Kuyintoni Ukukhululwa Kwabemi Ngomthonyama?

Inkululeko yamakhaya ngamalungelo asisiseko nenkululeko ekhusela abantu kwigunya likarhulumente eliphathwe kakubi nelingenalucalulo. Zibumba iinqobo zebutho ledemokhrasi, ziqinisekisa ukuba abemi banokuzilawula ngaphandle kokungenelela okungangqinelaniyo nesizwe. Ngokungafaniyo namalungelo abantu, aqinisekisa ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho nokukhuselwa kocalucalulo, inkululeko yasekuhlaleni ikhusela abantu kwizenzo zikarhulumente ezinokuthi zithintele inkululeko esisiseko enjengentetho, unqulo, indibano, kunye nemicimbi yengabomsithendelelwa.

Le nkululeko ayizizo izipho ezivela kurhulumente; izalwa ngumntu ngamnye kwaye iqashelwa kwimiba yomgaqo-siseko, amatyala, kunye nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe. EUnited States, iBhili yamaLungelo, ishumi lokuqala lizingisa kumGaqo-siseko () ibala ngokuphandle inkululeko emininzi yabemi. Amanye amazwe kunye nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe, kuquka i- iSindululo seZizwe Ezihlangene soKhuselo Loluntu lwamalungelo Abantu [[, ngokufanayo iqinisekisa ezi zikhuselwa ngokunjalo. Ukuqonda oko kuthethwa yinkululeko yamakhaya kunye nesizathu sokuba kubalulekile kuye nabani na oxabisa inkululeko nofuna ukuphila ngokusesikweni.

Inkululeko engundoqo yasekuhlaleni iquka, kodwa ayiphelelanga ku:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Inkululeko yokuthetha nentetho: Ilungelo lokuvakalisa iimbono, ukwabelana ngeengcamango, nokugxeka urhulumente ngaphandle koloyiko lokohlwaywa okanye ukuhlalutyiswa.
  • Inkululeko yonqulo: Ilungelo lokuqhelisela naluphi na unqulo (okanye akukho nanye) ngaphandle kokunyanzeliswa okanye intshutshiso evela kurhulumente.
  • Ilungelo lokuzimela: Ilungelo lokungakhangeli, ukukhangela, nokuxhuzula, ukukhusela ukuzilawula kobuqu kwimicimbi efana nentsapho, ekhaya, kunye nothungelwano.
  • Ilungelo lokugweba, kuquka isaziso setyala, ithuba lokunikela ukhuseleko, nokukhusela ekuvalelweni ngokungekho mthethweni.
  • Inkululeko yendibano kunye nomanyano: Ilungelo lokuhlanganisa ngoxolo ngamaqela, ukwenza imibutho, nokuqhankqalaza izenzo zikarhulumente.
  • Inkululeko yokucofa: Ilungelo leentatheli ne-media ukuchaza iindaba nokuvakalisa izimvo ngaphandle kokungenelela kukarhulumente okanye ukuhlalutya.
  • Ekunene ukuphatha iingalo: Kwamanye amazwe, ingakumbi iUnited States, ilungelo lokuba nemipu ligqalwa njengenkululeko karhulumente, nangona isaqhubeka ixabana kakhulu.

Le nkululeko ayiphelelanga. Zisenokuba zilinganiselwe kwiimeko ezithile, njengokukhusela ukhuseleko lwesizwe, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, okanye amalungelo abanye. Noko ke, nayiphi na imiqathango kufuneka igwetyelwe ngocoselelo kwaye ilungiswe ngokucuthayo ukuze iphephe ukujongela phantsi umgaqo osisiseko wokuba abantu banelungelo lokuphila ngaphandle kwenginingi karhulumente.

Isiseko Sokukhululeka Kwamakhaya

Ingcamango yanamhlanje yenkululeko yabemi isuka kakhulu kwiinkcuba - buchopho ezikhanyiselweyo eziphikisa amalungelo emvelo azuzwe kubo bonke abantu. Intanda-bulumko njengoJohn Locke, uJean-Jacques Rousseau, kunye noMontesquieu zabeka isiseko sengcamango yokuba oorhulumente badalwa yimvume yabalawulwayo kwaye bamele bahlonele inkululeko yabantu ngabanye. ULocke, ngokukodwa, waphikisa ukuba abantu banelungelo lemvelo lobomi, inkululeko, nempahla, kunye nokuba nawuphi na urhulumente osemthethweni kufuneka akhusele la malungelo. Ukuba urhulumente uyawaphula la malungelo, abemi banelungelo lokulwa okanye ukuwathatha indawo yawo.

Ezi ngcamango zaphembelela ngokunzulu imvukelo yaseMerika neyaseFransi. ISindululo se-U.S. sokuzimela (unyaka wama-1776) siqinisekisa ukuba onke amadoda anikwe amalungelo angenakuphambukiswa, kuquka "Ubomi, Inkululeko nokusukela ulonwabo" ngokufanayo, isibhengezo samaFrentshi samalungelo abantu kunye neSimi (1789) sivakalisa ukuba "injongo yayo yonke intlangano yezobupolitika kukulondolozwa kwamalungelo abantu emvelo nangamkelekiyo. La malungelo akhululekileyo, impahla, ukhuseleko, nokuchasa ingcinezelo."

Ingcamango yesivumelwano soluntu ikwaxhasa inkululeko yabemi. Kule mbono, abantu banikezela ngokuzithandela inkululeko ethile kurhulumente ukuze bakhuseleke kwaye balungelelane, kodwa bahlala benamalungelo ayimfuneko urhulumente angenakuwasusa. Olu lungelelwaniso phakathi kwegunya nozimele-mthetho lusezingeni lokufumana inkululeko yasekuhlaleni. Xa oorhulumente bedlula ngezantsi / ngokugada abemi ngaphandle kwesizathu, bechasa, okanye bevalela abantu ngaphandle kokuvavanywa.

Ngenkulungwane yama-20, abaphengululi nabaxhasi abasemthethweni bandisa indlela yokudibanisa amalungelo ayimfihlo, ukuzimela, nenkululeko yokusebenzisa amanani. Indaleko eqhubekayo yenkululeko yasekuhlaleni ibonisa ukutshintsha kwendlela abantu abayiqonda ngayo into yokuba kutheni ukukhululeka kwihlabathi elintsonkothileyo nelidibeneyo.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukukhululeka Kwamakhaya Kubaluleke

Inkululeko yoluntu ayiyonjongo nje engekho ngqiqweni; inemisebenzi ebalulekileyo, ebalulekileyo kulo naliphi na ibutho ledemokhrasi. Ngaphandle kwayo, abantu basengozini yokucinezelwa, kwaye igunya likarhulumente alithintelwa. Nazi izizathu eziphambili ezibangela ukuba inkululeko yasekuhlaleni ihlale ibalulekile.

Umntu Ngamnye Ozenzakalelayo Nesidima Somntu

Kumgangatho osisiseko, inkululeko yamakhaya iyaqonda ukuba umntu ngamnye uzuzwe njengefa kwaye unelungelo lokwenza izigqibo ezingobomi bakhe. Inkululeko yokucinga, isazela, kunye nonqulo zivumela abantu ukuba balandele iinkolelo zabo ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa. Ilungelo lokuzimela izinto zobuqu likhusela iinkalo ezinzulu zobomi. Ngokufana nolwalamano lwentsapho, imbonakalo yesondo, kunye nezigqibo zezonyango. Xa urhulumente ehlonela inkululeko, uyavuma ukuba abemi abalawulwa kodwa bangabantu abamele ukuzilawula. Oku kukuthiwa ngabantu abazimeleyo kukhusele imilinganiselo yobuqu.

Ukuhlola Amandla Karhulumente

Inkululeko yamakhaya isebenza njengesikhuseli esibalulekileyo ekuxhatshazweni nasekusetyenzisweni kakubi kwegunya. Ngokumisela ngomgaqo-siseko uthintelo oko urhulumente anokukwenza, bathintela iinkokeli ekuchaseni abachasi, ekukhokeleni abantu, okanye ekubathinteleni ngokungenanjongo. Umgaqo wenkqubo efanelekileyo uqinisekisa ukuba kwanabo bamangalelwa ngezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho banethuba elifanelekileyo lokuzikhusela, ukunciphisa ubungozi bokuvalelwa ngokuphosakeleyo okanye ugonyamelo lwaseburhulumenteni. Imizekelo yembali iJamani kungokudedentinga kwemiqathango yoobhoshophu, okanye ukuvanisa abantu ukuba xa inkululeko yamakhaya ikhutshwe, isoloko ilandela. Ukuzinikela okugqithisileyo kwinkululeko yamakhaya njengenkqubo yokuqala yemfazwe, ukukhusela amagcuma noorhorhoxiyo ebo bezobupolitika abachasakeleyo kurhulumente.

Isiseko Sokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwidemokhrasi

Idemokhrasi ixhomekeke ekutshintshisaniseni ngenkululeko yeengcamango nakubuchule babemi bokugxeka urhulumente wabo. Inkululeko yokuthetha kunye noondaba-ndaba bavumela ukuba kuviwe amazwi ahlukeneyo, kuquka nalawo avavanyayo imeko ekhoyo. Ngaphandle kwale nkululeko, unyulo luba nentsingiselo, kwaye impikiswano kawonke-wonke iyathintelwa. Inkululeko yabemi iyalikhusela ilungelo lokuhlanganisa nokuqhankqalaza, nto leyo eyenza abemi bakwazi ukucela utshintsho xa bekholelwa ukuba urhulumente ungazithobeli. Kumazwe apho inkululeko yabemi ihlonelwa khona, uvoti idla ngokujika inyuke, ukubotshwa kwezequmrhuluko kunamandla, kwaye oorhulumente basabela ngakumbi kwiimfuno zabantu.

Ukuzinza Nokholo

Iinkqubo ezikhusela inkululeko yabemi zidla ngokuzinza kwaye zibe noxolo. Xa abantu besazi ukuba amalungelo abo aza kuxhaswa, basengozini yokuthemba amaziko nokuthobela umthetho. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa oorhulumente bechasa ngokucwangcisiweyo inkululeko yabemi (ngolawulo lobupolisa, ulawulo lobucukubhede, okanye ukujongwa ngokufihlakeleyo), babangela ingqumbo, isiphithiphithi-phithi, kwanogonyamelo. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuba ukuphathwa ngokufanelekileyo phantsi komthetho, inkululeko yabemi ikhuthaza ingqiqo yokuba ngamalungu oluntu nokuzibophelela ngokwabelana kwimigaqo yedemokhrasi. Bakwakhusela namaqela amancinane, amalungelo awo anokungathotyelwa ngokomthetho omninzi. Ngale ndlela, ukukhulula abantu kuya kunceda ukukhusela ubuzwila obuninzi.

Iingenelo Zezoqoqosho Nezokuhlaziywa

Inkululeko yokuthetha, iimarike ezivulekileyo, kunye nokukhuselwa kwezinto ezingokwabantu abakrelekrele konke kunxulumene nenkululeko yasekuhlaleni. Xa abantu bekhululekile ukutshintshisana ngeengcamango, ukutshintshana, nokuqalisa amashishini ngaphandle koloyiko lokukhathazwa ngurhulumente, ukukhuselwa kwezoqoqosho. Amazwe anenkululeko eqinileyo yokuzikhusela kwenkululeko yoluntu adla ngokufumana inkqubela ephezulu kwezorhwebo, inkqubela-phambili yezobugcisa, kunye nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho. Ukungqubana phakathi kwenkululeko nempumelelo kubhalwe kakuhle: uluntu oluvulekileyo luvale abantu kuwo onke amanqanaba okuphuhlisa abantu.

Ukukhula Kwenkululeko Yamakhaya Ngokwembali

Ukuqonda kwale mihla inkululeko yasekuhlaleni kuye kwaqalisa ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, kuphenjelelwa ziimfazwe zobupolitika, iziganeko eziphambili ezingokwasemthethweni, nempumelelo yentanda - bulumko.

Isiseko Sangaphambili: IMagna Carta Kukhanyiselo

IMagna Carta yowe-1215 idla ngokukhankanywa njengenye yamaxwebhu okuqala okumisela amandla okumkani nokumisela ezinye izikhuseli ezisemthethweni kubantu ngabanye. Nangona ikhuseleke kakhulu kumalungelo omthetho, imigaqo yayo . "njengelungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni nokukhuselwa ekuvalelweni ngokungekho mthethweni] imisela umzekelo. Kwiinkulungwane ezilandelayo, umthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi waphuhlisa iingcamango ezifana ne-habeas corpus (ilungelo lokucel'iiiityala elingekho mthethweni) nomgaqo othi kwanokumkani makathobele umthetho.

IMvukelo eGqwesileyo yonyaka ka-1688 kunye neBhili yamaNgesi yamaLungu ka 1689 eenkuselo eziqinisiweyo zokhuseleko lwePalamente kunye noluntu ngalunye, kuquka inkululeko yokuthetha kwiingxoxo kunye nokwalela isohlwayo senkohlakalo nengaqhelekanga. Ezi ngcamango zanqumla iAtlantiki kwaye zaphembelela ngamandla iimfuno zamathanga aseMelika zokuzilawula.

Imvukelo YaseMerika NeyaseFransi

IMvukelo yaseMerika (1775-1783) yayingumlo osisiseko wokulwela inkululeko yabemi. Abalawuli bale mikhosi bakwalela ukuhlawulwa kwerhafu ngaphandle kokumelwe, ukuphengululwa ngokungekho mthethweni ngamagosa aseBritani, nemiqathango engekho ngqiqweni kwintetho nengqungquthela. Emva kokuzimela, umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. wavunywa ngo-1888, kodwa abaninzi babesoyika ukuba inike urhulumente amandla agqithisileyo. Oku kwakhokelela ekukhutshweni kweBhili lamaLungelo ngaphandle komelo, nto leyo ekhusela ngokucacileyo inkululeko yokuthetha, unqulo, ukushicilela, ukuhlanganisa, ukubongoza, ukukhuselwa, ilungelo lokuphatha izixhobo, ukukhuselwa kokungaqiniseki nokuxwa, kunye namalungelo amaninzi afanelekileyo. Oku kusekho kwimbombo yenkululeko yabemi baseMelika.

Ngeli xesha, iSindululo samaFrentshi samalungelo abantu nowabemi (1789) savakalisa inkululeko efanayo, kuquka inkululeko, impahla, ukhuseleko, nokuxhathisa ingcinezelo. Saseka nomgaqo wokuba imithetho ifanele ikhusele wonke umntu kwaye abemi banelungelo lokuthabatha inxaxheba kumthetho. Nangona iMvukelo yamaFrentshi ekugqibeleni yangena kwisiphithiphithi, iingcamango zayo zasasazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu kunye nemibutho ephefumlelweyo yorhulumente namalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Inkulungwane Yama - 20: Iinkuselo Ezandisiweyo

Izenzo zenkohlakalo zemfazwe yehlabathi I neMfazwe Yehlabathi II − ngokwemodwa ukuBulawa Kwabantu Ngenkohlakalo , ngamashumi asibhozo imfuneko yokuqwalaselwa kwamalungelo abantu ezizwe ngezizwe. Ngo-1948, iNdibano Jikelele yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yamkela Isibhengezo sobuNcedo bamalungelo abantu (UDHR), esichaza ububanzi bamalungelo abantu kunye nezobupolitika, kuquka inkululeko yokucinga, isazela, uluvo, uluvo, intetho, indibano exolileyo, kunye nomanyano. Nangona ingekho gunyazisayo ngokusemthethweni, i-UDHR iphembele umgaqo-mthetho wesizwe kunye nezivumelwano ezilandelayo.

Ngexesha elifanayo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuchazeni nasekunyuseni inkululeko yabemi. Amatyala okuphawula anjenge Gitlow v. eNew York (1925) yasebenzisa ukhuseleko lwenkululeko yokuthetha kurhulumente, Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo yemfundo [1954] ithetha ngohlanga (imbambano-mcimbi wenkululeko yamakhaya), kunye [[FLT] ne-Roev.[[FLT] v. [iiiiiiikhululove]].[i-ekunene .i-Graywombutho loluntu loburhulumente wobuzwe lowe-1960] [iiii-1999] [iiincopeast]) yabala amalungelo oluntu abala unxulumano loluntu phakathi kobuhlanga nohlanga, i-ohlanga oluphakathi komthetho oluphakathi komthetho, kunye nomthetho-66

EYurophu, iNkomfa yaseYurophu engowonyaka (wewaka lowe - 1953) yaseka iNkundla yaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu, evumela abantu ukuba bamangalele amazwana ngokuchasana nenkululeko yabemi.

Uphuhliso Lwanamhlanje: Amalungelo Amanani Nocelomngeni Lwehlabathi Lonke

Utshintsho lwamanani luye lwadala imida emitsha yenkululeko yabemi. Iingxaki ezifana nokuhlola urhulumente, umnatha, ukungathathi-nxaxheba, ilungelo lokubhala ulwazi, kunye nelungelo lokubhala ngoku ngoku kulawula impikiswano. Ngo- 2015, iBhunga le-USA Freedom Act lidlulise iUSA ukuze lilawule ulawulo lobuninzi boluntu emva kokutyhilwa kukaEdward Snowden kwiinkqubo ze-NSA. I-European's General Data Protection Reglation (GPR), esebenza ngo-201818, imela esinye sezicwangciso zemfihlolo ezinamandla ehlabathini, inika abantu ulawulo kugcino-lwazi lwabo lobuqu. Ezi zinto zibonisa ukuba inkululeko yoluntu kufuneka iqhubeke iqhelanisa ubugcisa nezisongelo.

Ucelomngeni Olulandelayo Lokukhululwa Kwabemi

Phezu kwazo nje iinkulungwane zenkqubela, inkululeko yasekuhlaleni isoloko iphantsi kwengcinezelo yoorhulumente, imibutho yezoshishino nemikhosi yasekuhlaleni. Nantsi eminye yezona mbambano zicinezelayo zanamhlanje.

Ukuchitha Imali Namalungelo Okungabikho Kwam

Iinkqubo zolawulo zikarhulumente ziye zakhula ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ekuhlaseleni okungu-9/11. Ngoxa amasebe okhuseleko ephikisa ukuba ukugada unxibelelwano kubalulekile ukukhusela ubugrogrisi, abagxeki bathi ukuhlolwa kwabantu abaninzi kuphazamisa ilungelo lokuzimela nokungafihlisi. Isityhilelo somcuphi wempempe uEdward Snowden ngo-2013 sokuba iNational Security Agency (MESA) iqokelela iingxelo zemfonomfono zezigidi zamaMelika ngokulingana kokhuseleko nenkululeko. Nangona ezinye izichazi zotshintsho zibekwe, amandla okuhlola ahlala ephakamile, kwaye ubugcisa obutsha obufana nokuqwalaselwa kobuso kunye nokungajoli kobugosa kolunye ulawulo buyaqhubeka kuphelisa ukuthemba abantu.

Inkululeko Yokuthetha Kumaxesha Amanani

I-intanethi inentetho yedemokrati, ivumela nabani na ononxibelelwano ukuze afikelele abaphulaphuli bomhlaba wonke. Noko ke, ikwanceda ukunwenwa kwentetho yentiyo, ukuchanabeka, kunye nokukhathazwa. Oorhulumente ehlabathini jikelele bayangqubana nendlela yokulawula ulwakhiwo lwe-intanethi ngaphandle kokuphazamisa intetho ekhululekileyo. Kwamanye amazwe, imithetho echasene nokuthetha ngentiyo isetyenziselwa ukuphelisa ukungavumelani okusemthethweni. Kumanye, amaqonga onxibelelwano asebenzisa amandla amakhulu okuhlola okanye okukhupha amazwi, aphakamisa imibuzo yokuba inkampani ezizimele zimele zibotshwe ngemigaqo yokuqala yesiHlazi-mende eUnited States okanye ezinye iindawo. Ucelomngeni kukulwa kwezonobangela ugonyamelo okanye ukuhlaselwa koorhulumente okanye ukuphaza imicimbi ekhuthaza ukudubangondle.

Inkululeko Yonqulo---. Imithetho elwa nokungavumelani

Ingxabano phakathi kwenkululeko yonqulo namalungelo eLGBTQ + abantu ngabanye, abafazi, namanye amaqela iye yaba yindawo yedabi elikhulu. Umzekelo, eUnited States, abanini-mashishini baye bathi ukulungiselela iinkonzo zemitshato enxulumene neentlobano zesini enye kuchasene neenkolelo zabo zonqulo, ngoxa abaxhasi bamalungelo abantu bephikisa ukuba ukukhulula okunjalo kuvumela ucalucalulo. Iinkundla ziye zazama ukufumana ulungelelwano, kunye nomthetho othile wokuba inkululeko yonqulo imele inikezele ekusebenziseni jikelele ukulwa kwemithetho elwa nolwaphulo-mthetho wohlangano, ngoxa abanye benika indawo yokuhlala. Iingxoxo ezifanayo zenzeka eYurophu ngenxa yokunxiba imiqondiso yonqulo kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke-wonke nakukwala ulwano lwezamayeza ukuze zinike iinkonzo ezithile kwizikhundla zonqulo. Ukuphelisa le ngxabano kufuna ukukhuphisana kuqwalaniswa kwamalungelo nomgaqo womgaqo womgaqo omnye umntu akunakalisetyenziswa omnye.

Inkqubo yoKhuseleko lweSizwe kunye neNkqubo eBekiweyo

Ngegama lokulwa nobugrogrisi, oorhulumente maxa wambi baye bababamba abantu ngaphandle kokuvavanywa, babafaka kwiindlela zokuncina ityala, okanye babaphatha ngokungenasiphelo njenge "iintshaba". Inkampu yokuvalelwa eGuantanamo Bay, eyasekwa yiU.S. emva kwe-9/11, iye yagxekwa ngokubanzi ngenxa yokwaphula inkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe. Kwanasekhaya, ukusetyenziswa "ukungalandeleli kuluhlu" kunye nobungqina obufihlakeleyo ekuqhutyelwaneni kwabantu kunyusa inkxalabo ngobulungisa. Uxanduva phakathi kokhuseleko lwesizwe nenkululeko yabemi alubi lutsha, kodwa ukufihla imicimbi karhulumente kukwenza kube nzima ukuba abemi basemagunye abasemagunyeni bamele ukuphendula. Ulawulo olunamandla nokubonakala kwasesidlangalaleni kuyimfuneko ukuthintela ukuba zizinto zengcinezelo.

Ukukhusela Nokukhuthaza Inkululeko Yabemi

Inkululeko yabemi ayizinyanzelisi. Ifuna ukuhlala iphaphile, imfundo, kunye nokukhuselwa ngokungqongqo ngabemi, imibutho, noorhulumente. Nazi ezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokukhusela la malungelo abalulekileyo.

Imfundo nolwazi

Ukuqonda amalungelo omntu linyathelo lokuqala ekuwakhuseleni. Izikolo kufuneka zifundise abafundi ngomGaqo-siseko, iBhili yamaLungelo, kunye nenkxwaleko yembali eyasungula inkululeko yabemi. Ngaphandle kwemfundo esemthethweni, imisebenzi yoluntu, ugcino-lwazi lwe-intanethi, kunye neenkqubo zolwazi lokufunda kwi-media zinganceda abantu baqonde xa amalungelo abo ephulwa. Iziko elifana ne- American Liberties Union (ACLU) kunye ne-elektroble Foundation (EFFF) efikelelekayo kunye nezixhobo zokufundisa abami. Ngokungephicoshekileyo uwonke-wonke uluntu alwazi lunokuvuma ukungenelwa kwenkululeko kunye nokufuna ukuphendula kumagosa anyuliweyo.

Ukubhaliswa nokuhlaziywa kwasemthethweni

Iinkundla zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekutolikeni nasekunyanzeleni inkululeko yabemi. Amaqumrhu omthetho olwandiso, njenge-ACLU, iBrennan Center yeJaji, kunye neNational Lawyers Guild, rhoqo zizisa amatyala avavanya imithetho nemisebenzi engamiselwanga. I-Landmark ligigation imanda v.I-Arizona [196] Ukuseka ilungelo lokuhlala uthule, okanye u-Obergefell v. Hodges [20] [20] ukwamkela umtshato owe-exnexnexne [10].[9] ukhuseleko olufanayokuxhasa le mibutho yeeminikelo okanye izibonelelo zisebenza ngendlela yesisa abantu abahlala bebodwa, okanye banokukhusela iimvume ezingonezo ezopolitiko.

Ukubandakanyeka Kwecawa Nomthetho Wezobupolitika

Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi yenye yezona ndlela zisebenzayo zokukhusela inkululeko yabemi. Ukusebenza kumthetho wasekuhlaleni, welizwe, kunye nonovote lwesizwe kuqinisekisa ukuba abameli abaxabisa amalungelo omntu ngamnye baseofisini. I- Grassroots athatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yolwaphulo-mthetho ngokomthetho ("Noba ngaba ngabaqhubi bezicelo zoxolo, iinqwelo-mafutha, okanye amagqabaza kawonke wonke abenzi bomthetho abala ukufikelela ngaphaya komthetho.) Imo ye-Civil Rights Yoomment Yoomatility of the 1960 ingumzekelo onamandla wokuthimba ukusetyenziswa kwezenzo zobugqeqesho nokubuyisela inkululeko. Namhlanje, imibutho efana neBlal Live Matter Matter namaqela amalungelo amalungelo amanani iyaqhubeka le sithethe, kusetyenziswa omabini amaphulo okuvukela umthetho oluntu ukuxhasa inkxaso.

Intsebenziswano Yamazwe Ngamazwe Namalungelo Abantu

Inkululeko yabemi ingaphaya kwemida yamazwe. Izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe ezifana neSivumelwano seZizwe Ngezizwe saMalungelo aBalelwa Kubantu Nawamapolitiki (ICCPR) kunye neenkqubo zengingqi ezinjengeNkundla yaseYurophu yamaLungu yamaLungu yamalungelo abantu zinika abantu amathuba okufuna okusesikweni xa iinkqubo zasekhaya zingaphumeleli. Amazwe kufuneka akhuthazwe ukuba avume kwaye azalisekise le zivumelwano, kwaye ibutho lasekuhlaleni lifanele lijonge ukuthotyelwa. Ngoxa abanye begxeka amaqumrhu amazwe ngamazwe onke njengagxanduva ulawulo, inyaniso ithetha ukuba basoloko besebenza njengokuthintela ekuxhatshazweni korhulumente. Ukuxhasa iintlangano zamalungelo abantu ezizwe zonke ezifana ne-Ammon International and Human Rights Watch kunceda oorhulumente ukuba baphendule urhulumente kumazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe.

Ukulumka Kwabantu kunye nokucoceka kwamanani

Kumntu ngamnye, abantu bayakwazi ukukhusela inkululeko yabo ngokwabantu ngokugcina iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokhuseleko lwemichiza − ngokusebenzisa ukuvulwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo, ukuphepha ukwabelana ngenkcazelo engeyomfuneko, nokuqonda iingozi zokukhangelwa. Bangawasebenzisa ngokukhutheleyo amalungelo abo: ukuthetha ngemibandela, ukudibanisa iindibano zoxolo, kunye namagunya acelw ’ umngeni xa bedlula. Ibutho elixabisa inkululeko yoluntu lakhiwe kukhetho lwamihla ngemihla lwabemi balo ukuze limelanenkululeko, kwanaxa kuyinto engathandekiyo okanye ingathandwa.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Ngenxa Yokukhululeka Kwamakhaya

Inkululeko yamakhaya ayibubo ubunewunewu bamaxesha oxolo; zizinto ezifuneka zikhuselwe ngamandla xa zihlaselwa. Kuyo yonke imbali, ukusuka ekutyikityeni kweMagna Carta ukuya kumadabi amanani angoku, ukuzabalazela inkululeko yobuqu kuye kwaba ngumxholo osoloko ukho. Amalungelo okuthetha ingqondo yomntu, ukuqhelisela ukholo lwakhe, ukuhlanganisa nabantu abanoluvo olufanayo, kwaye ukukhululeka ekungeneleni urhulumente ozisebenzelayo aluncedo.

Kodwa la malungelo abuthathaka. Anokupheliswa nguwonke-wonke ophazamisekileyo, yindlu yowiso-mthetho eyoyikekayo, okanye isigqeba esiphezulu esifikelelayo. Ucelomngeni lwesizukulwana ngasinye kukuvuselela ukuzinikela kwinkululeko yabemi, ukufundisa amaza alandelayo, nokugcina igunya linetyala. Njengoko inkqubela-phambili yobugcisa nezisongelo zivela, imigaqo ihlala ifana: wonke umntu ufanelwe kukuphila ngesidima, ngenkululeko, nangethuba elifanelekileyo lokubumba ubomi bakhe. Ngokuqonda, ukuxabisa, nokukhusela ngamandla inkululeko yabemi, siqinisekisa ukuba abantu abakhululekileyo bayakwazi ukunyamezela, kodwa abo beza emva kwethu.