwimida yamazwe ngamazwe (ethathwa njengekhuselwe kancinci), ukukhangela kwiimfuno ezikhethekileyo (njengokuvavanywa kweziyobisi kubasebenzi abathile okanye abafundi), nokuphengulula okusekelwe kwisiqinisekiso solawulo (njengovavanyo lwezempilo). Umahluko ngamnye unemida ekhethekileyo kwaye kufuneka usetyenziswe ngocoselelo.

Umthetho Oyinkqenkqeza phambili Nempembelelo Yawo

Umthetho owenziwe ngokungekho mthethweni [ yimfundiso esemthethweni ethintela ukusetyenziswa kobungqina obufunyenwe ekuphunyezweni koMphetho-mda wesine ekuvulweni kwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Lo mthetho usebenza njengesithintelo nxamnye nehambo engafanelekanga yamapolisa kwaye uxhasa ingqibelelo yenkqubo egwebayo. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseka umthetho wezwe ku [FLT:] 2] Weeks v. IUnited States (1914) kwaye isebenzisa ukugweba kwiinkundla zetyala engqikelelekileyo [[FLT:]].[91] v.1961]. [FLT] [FL:5].]

Noko ke, umthetho ozikhetheleyo unemida. Awusebenzi kwiingxoxo zamakhaya, kwiinkundla ezinkulu zabachopheli-tyala, okanye xa amapolisa abonakalisa ukukholo olulungileyo kwisiqinisekiso kamva esibonakala singasebenzi (ukwahlukana okulungileyo). Iinkundla ziyaqonda ukuba umthetho awufanele usetyenziswe xa iindleko zokuzikhulula zingaphezulu kweengenelo zokuthintela, njengakwiimeko ezibandakanya ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu apho ubungqina bunzima. Nangona oku kuchasene nomthetho, umthetho osusiweyo uhlala usisisixhobo esinamandla sokuqinisekisa amalungelo eSihlaziyo sesine soMphengululo.

Wazi Amalungelo Akho

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho phantsi koMgaqo-nkqubo wesine kubalulekile xa uqhubana nomthetho.

  • [[UMTL: 0] Unelungelo lokuthula. Akuyomfuneko ukuba uphendule imibuzo ngaphandle kokunika igama lakho nokwaziwa kwezinye iindawo. Ungathi: "Ndiqhelisela ilungelo lam lokuhlala ndithule.
  • [[FLT: 0] Buza ukuba ukhululekile ukuba uhamba. Ukuba awubanjwanga ungabuza umphathi, "Ndivalelwe, okanye ndikhululekile ukuba ndihambe?" Ukuba umphathi uthi ukhululekile ukuhamba, ungahamba ngokuzolileyo. Ukuba uvalelwe, unelungelo lokwazi isizathu.
  • Akuyomfuneko ukuba uvume kuphendlo. Amapolisa angacela imvume yokuphendla umntu wakho, imoto, okanye ikhaya. Unelungelo lokuthi hayi. Urhulumente ucacile: "Andivumi ukuphendla" nokuba amapolisa aqhubeka nakanjani, ukuchasa kwakho kungasetyenziswa kamva ukucel ’ umngeni ukuphendla okusemthethweni.
  • Ukuba amapolisa anesiqinisekiso, ungacela ukusibona. Hlola isiqinisekiso sokuqinisekisa ukuba inedilesi elungileyo, sityikitywe ngumgwebi, kwaye udwelise izinto ezithile. Ukuba isiqinisekiso sibonakala singasebenzi okanye sibanzi kakhulu, ungaphawula ukuba kodwa akumele uxhathise ngokoqobo.
  • Musa ukuxhathisa ngokoqobo. Nokuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho aphulwa, ukuxhathisa komzimba kungakhokelela kwityala elongezelelweyo kwaye kwandise imeko. Endaweni yoko, landela kwaye kamva jonga igqwetha ukuze ukhuphe isikhalazo okanye ucel ’ umngenise ukuphendla enkundleni.
  • Uxwebhu olukhoyo. Ukuba lukhuselekile, rekhoda incoko yakho nefowuni. Qaphela inombolo yebheji yegosa, inombolo yemoto, kunye nazo naziphi na iinkcukacha. Ungaphazamisani nemisebenzi yamapolisa xa ushicilela.

La malungelo asebenza kubemi nakubemi abangengobemi ngokufanayo eUnited States. Abaphathi borhwebo neCustom Enforcement (ICE) nabo kufuneka banamathele kumgangatho wesine soLawulo oluzolileyo, nangona imithetho ekhethekileyo isebenza kufutshane nemida namazibuko okungena. Ngamaxesha onke ithwala uchazo, kodwa khumbula ukuba kumazwe amaninzi, akufuneki ukuba ubonise i-ID ngaphandle kokuba uqhuba isithuthi okanye uvalelwe ngokusemthethweni.

Uhlaziyo Lwesine Kwixesha Lamanani

Ubugcisa bezi mini buye baphakamisa imibuzo entsonkothileyo ngendlela uHlaliso lwesi-45 olusebenza ngayo kugcino-lwazi lweziganeko. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaqonda ukuba abantu balindele ukuba i-cell phone ingabi nanto ithetha ngayo kwizinto ezifihlakeleyo kwiselfowuni zabo. Riley v. California (014[], iNkundla yavumelana ukuba amapolisa afune isiqinisekiso sokuphendla icell phone ebambe isiganeko, ingathethi ukuba ezo zixhobo ziqulethe inkcazelo eninzi yobuqu. Oku kumisela isiganeko sokukhangela sinqumla ukudibana kwezixhobo zekhompyutha.

Ezinye iingxelo zamanani zangasese ziquka iGPS ukulandelela, ugcino-lwazi lwendawo olusuka kwiiseli, ii-imeyili, ukugcina amafu, kunye ne-media. Carpaent v. United States (2018), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba ukuba urhulumente ufuna isiqinisekiso sokufumana ulwazi lwendawo yeseli, olunokutyhila imibutho yomntu ngexesha elithile. Esi sigqibo savuma ukuba ubuchule obukhethekileyo bogcino-lwazi lwezidiminoloji bungakhupha imicimbi yesine xa ugcino-lwazi lubanjwe ngamaqela amathathu. Njengoko ubugcisa butshintsha, iinkundla ziyaqhubeka zisenza ugcino ulwazi lwendawo yeSihlalo-ne ukuze zikhusele ulwazi lwendawo yolawulo ngaphandle kokuthintela imigudu yomthetho.

Ityala Lokwenziwa Kwesine Komgaqo - siseko

Izigqibo eziliqela zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ziye zachaphazela indlela ochazwa ngayo uMphetho - melo Wesine:

  • Mapp v. Ohio (1961)[FL:1] – Yasebenzisa umthetho owenziwe ngapha kwecala kwiinkundla zikarhulumente, ivala ngokungekho mthethweni ifumana ubungqina kwiityala zolwaphulo-mthetho zikarhulumente.
  • Terry v. Ohio (1968) – yaxhasa ukuma komGaqo-siseko kunye nokhuhlo, kodwa ibekelwe umda ekukrokreleni okusengqiqweni kolwaphulo-mthetho nengozi.
  • KAtz v. United States (1967)[FL:1] – yaseka ulindelo olusengqiqweni lovavanyo lwemfihlo, ithabathela indawo indlela endala yokufumana izinto.
  • United States v. Jones (202) – Hebethiweyo edibanisa umthumeli weGPS kwisithuthi kwaye ihlola intshukumo yayo ibumba uphendlo phantsi koLawulo lwesine.
  • [[NTL: 0] Florida v. Jardines (203) – widd or iloriti yokuzisa inja efaka iziyobisi kwivaranda yekhaya ukuphengulula indlu luphendlo olufuna isiqinisekiso.
  • .IKhalifoniya/(2014) – yagqiba ukuba amapolisa afuna isiqinisekiso sokuphendla ugcino-lwazi lwezidigina kwiselfowuni ebanjwayo ngexesha lokubanjwa.

La matyala abonisa umgudu oqhubekayo wejaji wokulungelelanisa ubumfihlo bomntu ngamnye neemfuno zomthetho kwilizwe elitshintshayo.

Isiphelo

UHlaliso lwesine asilolungelo lobuchule kodwa lilungelo elisisiseko elilondoloza ukuzilawula nesidima sobuqu. Ngokumisela imilinganiselo ecacileyo yokuphengulula nokuxhuzula, iqinisekisa ukuba amandla karhulumente asetyenziswa ngokuzibamba nangokuphendula. Nokuba ujongene nokumiswa kwendlela eqhelekileyo okanye umsebenzi wokujonga iinkqubo zamanani, wonke umntu kufuneka aqonde ukukhuselwa kokunikezelwa kwesi sigqibo. Ukwazi amalungelo akho kukunika amandla okuziqinisa ngokuzolileyo nangempumelelo, ukuxhasa imigaqo yebutho elikhululekileyo. Ukufumana ulwazi olubhekene nolwazi olufana nolo [[FLT: 0]] ACLU's Yazi amalungelo akho iphepha okanye uthethe negqwetha elifanelekileyo.