UMgaqo-siseko we-United States ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, osebenza njengesiseko senkqubo yomthetho nezobupolitika zaseMerika. Uchaza isiseko sikarhulumente, amagunya esebe ngalinye, namalungelo abemi. Ukuqonda umGaqo-siseko kubalulekile kumntu ngamnye waseMerika, njengoko uchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bemihla ngemihla kunye namalungelo kunye nenkululeko ezinanditshwa ngabo bonke. Umthetho-mgaqo-siseko uyaqhubeka ubumba iingxoxo ngenkululeko, ukulingana, kunye nomgangatho ofanelekileyo wegunya likarhulumente. Oku kukhokela ukunyusela isakhiwo somGaqo-siseko, izikhuseli-siseko, izikhuseli ezingundoqo, kunye nolawulo lwaso lwangoku, ukulungiselela ngendlela ecacileyo emephuleni nakukhululeyo.

Imeko Yembali YomGaqo-siseko

UmGaqo-siseko wabhaliswa ngo1787 ngexesha leNdibano yePhiladelphia. Abasebenzi befreyiya babefuna ukwakha urhulumente onamandla ombuso ngeli xesha belungelelanisa amalungelo karhulumente nabantu ngabanye. Olu xwebhu lwagunyaziswa ngo-1788 kwaye lwasebenza ngo-188, ukuseka isakhiwo esitsha solawulo emva kobuthathaka bamanqaku eConfederation. Phantsi kweMiqathango, urhulumente wesizwe wayengenawo amandla okuhlawula irhafu, ukulawula urhwebo, okanye ukugcina umkhosi omileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwisiphithiphithiphithi-phithi nesiphithi-phithi sangaphakathi njengoShays's Regendu. I-ifress [1] quququather James Mageries, u-Alette Hamilson, noGeorge Washington projectives sy (oms) kuxwebhu lwasemfihle iimpazamo zorhwebo ngexesha loshishino oluthi bezo, xa bezama ukukhusela ulawulo lobuzwishoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshoshorenti.

INdibano yavelisa uthotho lolwamkelo, kuquka ukulalanisa okukhulu (indlu yowiso-mthetho yebhiyalshophu kunye nomelo olulinganayo), iMigaqo-mithathu e-Fith yokungavumelani (ukubiza abantu abakhotyokisiweyo ngenxa yokumela), kunye nokuLahla ulawulo (uMbutho orhwaphilizo olawula ushishino ngelinye ixesha uthintelo kwirhafu ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe). Oku kulala bekuyimfuneko ukukhusela ukukhuselwa kwemiqathango, kodwa kwakhona kwaququzelelwa inkcaso eyakukhokelela kwimfazwe yamakhaya. Lo mgaqo-siseko ekugqibeleni waqinisekiswa emva kokuba ingxoxo kawonke ibanjiwe kwi-Pudistristies kunye neAntiferalist, ezisakali ziyimfuneko ekufundeni iintsingiselo yolwazi lokuqala loxwebhu.

Imigaqo Engundoqo YomGaqo-siseko

  • [[FLT: 0] Ulawulo lobupopu: Urhulumente ufumana amandla akhe kwimvume yabalawulwa. Isiqalo siqala sithi “Thina bantu,” siqinisekisa ukuba igunya lisuka kubemi, kungekhona kukumkani okanye iqosha.
  • [[Ukwahlula-hlula: 0] Urhulumente wahlulwe waba ngamasebe amathathu: uwiso-mthetho (umphathi), umphathi-zwe (umthetheli-mthetho) kunye nesebe ngalinye linemisebenzi eyahlukileyo ukuthintela ukuxinezeleka kwamandla.
  • [[NTL:0] Izixhobo kunye noManyano: Isebe ngalinye liyakwazi ukulinganisela amandla amanye, lithintele naliphi na isebe ukuba libe namandla kakhulu. Umzekelo, uMongameli angawubeka umthetho, iBhunga lingawulawula umgangatho ophezulu, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo ingavakalisa imithetho engekho sicakamelweni.
  • UbuFadeli: Amandla ahlulwe phakathi koorhulumente besizwe noorhulumente. UmGaqo-siseko ubala amagunya orhulumente kunye nemiqathango eseleyo kumazwe okanye kubantu, njengoko kubonisiwe kuMphetho-mda weshumi.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Amalungelo azimeleyo: UmGaqo-siseko ukhusela amalungelo abantu ekuchaseni kukarhulumente, okokuqala ngemiqathango ethile kwiGatya I, Icandelo 9, kwaye kamva ngokulungisa.

Ukwakhiwa komGaqo-siseko

UmGaqo-siseko uneeNkqutyana ezisixhenxe, amanqaku aqalayo, kunye namashumi amabini anesixhenxe. Amanqaku amisela isiseko sikarhulumente: Inqaku Lenza isebe lowiso-mthetho, Inqaku III iGatya ye-oyile, iCandelo III, iGatya leNkcazo le-IV, iSihloko-Sibonelelo esinika ulungiso, iGatya VI limisela ubuNgamandla bomthetho wesizwe, kunye neSiGatya seNkcazelo VII. Intengiso, iqala ngeBhili-Rhobe Yamalungelo ngo1791, ilungise ukhuseleko, ilungise okungekho sikweni, kwaye ilungise urhulumente kwiimeko ezitshintshileyo.

Ukuqonda esi sakhiwo kungundoqo ekuqondeni indlela esebenza ngayo umGaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, iSupremacy Claus kwiGatya lesi-6 lithetha ukuba umthetho karhulumente ulawula umthetho karhulumente xa ungquzulana. ICandelo lesi-8 linika iBhunga ulungelelwano lokumisela imithetho eyimfuneko ekuphumezeni amagunya alo adwelisweyo, ulungiselelo ebesisiso isiseko somthetho wesizwe, kuquka nomgaqo wezorhwebo nogcino-mali lwamazwe.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo

IBhili yamaLungelo, eyagunyaziswa ngowe-1791, yeyokuqala ukubuyiselwa komGaqo-siseko. Yaveliswa ukuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye nenkxalabo yokuphendula imibandela ephakanyiswayo ngexesha lolwakhiwo. Amazwe amaninzi amisela ukuhlawuliswa kwawo kwisithembiso samalungelo, esoyikela ukuba urhulumente omtsha unokuba ucinezelo, ukuzoba ukusuka kumthetho obhaliweyo wamalungelo kunye neSindululo samaNgesi samaLungelo. Ezi nkululeko ziqinisekisa amalungelo abalulekileyo nenkululeko ehlala isembindini kumthetho nakumazwe aseMerika.

Uhlaziyo Oluyintloko KwiBhili Yamalungelo

  • [[NTL:0] IsiHlanzi soMgqibo sokuqala: sikhusela inkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, yokushicilela, yendibano, kunye nesicelo. Sithintela iNgqungquthela ekumiseleni unqulo olusemthethweni okanye ekuthinteleni ukuqheliselwa konqulo ngokukhululekileyo.
  • Uhlaziyo oluqulunqweyo: lukhusela ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha iingalo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo itolike oku njengokulungileyo, okuphantsi kolawulo, kwiimeko ezifana idiquation of Columbia v. Heller [2008] ] [McDonald v. Chicago
  • Uhlaziyo olupheleleyo: Izahlulo-ziqu ezine zamajoni kumakhaya abantu ngaphandle kwemvume yomnini ngexesha loxolo. Nangona inqabile, ibonisa ukungathembana kwamajoni amileyo.
  • [[NTL: 0] UHlaliso lweNkqutyana: lukhusela ekuphengululweni okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula. Kufuna imiyalelo esekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo kwaye iye yaba semgangathweni kwingxoxo yemfihlo ngexesha lamanani.
  • [[NTL:0] IsiHlalisi seNkqutyana: Ibonelelo yenkqubo efanelekileyo kwaye ikhusela ekuzifakeleni, kwingozi ephindwe kabini, nokuthabatha impahla yabucala ngaphandle kwentlawulo nje. Igalelo elifanelekileyo lenkqubo lisetyenzisiwe ukuquka ukhuseleko oluninzi lweBhili yamaLungelo kumaphondo.
  • [[FLT: 0] IsiHlalisi soMphetho-mda we- siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza nokuchotshelwa kukawonke-wonke, i-avalethi engakhethiyo, kunye nesiluleko esingokwasemthethweni. Ilungelo lokucebisa landiswa kwi-Gideon v. Wainwright [1963] ukuquka amagqwetha amiselweyo abamangalelwa abanyulwayo.
  • Ukuhlaziywa koMphetho-mda: Izakhono zokunyusa ibheyile, iimali, ingcebiso, nesohlwayo esikhohlakeleyo nesingaqhelekanga. Oku kulungisa bekusesona sizathu siphambili sengxoxo ngesohlwayo sentambo kunye neemeko zentolongo.

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Akho

Njengabemi, kubalulekile ukuqonda amalungelo anikwe ngumGaqo-siseko nendlela asetyenziswa ngayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla. La malungelo awakhuseli abantu kuphela kodwa akwakhuthaza okusesikweni nokulingana phakathi kwebutho labantu. Ukhuseleko oluninzi luye lwadluliselwa ngeSikhuseli se-Gawulayo se-14th ne-Grate Process Clauss, esebenzisa inkoliso yamalungelo karhulumente ngokubandakanya urhulumente. Oku kuthetha ukuba imithetho nezenzo zikarhulumente kufuneka zihlonele inkululeko esisiseko, ukusuka ekuthetheni ngenkululeko ukuya ekuneneni kwezixhobo.

Amalungelo Aqinisekiswe NgumGaqo-siseko

  • [[NTL:0] Ilungelo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo: Abami bangavakalisa iimbono zabo ngaphandle koloyiko lwempindezelo karhulumente. Oku kuquka intetho yezopolitiko, intetho yokomfuziselo (njengokutshisa iflegi), kwakunye nezinye iintlobo zentetho yentiyo, nangona izisongelo zokwenyaniso kunye nokukhuthazwa kogonyamelo zingakhuselwa.
  • Abantu ngabanye banelungelo lokufihla imfihlo: banolindelo olusengqiqweni lwemfihlo kubomi babo bobuqu. Nangona ingachazwanga ngokucacileyo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ifumene amalungelo emfihlo kwibhulo yokuQala, yesithathu, yesihlanu, yesihlanu, neyesi-195, ukukhuselwa kwezindululo ezikhusela izigqibo ezingomtshato, ukuthintela ukuthintela nokuqhomfa.
  • Ilungelo kwityala elilungileyo: Abantu abamangalelwe banelungelo lokumela ngokusemthethweni, ukuvavanywa kwetyala okukhawulezayo, umgwebi ongakhethi buso, nelungelo lokuthetha namangqina. IziHlayiso-mthetho zeSithandathu nezeshumi elinesine ziqinisekisa ukuba olu khuselo luyasebenza kwiinkundla zikarhulumente nakwizizwelonke.
  • Ilungelo lokufumana iVote: Abami banelungelo lokuthabatha inxaxheba kunyulo nokukhetha abameli babo. Uhlanu, 195, Amashumi amabini anesine, kunye neziHlawuli ezingamashumi amabini anesithandathu zokuLahla uhlanga, ubufana, irhafu yonyulo, kunye nocalulo lobudala ekuvoteleni, ngokulandelelana.
  • Kulungile ukuhlanganisa: Abantu bangahlanganisana ngoxolo ukuze babonise okanye baxubushe. Eli lungelo, lidibene nelungelo lokucela urhulumente, linceda ukuqhankqalaza kukawonke-wonke kunye nokuphatha kakubi kwezobupolitika.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ekunene ukugcina nokuphatha izixhobo: IsiHlanzi sesibini sikhusela zombini iziqu kunye nokhuselo olumanyeneyo. Ama-odolo angalawula imipu, kodwa nawuphi na umthetho akufuneka ungawuthwali ngokungeyomfuneko uxabisise umbindi.

Indlela UmGaqo-siseko Oyikhusela Ngayo Inkululeko

UMgaqo-siseko awumiseli urhulumente kuphela kodwa ukwasebenza njengokhuselo lwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ngokuguqula nokuchaza kwawo, uqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo abemi axhaswe kwaye igunya likarhulumente lilinganiselwe. Umgaqo karhulumente olinganiselweyo umiselwe ngaphaya: urhulumente unokusebenzisa kuphela amandla anikwe nguMgaqo-siseko, kwaye nasiphi na isenzo esichasene namalungelo asisiseko siphantsi kophando olungqongqo lwezomthetho.

Ukuhlolwa Nokucaciswa Kwezigwebo

Indima yejaji, ingakumbi iNkundla ePhakamileyo, ibalulekile ekutolikeni umGaqo-siseko. Uhlolo lwejaji luvumela iinkundla ukuba zihlole ubume bomGaqo-siseko wemithetho kunye nezenzo zikarhulumente, ziqinisekisa ukuba zivumelana nemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko. La mandla asekwa kwi- buburyry v. Madison [18.1] kwaye iye yasetyenziswa kwiimeko ezininzi ukubetha imithetho echasene namalungelo okanye ukugqitha igunya likarhulumente. Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokucacisa (ngokusekelwe kwintsingiselo yokuqala kawonke) kunye nokusebenzisa umGaqo-siseko (ukuthobela amaxabiso akhoyo). .

Ubalo lwale mihla lomgaqo-siseko

UMgaqo-siseko uhlala uluxwebhu oluphilayo, oluvisisana neemfuno ezitshintshayo zebutho labantu. Amatyala eNkundla ePhakamileyo yelizwe alolonga iinkcazelo zale mihla zamalungelo nenkululeko, iphembelela umthetho kunye nenkqubo kawonke-wonke. Upelo-Mpandelo lweshumi elinesineth, ngokukodwa, ibisisithutho sokwandisa amalungelo abantu, kuquka ilungelo lokutshata ([[[FLT:]]]bergefell v. Hodges, 2015), ilungelo lokufikelela kwimfundo elinganayo ([FLT] Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo, 1954, kunye nelungelo lokulawula ([FLT:]]]

Iimbambano zale mihla kunye nomGaqo-siseko

  • Ulawulo: Impikiswano eqhubekayo malunga noHlaziyo lwesibini nelungelo lokuphatha izixhobo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo kwi New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen[FLT] [2022] ibambe ukuba imimiselo yemipu mayihambisane nesithethe sembali somthetho wemipu, ikhuthaza ukunyuswa kokutsha kwemithetho yelizwe.
  • [[FLT: 0] Inkululeko yokuthetha: Imingeni enxulumene nokuthiya intetho, ubungcathu bezentlalo-ntle, kunye nemali yezempempela. INkundla ibambelele kwelokuba amaqumrhu namaqhina angachitha imali engenasiphelo kwizibhengezo ezizimeleyo zezobupolitika ([]]] IsiCizenningeni eUnited[, 2010]), ngelinye ixesha ikhusela intetho yabafundi ezikolweni ([[[FLT:]] Tker v.[[FLT: 5,6]], kunye nemithetho karhulumente ethintela amaqonga kwimigangatho engaphakathi.
  • Amalungelo obugcisa: Impembelelo yobugcisa kwi-eyesine yobuqu kunye nokhangelo lukarhulumente. Ityala elifana Amakharendi v. United States[ (20) yawisa umthetho wokuba ukufikelela kwindawo ekuyo i-data yeselfowuni kufuna isiqinisekiso, ukusebenzisa uHlaziyo lwesine kugcino-lwazi lwamanani.
  • Imithetho echaphazela ukubhaliswa kovoti kunye nokufikelela kovoti. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ixhase imithetho ye-ID yevotir (][FLT]] v. Marion Countrian Evotion Board, 2008) ngeli xesha ibetha ukubhalisa nokuvota komthetho wokuvota phantsi koMthetho weVoult Amalungelo kunye noMmiselo we-15.
  • Amalungelo okhuselo-mali: Incoko ejikeleze ilungelo lokufikelela kwiinkonzo zonyango. UMthetho weNtolongo ombaxa-phantsi waxhaswa njengomthetho osebenzayo wokusebenzisa amandla orhabaxa kaBhunga NFIB v. Sebelius (20202], kodwa iNkundla ayiwamkelanga umgaqo-siseko jikelele wezonyango.
  • Amalungelo okwahlukana: Ukubuyiselwa ko Roe v. Wade ku[FLT:] Dobs v. Jackson Amabhinqa 'S Health Organization [2022]) umba ubuyisela umba kumanqaku, ugxininiso lwendlela utoliko lungatshintsha ngayo ngokukhawuleza ngexesha.

Inkqubo Yokulungiswa Nomanyano

UMgaqo-siseko ungalungiswa ngenkqubo engqongqo elungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba zivunyiwe iimvo. Phantsi kweCandelo V, ulungiso kufuneka lucetyiswa ngabaninzi ababini-sithathu kuzo zombini izindlu zeBhunga okanye yindibano yesizwe ebizwa ngee-3-3 zeendlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. Kufuneka ngoko ivunywe ziindlu zowiso-mthetho ezintathu okanye ziindibano zikarhulumente. Le nkqubo ivelise iinguquko ezingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe, ukusuka kwiBhili yamaLungelo ukuya kwintlawulo lwakutshanje, unyuso lwesibini-7 (unyuso nyaka-mali epheleleyo yeSinyuso sivumelwano).

Umanyano lusasoloko luluphawu olunamandla lolawulo lwamaMelika. UmGaqo-siseko unika urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente, kodwa uMgaqo-siseko weshumi ugcine onke amanye amagunya kumaphondo. Olu lungelelwaniso luye lwatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha, ingakumbi emva kolawulo olutsha nolwandiso lwamandla karhulumente phantsi kolawulo lorhwebo luka-Claus. Iingxoxo zale mihla zisekelwe ekucinyweni korhulumente, ulawulo lwe-Mongameli, kunye nobukhulu boMsebenzi we-Andlel Clausle, njengoko kuvavanywa imiqathango yolawulo lwamazwe.

Indlela Yokusebenzisana noMgaqo-siseko

Ukuqonda umGaqo-siseko asiyonto ifundiswayo; ngumsebenzi wezemfundo. Abahlali bangabandakanyeka ngokufunda uxwebhu ngokwalo, olufumaneka kwi-webhsayithi yeNkundla [[FLT:]] yoBuzwe, kwaye bahlola izinto zemfundo ezisuka ku [ yoMgaqo-siseko wesizwe [[]. Ukulandela izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo [[FLT]] [FLT]]] kunceda indlela umthetho weBhunga ozihambela ngayo. Amaqela asekuhlaleni afana amaqela akwiKLAWULA] amakhaya anika ukuqonda kwiimeko eziqhubekayo. Ngokudibanisa, ukuthelekisa, nokuchonga kwentetho kawonke, ukuchola imicimbi kumaqela amagosa omthetho.

Isiphelo

UMgaqo-siseko ungaphezulu kunoluxwebhu nje olungokwembali; uyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuzichaza nokulawula kwamaMelika. Ngokuqonda umGaqo-siseko, abemi banokuwaqonda bhetele amalungelo abo nenkululeko, bamele okusesikweni, baze bathabathe inxaxheba kulawulo-melo ngokukhutheleyo. Ukusukela kwiingxoxo zokuseka eziya kwiingxoxo zale mihla, umGaqo-siseko uhlala ulilingwane. Nokuba uya kukhusela ukuthetha kwakho ngokukhululekileyo, ukuvota kunyulo, okanye ukucel ’ umngeni uphando ongenangqiqo, amalungelo akho abuyela emva kumbhalo obhalwe ngowe-1787.